Article(id=1205889045998142253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683388800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-07, revisedDate=1701100800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765435952901, onlineDateStr=2025-12-11, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765435952901, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765435952901, creator=system, updateTime=1765435952901, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205889046216246063, articleId=1205889045998142253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Cold Start Characteristics of Diesel Engines Under Extreme Cold Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of cold start struggling and failing of engine,comparative experiments were conducted on a diesel engine with integrated starting/generator technology fueled with -50# diesel A0(fuel oxygen content 0%),A1(fuel oxygen content 2.05%) and A2(fuel oxygen content 4.40%). Experimental data were collected on an engine cold start test cell of high plateau conditions at -43℃. Effects of different fuel oxygen contents on the processes and combustion of the diesel engine under cold start conditions were examined. The results show that comparing with A0,starting times of the diesel engine fueled with A1 and A2 are shortened by 36.64% and 42.71% respectively. The amount of fuel consumption during cold start periods is reduced by 47.8% and 60.6% respectively and the speed fluctuation rate is reduced by 25.3% and 43.8% respectively in the first 60 s of idle operation. With the increases of fuel oxygen content,the in-cylinder combustion temperature and in-cylinder pressure of the first diesel cycle,the heat release rate and the peak pressure rise rate all are increased. The CA50 is advanced and the combustion duration is shortened. And the lower the number of cycles is during the starting speed rise,the higher the average maximum cylinder pressure,and the better the combustion stability during the starting process.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoyu Wang, Zhengjiang Wang, Dandan Jia, Mingding Wan, Lizhong Shen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205889049676546889, articleId=1205889045998142253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对柴油机存在低温冷起动困难甚至无法起动的问题,基于起动/发电机集成一体化技术柴油机,在高原低温发动机冷起动试验舱,研究-50号柴油A0(氧质量分数为0%)、A1(氧质量分数为2.05%)和A2(氧质量分数为4.40%)燃料在-43℃下对柴油机冷起动过程的影响和燃烧特性分析.结果表明:相比A0纯柴油,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动时间分别缩短了36.64%和42.71%;起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%;怠速运行前60s内转速波动率分别降低25.3%和43.8%.燃用燃料氧质量分数越高,起动燃烧首循环的缸内压力、燃烧放热率、缸内燃烧温度和缸内压力升高率峰值越高,且燃烧重心前移,燃烧持续期越短;起动转速上升过程循环数越少,平均最大缸内压力越大,起动过程燃烧稳定性越好.

, authors=

王晓宇,硕士研究生,E-mail:.

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申立中,硕士,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:.
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1—复叠式制冷循环系统;2—增压器;3—AVL365C角标仪;4—发动机;5—喷油器;6—缸压传感器;7—电流测试探头;8—变频电机;9—AVL622燃烧分析仪;10—转速传感器;11—预热塞;12—发动机ECU;13—INCA试验数据采集系统;14—CAN通讯模块Ⅰ;15—LabVIEW电机监控系统;16—CAN通讯模块Ⅱ;17—高原低温试验环境舱;18—变频控制器.

, figureFileSmall=iTNQ6aflvdgYOfGo+5+WIQ==, figureFileBig=tUuTV8SeyqW3/7V0gWSEbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053078127478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of diesel engine cold starting process , figureFileSmall=wQbsNAsqVq6JgnQP055U/A==, figureFileBig=ZJAokI9SDWFFC+DlGdAyyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053162013559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柴油机低温冷起动过程示意, figureFileSmall=wQbsNAsqVq6JgnQP055U/A==, figureFileBig=ZJAokI9SDWFFC+DlGdAyyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053283648376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variation of speed during cold start of different oxygenated fuels9, figureFileSmall=qaQJTfOo3Wak52mke1D8bQ==, figureFileBig=svEe7EfOeWzu15yiA93Urg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053375923065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同含氧燃料冷起动过程转速变化, figureFileSmall=qaQJTfOo3Wak52mke1D8bQ==, figureFileBig=svEe7EfOeWzu15yiA93Urg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053447226234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cold start time,speed overshoot and accumulated oil volume for starting with different oxygenated fuels, figureFileSmall=P5ybNMYrRUV7dQp/UqCY9w==, figureFileBig=RkX1T/NlCjO9+RkHmAd35Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889053514335099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同含氧燃料冷起动时间、转速超调量与起动累计油量, figureFileSmall=P5ybNMYrRUV7dQp/UqCY9w==, figureFileBig=RkX1T/NlCjO9+RkHmAd35Q==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=4raMTieIFuo8P51KTxdt3A==, figureFileBig=rFjAfNZn9Uq+s76rdeD7WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889054911038348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engine specifications

