Article(id=1205889000770962106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667664000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-06, revisedDate=1684857600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765435942117, onlineDateStr=2025-12-11, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765435942117, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765435942117, creator=system, updateTime=1765435942117, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=53, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205889000951317180, articleId=1205889000770962106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Study on the Morphology of Viscous Liquid Jet in a Coaxial Swirling Airflow, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the linear stability analysis method,considering the liquid viscosity,the coaxial rotating motion and compressibility of the surrounding airflow,a mathematical model describing the viscous liquid jet in the coaxial rotating compressible airflow was established and verified,and the effects of the dimensionless rotation intensity of the airflow and the physical properties of the fluid on the unstable form of the liquid jet were studied. The results show that when the rotation speed of the surrounding airflow is small,it promotes the jet stability,continues to increase the dimensionless rotation intensity of the airflow,and begins to promote the splitting of the jet. With the increase of airflow rotation intensity,the jet disturbance develops along the circumferential direction,and the jet column becomes highly asymmetric. In the range of parameters studied in this paper,gas compressibility and gas-liquid density ratio surface tension can promote the instability of the jet and affect the spatial shape of the jet,especially in the circumferential direction,it can change the dominant mode of the jet and enhance the asymmetry of the jet. Both surface tension and liquid viscosity are conducive to the jet stability.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ming Lyu, Limei Guo, Zhi Ning, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205889004302566106, articleId=1205889000770962106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流形态研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用射流线性稳定性分析方法,考虑液体黏性、周围气流的同轴旋转运动以及可压缩性的条件下,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流的数学模型,并进行了验证,研究了气流量纲为1旋转强度以及流体物性对液体射流不稳定形态的影响.研究表明:周围气流的旋转速度较小时,对射流起促稳作用,继续增大气流量纲为1旋转强度,开始对射流起促分裂作用;且随着气流旋转强度的增大,射流扰动沿周向方向发展,射流柱变的高度不对称.在研究参数范围内,气体可压缩性和气/液密度比均能促进射流的失稳,并会影响射流空间形态,尤其是在周向方向上能够改变射流的占优模式,增强射流的不对称性;液体黏性以及表面张力对射流均具有增强稳定性的作用.

, authors=

吕明,博士,副教授,E-mail:.

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宁智,博士,教授,E-mail:.
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Energies201912(14):1-14., articleTitle=Investigation on asymmetric instability of cylindrical power-law liquid jets, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1205889009293787924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, awardId=52276026, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52276026), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1205889004508087004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205889004516475613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, companyId=1205889004508087004, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical,Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1205889004520669918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, companyId=1205889004508087004, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1205889005829292790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic of physical model, figureFileSmall=5qR3JYP74t6OkX4oIVo8bw==, figureFileBig=4iy5U2cg61EOUHBMPdA1Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889005888013047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图1, caption=物理模型示意, figureFileSmall=5qR3JYP74t6OkX4oIVo8bw==, figureFileBig=4iy5U2cg61EOUHBMPdA1Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006043202296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of the calculation results with the data in Ref. [12], figureFileSmall=O1GF3RR8+LcuMhBguQN/Rw==, figureFileBig=AZ2g7uR9UKpHUdOxSVO2oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006118699769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图2, caption=计算结果与文献[12]原始数据的比较, figureFileSmall=O1GF3RR8+LcuMhBguQN/Rw==, figureFileBig=AZ2g7uR9UKpHUdOxSVO2oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006210974458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Maximum disturbance growth rate under the dominant mode versus the different airflow rotation strengths, figureFileSmall=Q9tf7t/zTfqkt+LqMiTfYQ==, figureFileBig=9kfw3SwKXfEpSCIwpwOn8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006278083323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图3, caption=气流旋转强度在各自占优模数下的最大扰动增长率, figureFileSmall=Q9tf7t/zTfqkt+LqMiTfYQ==, 