Article(id=1205887527467155630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684425600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-19, revisedDate=1694534400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765435590855, onlineDateStr=2025-12-11, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765435590855, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765435590855, creator=system, updateTime=1765435590855, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205887527639122096, articleId=1205887527467155630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Study on Coupling Relationship Between Dynamic Valve Operating Characteristics and Two-Stroke Braking Performance, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the self-developed variable-mode valve actuation system,a combined simulation of the valve actuation system and the engine used was carried out to study their coupling operation characteristics,which provides a theoretical proof for vehicle application. The results show that there is a strong coupling relationship between the in-cylinder pressure and the valve operation,especially in the exhaust valve operation stage near top dead center(TDC) and below the engine speed of 2300r/min. The higher the engine speed is,the greater the valve dynamic lift loses,and the higher the maximum cylinder pressure is. While their change degree is gradually reduced at engine speed over 2300r/min. Adding a transitional lift on the exhaust brake cam after TDC can eliminate the exhaust valve recoil,and further improve contradiction relationship between the braking power and the maximum in-cylinder pressure. Compared with the ideal four-stroke brake,braking power of the two-stroke brake is obviously increased,and the maximum in-cylinder pressure is obviously reduced. The actual two-stroke braking power is increased by 35.94%,45.61% and 27.54%,and the maximum in-cylinder pressure decreased by 45.42%,27.20% and 7.35% at 1600,1900 and 2400r/min,respectively.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jingchen Cui, Lei Wei, Caihong Hao, Pengbo Dong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205887529635610822, articleId=1205887527467155630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=动态气门运行特性及二冲程制动性能耦合研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于自主研发的变模式气门驱动装置,进行发动机和该气门驱动装置联合仿真,研究了二者的强耦合运行特性,为该装置的装机应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明:缸内压力和气门运行之间的强耦合关系在上止点附近排气门运行阶段尤为明显,尤其是在2300r/min以下,发动机转速越高,气门动态升程损失程度越大,最大缸内压力越高;高于该转速后,二者变化程度逐渐减小;排气制动凸轮在上止点后设置过渡升程可消除排气门反跳的问题,并且可进一步改善制动功率和最大缸内压力之间的矛盾关系;与理想四冲程制动相比,二冲程制动的制动功率明显增加,最大缸内压力明显降低,发动机转速分别为1600、1900和2400r/min时,实际二冲程制动功率分别提高了35.94%、45.61%和27.54%,最大缸内压力分别降低了45.42%、27.20%和7.35%.

, authors=

崔靖晨,工学博士,副教授,E-mail:.

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董鹏博,工学博士,副教授,E-mail:.
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Detroit,MI,USA,2015,2015-01-2233., articleTitle=Role of springs in exhaust brake assembly and its contribution in dynamic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205887537588011286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=5, pageStart=409, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=刘海军, 侯献军, journalName=内燃机学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘海军,侯献军. 进/排气边界对高原柴油机缸内制动的数值模拟[J]. 内燃机学报202139(5):409-416., articleTitle=进/排气边界对高原柴油机缸内制动的数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1205887537667703063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=21, issue=9, pageStart=1696, pageEnd=1708, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Wang Y, Long W Q, Cui J C, journalName=International J of Engine Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang YLong W QCui J C,et al. Research on two-stroke compression release braking performance of a variable mode valve actuation system[J]. 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caption=各类发动机制动性能对比, figureFileSmall=ugumvMqY9gobYy0sFnojqw==, figureFileBig=ThBo3/IEgm6pSjpsBeCq6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205887534207402240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engine specifications

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参数数值
发动机型式直列
气缸数6
缸径/mm126
活塞行程/mm155
排量/L11.59
压缩比17
单缸气门数4
标定功率/kW338
标定转速/ (r·min-1)1900
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534299676929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发动机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
发动机型式直列
气缸数6
缸径/mm126
活塞行程/mm155
排量/L11.59
压缩比17
单缸气门数4
标定功率/kW338
标定转速/ (r·min-1)1900
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534366785794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Discrete length setting of engine model

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参数数值
中冷器40
进气歧管50.4
进气总管40
排气歧管69
排气总管30
涡轮后排气管35
压气机前进气管50
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发动机模型离散长度

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参数数值
中冷器40
进气歧管50.4
进气总管40
排气歧管69
排气总管30
涡轮后排气管35
压气机前进气管50
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Parameters of variable mode valve actuation system

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参数数值
供油压力/MPa0.5
制动柱塞直径/mm19.2
制动活塞直径/mm16
滑阀阀芯直径/mm12
滑阀单向阀进油孔直径/mm3
滑阀行程/mm15.5
阀芯出油口直径/mm3
阀芯出油口个数2
滑阀低压油口直径/mm4
滑阀复位弹簧刚度/(N·mm-1)2
滑阀复位弹簧预紧力/N13
供油油道直径/mm6
锁定销直径/mm10
锁定销复位弹簧刚度/(N·mm-1)1.1
锁定销复位弹簧预紧力/N7
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534618444037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变模式气门驱动装置关键参数