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参数数值
柴油机型式高压共轨缸内直喷、增压水冷
气缸数目2
缸径/mm81
活塞行程/mm97
排量/L0.99
压缩比17.5
标定功率/kW42.5(3200r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)152(2000~2400r/min)
), ArticleFig(id=1205889054999118733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柴油机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
柴油机型式高压共轨缸内直喷、增压水冷
气缸数目2
缸径/mm81
活塞行程/mm97
排量/L0.99
压缩比17.5
标定功率/kW42.5(3200r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)152(2000~2400r/min)
), ArticleFig(id=1205889055099782030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical and chemical indexes of coolant for testing

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参数数值
冰点/℃<-60
沸点/℃124.0
泡沫体积/mL110
泡沫消失时间/s3.2
密度(20℃)/(g·cm-3)1.1
pH8.1
), ArticleFig(id=1205889055254971279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验用冷却液理化指标

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参数数值
冰点/℃<-60
沸点/℃124.0
泡沫体积/mL110
泡沫消失时间/s3.2
密度(20℃)/(g·cm-3)1.1
pH8.1
), ArticleFig(id=1205889055330468752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Physical and chemical indexes of lubricants for testing

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参数数值
100℃运动黏度/(mm·s-1)8.38
40℃运动黏度/(mm·s-1)42.22
黏度指数179
-35℃低温动力黏度/(Pa·s)2.739
-40℃低温泵送黏度/(Pa·s)9.005
倾点/℃-72
), ArticleFig(id=1205889055405966225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验用润滑油理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
100℃运动黏度/(mm·s-1)8.38
40℃运动黏度/(mm·s-1)42.22
黏度指数179
-35℃低温动力黏度/(Pa·s)2.739
-40℃低温泵送黏度/(Pa·s)9.005
倾点/℃-72
), ArticleFig(id=1205889055674401682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889045998142253, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Physical and chemical indexes of fuels for testing

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参数燃料
A0A1A2
十六烷值49.450.551.4
低热值/(MJ·kg-1)46.2645.3644.54
密度(20℃)/(kg·m-3)804.0800.5807.2
冷滤点/℃-51-51-51
氧质量分数/%02.14.5
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试验用燃油理化指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数燃料
A0A1A2
十六烷值49.450.551.4
低热值/(MJ·kg-1)46.2645.3644.54
密度(20℃)/(kg·m-3)804.0800.5807.2
冷滤点/℃-51-51-51
氧质量分数/%02.14.5
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极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响
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王晓宇 1 , 王正江 1 , 贾丹丹 2 , 万明定 1 , 申立中 1
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 18-25
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 18 -25
极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响
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王晓宇1 , 王正江1, 贾丹丹2, 万明定1, 申立中1
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学 云南省内燃机重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500
  • 2.山东京博新能源控股发展有限公司,山东 滨州 256500
通讯作者:
申立中,硕士,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:.
Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Cold Start Characteristics of Diesel Engines Under Extreme Cold Conditions
Xiaoyu Wang1 , Zhengjiang Wang1, Dandan Jia2, Mingding Wan1, Lizhong Shen1
Affiliations
  • 1.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China
  • 2.Shandong Chambroad New Energy Development Company Limited,Binzhou 256500,China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401003
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针对柴油机存在低温冷起动困难甚至无法起动的问题,基于起动/发电机集成一体化技术柴油机,在高原低温发动机冷起动试验舱,研究-50号柴油A0(氧质量分数为0%)、A1(氧质量分数为2.05%)和A2(氧质量分数为4.40%)燃料在-43℃下对柴油机冷起动过程的影响和燃烧特性分析.结果表明:相比A0纯柴油,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动时间分别缩短了36.64%和42.71%;起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%;怠速运行前60s内转速波动率分别降低25.3%和43.8%.燃用燃料氧质量分数越高,起动燃烧首循环的缸内压力、燃烧放热率、缸内燃烧温度和缸内压力升高率峰值越高,且燃烧重心前移,燃烧持续期越短;起动转速上升过程循环数越少,平均最大缸内压力越大,起动过程燃烧稳定性越好.