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figureFileBig=3ABnq3TCm0sH/adJrVrHcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006798177026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of compressibility of surrounding airflow under the different rotation strengths on disturbance growth rate under dominant mode, figureFileSmall=3EgjwfDGMoLGGF7Fc5oG+w==, figureFileBig=kXjNHJosYUL6ZTSTelqDJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889006865285891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图7, caption=周围气体可压缩性在不同旋转强度时对主控模态下的扰动增长率影响的比较, figureFileSmall=3EgjwfDGMoLGGF7Fc5oG+w==, figureFileBig=kXjNHJosYUL6ZTSTelqDJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889008014525188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Three-dimensional spatial evolution of the liquid jet under different gas Mach 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figureFileBig=ENgs0GukfdsD/BzTErMBlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889008584950539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图11, caption=最大空间扰动增长率kimax与气/液密度比Q的关系, figureFileSmall=Abz1kVHmAXzWWNsiVoI2hQ==, figureFileBig=ENgs0GukfdsD/BzTErMBlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889008660448012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Three-dimensional spatial evolution of the liquid jet under different gas-liquid density ratio, figureFileSmall=y1+5B+klReNbmS1OH61nMg==, figureFileBig=Bho6zByp7++OmU/d3dBPaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889008727556877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同气/液密度比时液体射流的三维空间发展, figureFileSmall=y1+5B+klReNbmS1OH61nMg==, figureFileBig=Bho6zByp7++OmU/d3dBPaA==, tableContent=null), 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ArticleFig(id=1205889009033741073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同韦伯数倒数下液体射流的三维空间发展, figureFileSmall=koRfqEP2MjAmLMkbXM4SkA==, figureFileBig=3AE0HEWA6A2ozCXD+Brudw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205889009126015762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculating parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
液体密度/(kg·m-3)848
表面张力/(N·m-1)2.689×10-2
气体密度/(kg·m-3)1.193
运动黏度/(m2·s-1)7.6658×10-6
射流速度/(m·s-1)10~200
喷孔半径/m1×10-4
温度/K300
空气中的声速/(m·s-1)348
), ArticleFig(id=1205889009201513235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205889000770962106, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
液体密度/(kg·m-3)848
表面张力/(N·m-1)2.689×10-2
气体密度/(kg·m-3)1.193
运动黏度/(m2·s-1)7.6658×10-6
射流速度/(m·s-1)10~200
喷孔半径/m1×10-4
温度/K300
空气中的声速/(m·s-1)348
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同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流形态研究
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吕明 , 郭立梅 , 宁智
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 53-60
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 53 -60
同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流形态研究
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吕明 , 郭立梅, 宁智
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044
通讯作者:
宁智,博士,教授,E-mail:.
Study on the Morphology of Viscous Liquid Jet in a Coaxial Swirling Airflow
Ming Lyu , Limei Guo, Zhi Ning
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical,Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401007
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采用射流线性稳定性分析方法,考虑液体黏性、周围气流的同轴旋转运动以及可压缩性的条件下,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流的数学模型,并进行了验证,研究了气流量纲为1旋转强度以及流体物性对液体射流不稳定形态的影响.研究表明:周围气流的旋转速度较小时,对射流起促稳作用,继续增大气流量纲为1旋转强度,开始对射流起促分裂作用;且随着气流旋转强度的增大,射流扰动沿周向方向发展,射流柱变的高度不对称.在研究参数范围内,气体可压缩性和气/液密度比均能促进射流的失稳,并会影响射流空间形态,尤其是在周向方向上能够改变射流的占优模式,增强射流的不对称性;液体黏性以及表面张力对射流均具有增强稳定性的作用.

液体射流  /  气流旋转  /  数学模型  /  射流形态

Based on the linear stability analysis method,considering the liquid viscosity,the coaxial rotating motion and compressibility of the surrounding airflow,a mathematical model describing the viscous liquid jet in the coaxial rotating compressible airflow was established and verified,and the effects of the dimensionless rotation intensity of the airflow and the physical properties of the fluid on the unstable form of the liquid jet were studied. The results show that when the rotation speed of the surrounding airflow is small,it promotes the jet stability,continues to increase the dimensionless rotation intensity of the airflow,and begins to promote the splitting of the jet. With the increase of airflow rotation intensity,the jet disturbance develops along the circumferential direction,and the jet column becomes highly asymmetric. In the range of parameters studied in this paper,gas compressibility and gas-liquid density ratio surface tension can promote the instability of the jet and affect the spatial shape of the jet,especially in the circumferential direction,it can change the dominant mode of the jet and enhance the asymmetry of the jet. Both surface tension and liquid viscosity are conducive to the jet stability.