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参数数值
供油压力/MPa0.5
制动柱塞直径/mm19.2
制动活塞直径/mm16
滑阀阀芯直径/mm12
滑阀单向阀进油孔直径/mm3
滑阀行程/mm15.5
阀芯出油口直径/mm3
阀芯出油口个数2
滑阀低压油口直径/mm4
滑阀复位弹簧刚度/(N·mm-1)2
滑阀复位弹簧预紧力/N13
供油油道直径/mm6
锁定销直径/mm10
锁定销复位弹簧刚度/(N·mm-1)1.1
锁定销复位弹簧预紧力/N7
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534693941510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Oil parameters of CF-4 15W40

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参数数值
低温动力黏度/(MPa·s)不大于7000
运动黏度/(mm2·s-1)12.5~16.3
高温高剪切黏度/(MPa·s)3.7
倾点/℃-25
适用环境温度/℃-20~40
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534769438983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CF-4 15W40机油参数

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参数数值
低温动力黏度/(MPa·s)不大于7000
运动黏度/(mm2·s-1)12.5~16.3
高温高剪切黏度/(MPa·s)3.7
倾点/℃-25
适用环境温度/℃-20~40
), ArticleFig(id=1205887534844936456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Exhaust valve lift at TDC under different speeds

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参数数值
发动机转速/(r·min-1)26002500240023002200210020001900180017001600
升程/mm0.350.380.430.530.801.011.221.471.571.682.16
), ArticleFig(id=1205887536010952969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887527467155630, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同转速下排气门在上止点处的升程

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参数数值
发动机转速/(r·min-1)26002500240023002200210020001900180017001600
升程/mm0.350.380.430.530.801.011.221.471.571.682.16
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动态气门运行特性及二冲程制动性能耦合研究
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崔靖晨 1 , 魏磊 1 , 郝彩红 2 , 董鹏博 1
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 70-77
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 70 -77
动态气门运行特性及二冲程制动性能耦合研究
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崔靖晨1 , 魏磊1, 郝彩红2, 董鹏博1
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 能源与动力学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.潍柴动力股份有限公司 未来技术研究院,山东 潍坊 261061
通讯作者:
董鹏博,工学博士,副教授,E-mail:.
Study on Coupling Relationship Between Dynamic Valve Operating Characteristics and Two-Stroke Braking Performance
Jingchen Cui1 , Lei Wei1, Caihong Hao2, Pengbo Dong1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China
  • 2.Institute of Future Technology,Weichai Power Company Limited,Weifang 261061,China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401009
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基于自主研发的变模式气门驱动装置,进行发动机和该气门驱动装置联合仿真,研究了二者的强耦合运行特性,为该装置的装机应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明:缸内压力和气门运行之间的强耦合关系在上止点附近排气门运行阶段尤为明显,尤其是在2300r/min以下,发动机转速越高,气门动态升程损失程度越大,最大缸内压力越高;高于该转速后,二者变化程度逐渐减小;排气制动凸轮在上止点后设置过渡升程可消除排气门反跳的问题,并且可进一步改善制动功率和最大缸内压力之间的矛盾关系;与理想四冲程制动相比,二冲程制动的制动功率明显增加,最大缸内压力明显降低,发动机转速分别为1600、1900和2400r/min时,实际二冲程制动功率分别提高了35.94%、45.61%和27.54%,最大缸内压力分别降低了45.42%、27.20%和7.35%.

发动机  /  二冲程制动  /  变模式气门驱动装置  /  联合仿真

Based on the self-developed variable-mode valve actuation system,a combined simulation of the valve actuation system and the engine used was carried out to study their coupling operation characteristics,which provides a theoretical proof for vehicle application. The results show that there is a strong coupling relationship between the in-cylinder pressure and the valve operation,especially in the exhaust valve operation stage near top dead center(TDC) and below the engine speed of 2300r/min. The higher the engine speed is,the greater the valve dynamic lift loses,and the higher the maximum cylinder pressure is. While their change degree is gradually reduced at engine speed over 2300r/min. Adding a transitional lift on the exhaust brake cam after TDC can eliminate the exhaust valve recoil,and further improve contradiction relationship between the braking power and the maximum in-cylinder pressure. Compared with the ideal four-stroke brake,braking power of the two-stroke brake is obviously increased,and the maximum in-cylinder pressure is obviously reduced. The actual two-stroke braking power is increased by 35.94%,45.61% and 27.54%,and the maximum in-cylinder pressure decreased by 45.42%,27.20% and 7.35% at 1600,1900 and 2400r/min,respectively.