柴油机  /  含氧燃料  /  冷起动过程  /  燃烧

In order to solve the problem of cold start struggling and failing of engine,comparative experiments were conducted on a diesel engine with integrated starting/generator technology fueled with -50# diesel A0(fuel oxygen content 0%),A1(fuel oxygen content 2.05%) and A2(fuel oxygen content 4.40%). Experimental data were collected on an engine cold start test cell of high plateau conditions at -43℃. Effects of different fuel oxygen contents on the processes and combustion of the diesel engine under cold start conditions were examined. The results show that comparing with A0,starting times of the diesel engine fueled with A1 and A2 are shortened by 36.64% and 42.71% respectively. The amount of fuel consumption during cold start periods is reduced by 47.8% and 60.6% respectively and the speed fluctuation rate is reduced by 25.3% and 43.8% respectively in the first 60 s of idle operation. With the increases of fuel oxygen content,the in-cylinder combustion temperature and in-cylinder pressure of the first diesel cycle,the heat release rate and the peak pressure rise rate all are increased. The CA50 is advanced and the combustion duration is shortened. And the lower the number of cycles is during the starting speed rise,the higher the average maximum cylinder pressure,and the better the combustion stability during the starting process.

diesel engine  /  oxygenated fuels  /  cold start process  /  combustion
王晓宇, 王正江, 贾丹丹, 万明定, 申立中. 极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401003
Xiaoyu Wang, Zhengjiang Wang, Dandan Jia, Mingding Wan, Lizhong Shen. Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Cold Start Characteristics of Diesel Engines Under Extreme Cold Conditions[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401003
柴油机因其动力性和经济性优势,是一种应用广泛的道路运输、非道路移动机械和国防装备的动力装置[1].中国大部分地区具有高原高寒特征,如中国西北地区在最冷月份气温在-到-41℃,最低甚至可达到-50℃[2],该环境对柴油动力冷起动造成了极大困难.因此,研究柴油动力在极寒条件下的冷起动过程,探索改善柴油动力冷起动性能的技术措施,增强柴油动力极端条件下的适应性,对国民经济发展和国防战略具有重要意义.