liquid jet  /  gas rotation  /  mathematical model  /  jet morphology
吕明, 郭立梅, 宁智. 同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流形态研究. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 53 -60 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401007
Ming Lyu, Limei Guo, Zhi Ning. Study on the Morphology of Viscous Liquid Jet in a Coaxial Swirling Airflow[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 53 -60 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401007
液体射流是存在于自然界及工程当中的普遍现象.液体射流的失稳分裂往往是在表面受到一个小的初始扰动后,扰动波不断发展,射流形态随之发生变化直至射流分裂.对液体射流形态开展研究能够对射流液柱的失稳分裂进行合理的预测,这在工程上具有重要意义[1].在内燃机工作过程中,若燃油射流失稳分裂长度过长,大量油滴撞击壁面沉积为油膜,影响燃油液滴的蒸发速率;若燃油射流破碎后油滴体积过大,也不利于燃油的燃烧[2]
目前,已经有很多研究证实,同轴气流式液体射流这一射流方式可以实现燃料与助燃剂的高效混合,更利于射流破碎,并得到了一些研究成果[3-5].还有研究证实,在射流的分裂雾化过程中会伴随着气流的旋转[6-7].但这些研究往往忽略液体黏性、气体可压缩性等对射流发展的影响.另外,射流分裂雾化受到射流特性、气流运动和喷嘴形状位置等因素的影响,将喷雾特性分为宏观特性和微观特性[8].宏观特性主要由射流三维空间形态、射流分裂长度等来衡量,这些参数反映了射流液柱的体积大小;微观特性是指射流雾化场的粒径分布以及内部结构状况,包括液滴速度、液滴粒径和粒径分布等参数.
针对液体射流分裂雾化形态,学者们通过数值模拟方法和试验方法做了许多研究,并得到了众多成果[9-15].Yang[16]首次引入相位角,通过射流表面扰动随周向的变化来表示射流的非轴对称形态,为后人对射流表面非轴对称扰动的研究提供基础;Yi等[17]改进了Yang的工作,用数值分析方法详细考察了柱形黏性液体射流在空间模式下的稳定性及其雾化机理,提出了一个新的量纲为1参数Je(JeWe/Q),并以此作为区分射流分裂模态与雾化模态的判据.总体而言,目前通过理论解析方法进行液体射流形态问题的研究还相对较少[18],文献[18]通过理论解析方法对同轴旋转可压缩气体中的无黏液体射流形态进行了研究,笔者在其研究基础上,重点考虑了液体的黏性.相较数值模拟和试验方法,理论解析方法的优点在于能够快速得到射流形态变化规律.
因此,笔者采用线性稳定性分析方法,在同时考虑液体黏性、周围气流的同轴旋转运动及可压缩性的条件下,建立描述同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流的数学模型并进行验证;在此基础上,研究周围气流旋转及流体物性对液体射流形态的影响规律.
图1所示假设某黏性液体射流通过一圆形喷孔(半径为a)喷射进入同轴旋转的可压缩气体中.令z轴正方向与射流的方向相反,r轴为射流径向,θ轴为射流周向.在初始阶段,液体射流速度为u1;周围气体的旋转强度为W0
针对上述液体射流物理模型,做出如下假设:
(1)射流周围气体为可压缩牛顿流体;(2)忽略射流周围气体的黏性、重力以及温度对射流的影响;(3)液体射流无旋转,周围气体同轴旋转.
图1所示的坐标系下,基于上述假设条件建立基本流场,即
v¯1=(0,0,u1)
v¯2=(0,W0/r,0)
p¯2p¯1=σa+12ρ¯2W02(1a21r2)
式中:v¯1为射流液体初始速度向量;v¯2为射流周围气体初始速度向量;p¯2为初始气体压力;p¯1为初始液体压力;σ为表面张力系数;ρ¯2为气体密度.