发动机的低温冷起动过程,整机温度和环境温度低、缸内混合气均匀性不好以及润滑条件差起动阻力矩增加等因素的综合影响,燃烧不稳定、排放恶化、转速稳定性下降、起动时间增加及长时间起动困难甚至无法起动都是发动机冷起动过程的常见问题.随着海拔的升高和温度的降低,缸内空气温度和密度降低,燃油喷雾特性恶化加剧[3],首循环着火困难,混合气滞燃期变长[4],发动机起动性能急剧下降,甚至造成发动机极端条件下无法运转.因此,发动机极端条件下的起动性能是其适应性的重要评价指标.如何改善发动机的起动性能,解决低温下发动机冷起动成功性问题,是提高其极端环境下适应性的关键.
为解决发动机低温冷起动成功性问题,近年来许多学者做了大量研究,采取各种措施,如采用进气道预热[5]、预热塞缸内预热[6]、冷却液辅助加温[7]、进气涡旋管[8]、喷油参数优化匹配[9]、多次喷射[10]、提高压缩比[11]、废气再循环(EGR)[12]、气缸强制注油[13]和喷油压力控制[14]等,以提高发动机低温冷起动性能.为解决发动机冷起动排放问题,王正江等[15]提出基于柴油机瞬时转速的起动油量斜坡控制策略,实现了起动到怠速的柔性控制,有效降低常温起动过程HC排放.韩晓梅等[16]采用基于目标转速变化特性的油量控制策略,提高起动过程瞬态燃烧效率,有效降低CO2、HC、CO和NOx排放.Ambrozik等[17]采用菜籽油脂肪酸甲酯与柴油混合,降低了起动过程的NOx和HC排放.刘光义等[18]采用二次喷射降低了-30℃下的直喷汽油机起动过程的HC和CO排放.纪常伟等[19]研究了过量空气系数对氢内燃机冷起动排放的影响,发现随着过量空气系数的减小,NOx排放呈现先增后减,HC和CO排放逐渐增加.胡志远等[20]研究了高原对柴油机冷起动排放的影响,发现随海拔升高HC和CO排放增加,NOx排放降低.以上研究主要是针对柴油动力从辅助措施、优化匹配和策略控制等方面入手,研究其对冷起动过程的转速稳定性、燃烧特性和排放特性的影响规律及优化措施.在能源危机和双碳背景下大量新型燃料也被用于发动机冷起动研究,如生物质燃料[21]、F-T/PODE掺混燃料[22]对发动机冷起动性能、低温适用性和排放影响的研究.
上述发动机的冷起动试验都在环境温度高于-35℃下进行,更低温度的研究鲜见报道.有研究表明,氧含量和压力的下降会严重影响柴油的燃烧,滞燃期和燃烧持续期均增大,使柴油的燃烧延后导致发动机起动困难[23],而含氧燃料由于自带含氧基,可改善柴油燃烧与排放状况[24].因此,基于起动/发电机集成一体化技术柴油机,笔者通过多次高原低温冷起动台架试验,研究环境温度为-43℃条件下,不同含氧量柴油对柴油机起动性能和起动过程燃烧性能的影响.以探究不同含氧燃料对极端环境下柴油机起动性能和燃烧性能的改善情况,为提高柴油机极端环境下的适应性提供研究依据.
试验所用柴油机主要技术参数如表1所示.
图1为台架布置示意,包括高原低温试验环境舱、变频驱动电机监控系统、试验数据采集及标定系统、燃烧数据采集分析系统和燃油供给系统等组成.试验环境舱温度通过复叠式制冷循环系统进行调节控制,其调控范围为-60~23℃,调控偏差为±1%,环境温度传感器为PT100(精度为0.1℃).试验数据采集系统主要由信号采集传感器、自主开发的可标定发动机ECU和标定计算机等组成,试验过程中通过CAN通讯模块Ⅰ与标定软件INCA建立数据连接,并通过INCA软件进行起动控制参数的标定和试验数据的采集记录.试验燃烧数据通过AVL622燃烧分析仪进行采集记录,同时通过电流测试探头对喷油器工作状态进行检测,以便于更精确地对缸内燃烧数据进行分析.而传感器主要有AVL365C角标仪(精度为0.01°CA)、AVLGH13P缸压传感器(精度为0.01MPa).变频电机监控系统通过基于LabVIEW开发的柴油发电机监控系统软件和CAN通讯模块Ⅱ与发动机ECU、变频器建立数据连接,实现变频电机工作状态的监控和发动机起、停命令的发送.
根据发动机起动过程转速变化如图2所示,将起动过程划分为初始阶段、自加速阶段和调节阶段.初始阶段为电机拖动发动机运转至电机拖动结束标志转速,自加速阶段为发动机拖动电机运转至起动结束标志转速,起动结束标志转速至发动机转速稳定到目标怠速±2%范围内为调节过程.
为了评价柴油机冷起动性能的优劣,将起动过程的转速、起动时间、起动累计油量和燃烧稳定性作为评价指标.把初始阶段和自加速阶段称为转速上升过程.把初始阶段、自加速阶段和调节阶段所经历的时间作为起动时间ts,对应的累计循环喷油量作为起动累计油量qs,同时循环喷油量由INCA软件从ECU内部进行读取采集.把起动过程的峰值转速与起动结束标志转速之差称为转速超调量.其中,电机拖动结束标志转速是用于表示电机拖动发动机结束的可标定的电机转速阈值,当电机转速达到目标转速之后,电机停止拖动.起动结束标志转速是用于发动机起动成功状态判断的可标定的发动机瞬时转速阈值,当发动机转速达到该目标值后,认为发动机起动成功,喷油量由怠速PID根据怠速目标转速进行闭环调节.
不同含氧燃料的低温冷起动试验在进气压力为当地大气压80kPa,环境温度、冷却液温度、进气温度、燃油和润滑油温度均为-43℃下进行.试验所采用的起动策略、喷油策略(两次预喷+主喷)、怠速PID和起动喷油参数均相同,其中主喷的喷油量为29.5mg/cyc,喷油时刻为上止点前5°CA;预喷1的喷油量为2.5mg/cyc,喷油时刻为上止点前11.5°CA;预喷2的喷油量为3mg/cyc,喷油时刻为上止点前21°CA.怠速目标转速为1200r/min,起动结束标志转速为1300r/min,当转速n≥500r/min或拖动时间t≥20s时,电机停止拖动.采用预热塞进行进气缸内预热,预热策略为起动前预热20s加起动过程持续预热.
在-43℃下的冷起动试验选用的冷却液和润滑油,其理化指标如表2表3所示.
试验用柴油的理化性质如表4所示,不同燃料冷起动试验前需要在常温下对燃油供给系统进行清洗,再更换上相应的油品后起动发动机正常运行5min,避免试验过程中燃烧室内存在不同油品混合燃烧对冷起动试验结果造成影响.冷起动试验前需要将燃油和发动机置于低温环境舱,进行降温预处理至-43℃并保温12h.
图3为不同含氧燃料在-43℃下发动机冷起动过程的瞬时转速随时间的变化.燃用燃料含氧量越高,起动过程转速上升越快,达到怠速运行的时间越短.电机拖动结束后发动机瞬时转速曲线出现下凹现象,燃用燃料含氧量越低,瞬时转速下凹幅度越明显,自加速阶段越长.相比A0燃料,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料转速达峰值转速后转速下冲较少,其原因是含氧燃料起动过程的燃烧稳定性和充分性好,缸内做功能力更好.燃用A2燃料相比A1燃料达峰值转速后转速下掉较多,原因是上升过程时间短,做功次数少,润滑油黏度大,阻力矩大.
图4为-43℃下不同含氧燃料发动机冷起动过程的起动时间ts、转速超调量vup和起动累计油量qs的对比.-43℃下发动机冷起动工况瞬态过程的起动时间、转速超调量和起动累计油量均与燃用燃料含氧量呈反比关系.燃用燃料含氧量越高起动过程时间越短,发动机转速上升越快,转速超调量越小,起动累计油量越低.相比A0燃料,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动时间分别缩短了36.64%和42.71%;起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%;起动过程转速超调量分别降低了17.86%和35.70%.
究其原因是燃用A1、A2含氧燃料,使可燃混合气中的氧质量分数增加,加快了燃烧过程的化学反应速率,缸内燃烧放热速率变快,燃烧时间缩短.同时燃用含氧燃料A1、A2相比A0燃料具有较高的十六烷值,低温下的着火性能好,燃烧滞燃期短,预混合燃烧时间缩短,使起动时间缩短.相比A0燃料,含氧燃料A1、A2的含氧特性对混合气燃烧有积极作用,促进了混合气的燃烧[25],燃烧放热更多,缸内压力变大,缸内平均指示压力提高,工质向活塞传递的有用功增加,做功能力增强,使起动过程累计油量降低.燃料含氧量越高燃烧越稳定,因而转速超调量越小.但随着燃料含氧量的增加,对-43℃下发动机冷起动性能的改善效果减弱,其原因是燃料的热值会随着燃料含氧量的增加而减小,相同质量燃料燃烧所释放的热量减少,导致工质做功能力减弱,对柴油机冷起动性能的改善效果减弱.
为研究不同含氧燃料对发动机起动后怠速转速运行稳定性的影响,选取起动调节阶段结束后60s内的怠速转速波动率φcovυ作为发动机起动后的怠速循环变动的量化评价指标.怠速转速波动率φcovυ
φcovυ=[SD(υ)/υ¯]×100%
SD(υ)=i=1N[υ(i)υ¯]2/(N1)
式中:υ¯为发动机转速平均值;SD(υ)为发动机转速样本的标准偏差;N为采样数据个数;υ(i)为第i时刻发动机瞬时转速.
图5为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动调节阶段结束后120s内的怠速转速和怠速循环喷油量.燃用3种燃料刚进入怠速的短时间内,发动机转速接近目标怠速转速稳定运行,随着怠速循环喷油量的逐渐减少(图5b),燃料燃烧释放的能量不足以克服发动机的运转阻力,怠速转速波动幅度逐渐增加.相比燃料A0,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料在怠速运转过程中转速波动小,均呈现逐渐减小的趋势,且燃用A2燃料转速稳定性最优.而燃用A0燃料在起动运行大概15s后出现转速大幅度下降,且较长时间转速严重不稳,有时甚至会造成起动失败.其原因是在进入怠速初期,发动机润滑油黏度仍然较高,运转阻力较大,机体温度较低,壁面传热损失较大,燃油蒸发雾化差,随着喷油量逐渐减少,参与燃烧的燃料释放的能量不足以克服运转阻力,使得发动机转速降低.燃用A0燃料怠速转速大幅下跌后,怠速PID调节循环喷油量突增,造成混合气过浓,燃烧急剧恶化,做功能力减弱,怠速PID将持续增加喷油,使循环喷油量长时间为最大值.而含氧燃料因能够改善缸内混合气的燃烧,燃烧稳定性好,做功能力强,所以循环喷油量波动小,且波动幅度与燃料含氧量呈负相关.