考虑了射流液体的黏性,忽略其可压缩性和重力,得到柱坐标系下线性量纲归一化的黏性液体射流扰动控制方程组为
vr1r+vr1r+1rvθ1θ+vz1z=0
{vr1tvr1z=p1r+1Re1(2vr1vr1r22r2vθ1θ)vθ1tvθ1z=1rp1θ+1Re1(2vθ12r2vr1θvθ1r2)vz1tvz1z=p1z+1Re12vz1
式中:下角标“1”代表液体参数;vrvθvz分别代表射流径向、周向和轴向速度;p1为液体压力;2为拉普拉斯算子,2=2r2+1rr+1r22θ2+2z2Re1为射流雷诺数,Re1u1a/υ1υ1为液体运动黏度.
考虑气体可压缩性,忽略起黏性和重力,得到柱坐标系下线性量纲归一化的可压缩旋拧气流扰动控制方程组为
(Ma2)2(p2t+Er2p2θ)+Q(vr2r+vr2r+1rvθ2θ+vθ2z)=0
{vr2t+Er2vr2θ2Evθ2r2=1Qp2rvθ2t+Er2vθ2θ=1Qrp2θvz2t+Er2vz2θ=1Qp2z
式中:下角标“2”代表气体参数;Ma2为气体马赫数,Ma2u1/c2c2为声速;E为量纲为1气体旋转强度,EW0/(u1a);Q为气/液密度比,Qρ¯2/ρ¯lρ¯l为液体密度.
边界条件的确定包括运动学边界条件和动力学边界条件[19],直接给出线性量纲归一化处理后的形式为
{vr1=ηtηzvr2=ηt+Eηθ
{p1p2=2Re1vr1r(η+2ηz2+2ηθ2)/We+QE2ηvr2θ+vθ1rvθ1=0vr1z+vz1r=0
η(t,θ,z)=η0exp[ωt+i(kz+mθ)]
式中:η为气/液分界面上所受扰动;η0为与喷嘴几何参数相关的初始扰动幅值;m为射流扰动在周向的模数;We为韦伯数,Weρ1u12a/σ
联立扰动控制方程式(4)~(7)及边界条件式(8)~(9),得到同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流稳定性的色散方程.其简写形式为
f(kωmWeRe1EMa2Q)0
式中:k=kr+ikikr代表轴向波数,ki代表扰动空间增长率,i为虚数单位;ω=ωr+iωiωr代表扰动时间增长率,ωi代表波频.
在仅考虑轴对称扰动条件下无黏性液体射流喷射进入无旋转且不可压缩气流内的情况时,公式(11)可表示为
(ωik)2I0(k)I1(k)+Qω2K0(k)K1(k)+kWe(k21)=0
式中:K为第二类变形Bessel函数;I为第一类变形Bessel函数.
公式(12)与Lin等[20]在相同条件下推导的数学模型相同.
若仅忽略液体射流的黏性,即考虑无黏液体射流喷射进入旋转且可压缩气流内的情况时,公式(11)可退化为
(ωik)2Im(n1)n1Im(n1)Q(ω+imE)2Km(n2)n2Km(n2)+We(k2+m21)+QE2=0
式中:n1=k2+Ma12(ωik)2Imm阶第一类变形Bessel函数的导数;n2=k2+Ma22(ω+imE)2Kmm阶第二类变形Bessel函数的导数.
公式(13)与文献[18]在相同条件下曾发表的数学模型相同.
以上两种情况下的验证,在一定程度上说明了笔者模型的正确性.
另外,为了对笔者的数学模型及数值求解方法进行验证,图2给出了在同样条件下文献[12]与笔者计算结果的对比情况.二者计算结果完全吻合,证明笔者对色散方程的数值求解方法的正确性.
在开展同轴气流中黏性液体射流稳定性研究时,采用文献[2123]的计算参数如表1所示.
在研究周围气流旋转运动对射流形态的影响时,采用气流量纲为1旋转强度EW0/(u1a)来表征射流周围气流的旋转速度.
对于占优(主控)模态的确定,在计算中,先针对不同的计算参数,如气流量纲为1旋转强度EQ等,再分别给定周向模数m=0,1,2,…;进而分别计算其扰动波增长率,从而确定增长率最大所对应的m数,即占优模态.
图3给出的是不同气流旋转强度在占优模态下射流最大扰动增长率的作用规律.周围气流旋转速度增大,射流最大扰动增长率先减小后增大,当量纲为1旋转强度较大时(E>0.635),扰动增长率开始逐渐增大,之后会迅速增长,说明周围气流旋转速度较大时能够显著促进射流的失稳分裂.