图6为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动调节阶段结束后60s内的怠速转速平均值和怠速转速波动率对比.燃用3种燃料怠速转速波动率均超过目标怠速的±2%,其原因是-43℃下的发动机冷起动过程所需的暖机时间长于常温冷起动,发动机的冷却液温度、缸体温度和润滑油温度将长时间处于较低温度,缸内燃油蒸发雾化差,燃烧条件恶劣,做功能力差,导致循环波动较大.相比A0燃料,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料冷起动平均怠速转速较高且接近怠速目标转速,含氧量越高怠速波动率越小,怠速转速波动率分别降低25.23%和43.8%.原因是-43℃下发动机运行阻力矩较大,造成较大怠速波动,使怠速PID油量调控循环波动变大,缸内存在大量浓混合气燃烧循环.含氧燃料改善了浓混合气循环的燃烧过程,燃烧放热更彻底,工质做功能力加强,因而怠速稳定性更好.
图7为不同含氧燃料在-冷起动工况下的燃烧首循环的缸内压力与放热率.相比A0纯柴油,燃烧首循环缸内压力峰值与燃料含氧量呈正比,缸内压力峰值相位提前.燃料含氧量越高燃烧放热率峰值越高,放热速率越快,放热结束越提前.原因在于A1与A2燃料的十六烷值高,低温下的着火性能好,滞燃期短,同时含氧量高,燃烧化学反应速率快,燃烧放热提前,燃烧相位提前.燃用A0燃料,缸内压力峰值和放热率较低,主要原因是可燃混合气中含氧量相比A1、A2低,燃烧速度较慢,氧化反应不彻底,放热较少,导致缸内压力峰值和燃烧放热率较低.
图8a为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动工况下的燃烧首循环压力升高率对比.不同含氧燃料压力升高率随曲轴转角的变化均呈单峰,压力升高率峰值与燃料含氧量呈正相关,压力升高速率随含氧量的增加而变快.相比含氧燃料A1、A2,燃用A0燃料压力升高率较低,主要是由于A0燃料十六烷值低,着火性能差,缸内可燃混合气含氧量低,燃烧速度慢,燃烧充分性差导致放热率低,造成压力升高率低.燃用A2燃油相比于A0、A1燃料十六烷值和含氧量较高,低温下的着火性能较好,燃烧速度快且燃烧充分性好,进而提高了压力升高率.
图8b为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动工况下燃烧首循环的缸内燃烧温度的对比.相比A0纯柴油,燃用含氧燃料A1、A2燃烧首循环缸内温度升高速率变快,缸内燃烧温度峰值变高,峰值前移.原因是含氧燃料提高了燃烧化学反应速率,使预混合燃烧速度加快,燃烧释放热量增多,缸内温度升高变快,加快了扩散燃烧期的燃油蒸发速率,雾化效果变好,燃料燃烧数量增加,燃烧放热增加,致使燃烧温度变大.
图9为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动工况下燃烧首循环的燃烧特征参数对比.分别定义燃烧始点CA5、燃烧重心CA50和燃烧终点CA90为燃料燃烧累计放热量分别为5%、50%和90%时所对应的曲轴转角,燃烧持续期CA10-90定义为燃烧累计放热量为10%~90%所经历的曲轴转角.相比A0燃料,燃用含氧燃料时发动机燃烧首循环燃烧始点、燃烧重心及燃烧终点前移,燃烧持续期缩短.其原因是燃用A0燃料十六烷值低、滞燃期长,且相比A1、A2燃料不含氧,使预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧速度都变慢,导致燃烧重心和燃烧终点后移,燃烧持续期延长.相比A1燃料,燃用A2燃料具有更高的十六烷值和含氧量,缸内燃烧速度加快,缩短了预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧时间,导致燃烧重心和燃烧终点前移,缩短了燃烧持续期,燃烧定容性好.
图10为不同含氧燃料在-43℃冷起动过程前40个循环缸内压力对比.燃用3种燃料起动过程的缸内压力曲线均呈现为子孕峰,缸内压力峰值最低点的单峰均由起动成功后,进入怠速PID闭环油量控制初期喷油较少造成.相比A2燃料,燃用A0、A1燃料在起动过程中缸内压力波动幅度较大.起动过程发动机转速达起动结束标志转速后,进入怠速PID闭环油量控制,喷油量由小增大,缸内压力升高过程出现峰值缸内压力曲线.其原因是在怠速闭环调节前几个工作循环喷油量较少,缸内混合气稀薄,无法完全燃烧,剩余未燃燃料累积到后几个工作循环集中燃烧放热,缸内压力升高率突增,导致起动过程缸内压力峰值出现最大值.随后缸内压力峰值先减小再增大后出现不同程度的波动.