通过图3仅了解到了气流旋转运动对射流稳定性的重要影响作用,但对射流失稳问题的研究直接目的是能够预测射流破碎形态,这需要通过对射流表面扰动振幅及射流扰动模式的计算得到三维空间发展图进行分析.
图4给出了射流柱在分裂前量纲为1轴向距离均为10时的几个典型的扰动占优模式下(E为0.5、1.0、3.0和4.0)的三维空间发展.量纲为1长度即实际长度与喷孔直径的比值.
图4可以看出,气体旋转对射流液柱的空间发展具有重要影响.图4a所示当量纲为1气体旋转强度较小(E=0.5)时,射流表面为轴对称扰动波形,在射流分裂前量纲为1长度10以内,仅存在一个射流界面扰动幅度不大的扰动波;量纲为1旋转强度继续增大到一定程度时,射流的横截面将不再是圆形,且射流柱将不再呈现轴对称形式.图4b~图4d所示射流表面的主控模式将随着气体量纲为1旋转强度的增大而从轴对称扰动主控逐渐演变为非轴对称扰动主控.
图4可知,气流量纲为1旋转强度E=0.5时,射流失稳表现出来的扰动模态为周向模数m=0;E=1.0时,射流扰动模态为周向模数m=1;E=3.0时,射流扰动模态为周向模数m=2;E=4.0时,射流扰动模态为周向模数m=4.随着量纲为1旋转强度E的增加,射流临界周向模态逐渐向更大的高模态过渡,射流形态在周向方向上的变化愈加明显,射流失稳的非轴对称性增强,射流的不稳定性除了沿轴向部分破碎以外,还会沿周向方向发展,射流柱变的高度不对称.当扰动振幅一直增大到某一值时,射流表面分裂为液丝进而断裂成微小液滴,此时射流的雾化即为周围气流进行同轴旋转运动产生的射流不稳定效果.
射流占优模式随周围气流旋转的增大而发生改变.当量纲为1旋转强度E达到某一值时,发生占优模式的转变,该量纲为1旋转强度定义为临界量纲为1旋转强度,用Ecr表示.图5给出了最大扰动增长率随量纲为1旋转强度在两种扰动形式下的变化.随周围气流的量纲为1旋转强度的增大,在轴对称扰动下的最大扰动增长率显著减小,而非轴对称扰动下的最大扰动增长率显著增大,两者在A点(0.6350,0.0151)时相等,即临界量纲为1旋转强度Ecr=0.6350,当量纲为1旋转强度E∈[0,0.6350]时,射流表面轴对称扰动模式占优,当量纲为1旋转强度E>0.6350时,射流表面非轴对称扰动模式占优,且在量纲为1旋转强度E>1.5000时,射流表面扰动将不存在轴对称扰动.
考虑到气/液的流体物性(气体可压缩性、液体黏性、气/液密度比以及表面张力等)会对射流稳定性产生重要影响[24],在建立色散方程时对物理模型的描述也做了充分考虑,故可用色散方程计算分析流体物性对射流形态的影响.
气体马赫数Ma2′=W0/(ac2)为周围气流旋转速度与声速之比,可以表征不同气流量纲为1旋转强度下气体可压缩性的大小.
为分析周围旋转气流的可压缩性对射流占优模式的影响,图6为周围气流不可压缩与可压缩时轴对称扰动和非轴对称扰动下射流扰动增长率随轴向波数的变化规律.在周围气流做旋转运动时,气体可压缩性大小不会改变射流扰动占优模式,始终为非轴对称扰动占优.
图7为周围气流做旋转运动(E=3.0)时气体可压缩性对射流扰动增长率的影响.气体可压缩性对同轴旋转气流式液体射流稳定性有重要影响,不同波数对应的扰动空间增长率会随着气体可压缩性的增加而全部增大.气体马赫数Ma2′=0.6时射流柱明显比Ma2′为0和0.3情况下易失稳.
为更直观形象地分析射流形态的变化,图8给出周围气流做旋转运动(E=3.0)时不同气体可压缩性下射流在分裂前量纲为1轴向距离10以内的三维空间发展.周围气流做同轴旋转运动时,气体可压缩性对液体射流的形态也有较大影响,气体马赫数Ma2′=0.6时,射流周向形态发生明显变化,射流失稳的非轴对称性增强,观察射流周向横截面发现周向模数m由2变为3,说明气体可压缩性的增加有利于射流的失稳分裂.
雷诺数倒数1/Re1=ν1/u1a1表征液体射流黏性力与惯性力之比.当惯性力一定时,雷诺数可以用来表示射流液体黏性的大小,液体黏度与雷诺数倒数呈正比.
图9为周围气流做同轴旋转运动时射流最大扰动增长率与雷诺数倒数之间的关系.液体黏性对旋转气流式液体射流的稳定性有单调促稳作用,射流黏度越大对应的最大扰动增长率越小.
图10为周围气流做同轴旋转运动(E=3.0)时及不同雷诺数倒数下射流在分裂前量纲为1轴向距离10以内的三维空间发展.周围气流存在旋转速度时,在研究参数范围内液体黏度对射流周向方向的形态变化影响不大,射流周向模数m始终为2,在轴向方向上,射流黏度大的射流表面扰动振幅增大,但幅度较小.
图11为周围气流做同轴旋转运动时气/液密度比对射流扰动增长率的影响.射流表面的最大扰动空间增长率会随气/液密度比的增大而呈近似的线性增大趋势,说明气/液密度比有利于射流的失稳,且促分裂效果明显.
图12为周围气流做同轴旋转运动(E=3.0)时及不同气/液密度比下射流在分裂前量纲为1轴向距离10以内的三维空间发展,可以直观形象地观察到射流形态的变化.气/液密度比对射流形态同样有很大的作用.气/液密度比Q=0.0017时射流形态发生明显变化,观察射流的周向横截面发现周向模数m由2变为3,射流失稳的非轴对称性增强,射流柱在轴向方向上的扰动波动也明显增大.
对表面张力的合理范围内取值,得到韦伯数倒数的研究范围1/We<0.005,图13为周围气流做同轴旋转运动时(E=4.0)表面张力对射流稳定性的影响.在研究参数范围内,周围气流做同轴旋转运动时,射流最大扰动增长率随韦伯数倒数的增加而减小,表面张力在较小时最大扰动增长率较大,1/We=0.001时kimax达到0.375,说明表面张力对射流具有增强稳定性的作用.
通过对图13的分析,可以得到表面张力对射流柱表面的扰动程度,为更直观形象地分析射流形态的变化,图14给出周围气流做同轴旋转运动(E=4.0)时及不同韦伯数倒数下射流在分裂前10个量纲为1轴向距离的三维空间发展.周围气流做同轴旋转运动时,表面张力变化会导致射流周向形态发生明显变化,观察射流的周向横截面发现周向模数m由5变为4又变为3,射流失稳的非轴对称性明显减弱;且仔细观察轴向方向,当1/We=0.002时,量纲为1轴向距离未达到10即发生破碎,大大缩短了射流分裂长度,且射流轴向扰动明显比其他两种波动大,更易分裂.
(1)基于线性稳定性分析方法,在同时考虑液体黏性、周围气流的同轴旋转运动及可压缩性的条件下,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩气流中黏性液体射流的数学模型并进行了验证.
(2)基于建立的色散方程,对周围气流的旋转强度对同轴旋转气流式的液体射流稳定性及射流形态进行分析;周围气流的旋转速度较小时,对射流起促稳作用,继续增大气流量纲为1旋转强度,开始对射流起促分裂作用;且随着气流旋转强度的增大,射流扰动沿周向方向发展,射流周向模数随之增大,射流柱变的高度不对称.
(3)基于建立的色散方程,进行了流体物性对同轴旋转气流式液体射流稳定性及射流形态研究;在研究参数范围内,气体可压缩性和气/液密度比均能促进射流的失稳,且会影响射流空间形态,尤其是在周向方向上能够改变射流的占优模式,增强射流的不对称性;液体黏性及表面张力对射流均具有增强稳定性的作用.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52276026)
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2024年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401007
  • 接收时间:2022-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-11
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-06
  • 修回日期:2023-05-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52276026)
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    北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044

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宁智,博士,教授,E-mail:.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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