图11为不同含氧燃料在-冷起动工况下前40个循环最高燃烧压力.相比A0燃料,采用A1和A2含氧燃料时,发动机起动上升过程最高燃烧压力变大,波动变小,上升过程所需循环数分别减少13个和15个.其原因是燃用A1、A2含氧燃料在上升过程的浓混合气中氧含量变高,燃烧氧化反应增强,燃烧速率加快,放热增加,使最高燃烧压力变大,做功能力加强从而缩短了转速上升过程.调节阶段3种燃料最高燃烧压力均呈先增后减趋势,经历的循环数相差不大,且燃烧的稳定性与燃料含氧量呈正比.
图12为燃用3种燃料在-下发动机冷起动工况转速上升阶段的平均最高燃烧压力及其循环变动率Cpcp,其定义为
Cpcp=i=1n(pmax,ip¯max)2n/p¯max
式中:pmax,i为第i循环的最高燃烧压力;p¯maxn个循环的最高燃烧压力平均值.
相比A0燃料,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动上升阶段的平均最高燃烧压力变大,分别增加10.70%和10.06%.原因是燃用含氧燃料A1、A2的含氧特性在燃烧化学反应中起到积极作用,燃烧放热更彻底,缸内压力较大,而A0燃料因不含氧且十六烷值较低,着火性能差,燃烧速率受到了抑制[26],释放热量较少,缸内压力偏低.而A2含氧燃料在起动上升阶段的平均最高燃烧压力比A1含氧燃料较低,是因为A2燃料热值较低.含氧量越高,起动转速上升过程最高燃烧压力波动率越小.相比A0燃料,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动转速上升过程最高燃烧压力波动率分别降低52.64%和58.37%.其原因是燃料含氧量越高燃烧速度越快,燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧稳定性越好,做功能力增强.
(1)相比纯柴油,含氧燃料能够改善极寒条件下的柴油机冷起动低温性能;燃用A1、A2含氧燃料,起动时间分别减少36.4%和42.7%,转速超调量分别降低17.86%和35.70%,怠速运行前60s的转速波动率分别降低25.23%和43.8%,冷起动过程的起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%.
(2)相比纯柴油,含氧燃料能够改善极寒条件下的燃烧首循环燃烧性能;含氧量越高,燃烧首循环的缸内压力、燃烧放热率和缸内压力升高率峰值都越高,燃烧重心前移,燃烧持续期越短;但随着燃料含氧量的增加热值会降低,对极寒条件下柴油机冷起动性能改善效果会减弱.
(3)相比纯柴油,含氧燃料能提高极寒条件下冷起动过程燃烧稳定性;随燃料含氧量增加,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料冷起动转速上升过程的平均最大燃烧压力分别增加10.70%和10.06%;循环数分别减少13个和15个循环,最高燃烧压力波动率分别降低52.64%和58.37%.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52066008)
  • 云南省科技计划资助项目(202103AA080002)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401003
  • 接收时间:2023-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-11
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-07
  • 修回日期:2023-11-28
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52066008)
云南省科技计划资助项目(202103AA080002)
作者信息
    1.昆明理工大学 云南省内燃机重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500
    2.山东京博新能源控股发展有限公司,山东 滨州 256500

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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