engines  /  two-stroke brake  /  variable-mode valve actuation system  /  combined simulation
崔靖晨, 魏磊, 郝彩红, 董鹏博. 动态气门运行特性及二冲程制动性能耦合研究. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 70 -77 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401009
Jingchen Cui, Lei Wei, Caihong Hao, Pengbo Dong. Study on Coupling Relationship Between Dynamic Valve Operating Characteristics and Two-Stroke Braking Performance[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 70 -77 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401009
随着节能减排法规不断加严,整车低摩擦、低空气阻力和发动机小排量等措施导致车辆自身制动能力不断降低.与此同时,市场对车辆运输能力(载重量和运输速度)的需求却在不断提高,这就要求车辆制动系统具备更强的制动能力[1-3].重载车辆主制动系统存在容易因长时间工作发生过热,磨损加剧,制动功率快速降低甚至完全失效等问题[4-6].为了提升重载车辆的制动安全性,中国《机动车运行安全技术条件》(GB7258—2017)强制要求超过9m的客车、超过1.2×103kg的卡车及超过3.5×103kg危险品运输车等车辆,必须配备辅助制动装置.较为常见的装置为作用在传动系统上的辅助制动装置,如液力缓速器等.然而这类装置虽然具有高的短时制动功率,但其长时间工作时仍容易出现因过热而导致制动功率快速降低的风险[7-9].发动机辅助制动因其具有长时间工作却不过热的优势而受到广泛关注.目前已被广泛使用的排气制动、泄漏制动和四冲程减压制动均存在制动功率低、缸内压力高、零部件寿命和可靠性有待进一步提升等问题[3, 10-12].对此,发动机二冲程制动概念被提出并正在推广,在一个工作循环(360° CA)内,完成进气-压缩-排气-抽真空4个工作过程,将发动机变为一个二冲程往复运动的压气机,可同时实现发动机制动功率和零部件可靠性的大幅提升,其研究已成为行业热点[1, 13].发动机二冲程制动不仅需要一套能实现发动机四冲程驱动和二冲程制动模式的可变气门驱动装置,而且需要基于所采用的气门驱动装置深入研究发动机制动特性和气门驱动装置运行特性的耦合关系,目前这方面的报告鲜见报道.
针对上述问题,笔者自主开发了一套变模式气门驱动装置,并采用联合仿真方法,以潍柴WP12柴油机为依托开展变模式气门驱动装置动态气门运行特性及动态气门升程下的发动机二冲程制动性能的耦合研究,深入揭示基于机械-液压装置的发动机二冲程制动的耦合运行机制.这将完善本领域的理论体系,并指导工程设计,为进一步提高车辆制动安全性和零部件可靠性提供依据.
图1为针对潍柴WP12柴油机开发的变模式气门驱动装置.它包括进气驱动、进气制动、排气制动和排气驱动4条传动链,每条传动链均由相应的凸轮-挺杯-推杆-摇臂-气门桥/传动块-气门组件组成.驱动传动链上设置驱动挺杯,制动传动链上设置制动挺杯,每个制动挺杯配套一个相应的滑阀.驱动挺杯和制动挺杯均具有有效和失效两种状态.通过两位三通阀控制各挺杯的状态即可实现发动机四冲程驱动、停缸和二冲程制动3种模式.在需要进行发动机二冲程制动时,两位三通阀通电,驱动挺杯的锁定销被高压油完全推到驱动活塞内,驱动挺杯外壳的运动无法传递给驱动活塞,驱动传动链不起作用,即进/排气驱动凸轮无法驱动进/排气门;与此同时,制动滑阀控制油道与高压源相连通,高压油克服复位弹簧力,推动阀芯向上运行,使得滑阀控制油道内的高压油可以通过单向阀进入制动油腔,随着制动油腔内充入高压油,制动柱塞的运动将通过高压油传递给制动活塞,制动挺杯处于有效状态,其传动链起作用,进/排气制动凸轮通过制动柱塞-制动油腔内的机油-制动活塞-推杆-摇臂-气门传动块驱动相应的进/排气门运动.发动机制动时,缸内压力大且变化剧烈,这导致在上止点附近开启排气门时,排气门需要受到相应的大且变化剧烈的气体力的作用,排气制动传动链相关零部件容易发生断裂等问题.基于此,该装置的制动传动链中采用机械-液压传动方式,利用机油的可压缩性来实现对制动传动链相关零部件的液压缓冲作用,但是这也导致气门运行与缸内压力之间出现了强耦合作用关系.因此,需要对该装置的动态气门运行特性和发动机二冲程制动性能的耦合特性进行详细研究.
采用联合仿真的方法,研究基于变模式气门驱动装置的动态气门运行特性与发动机二冲程制动性能的耦合作用,图2为联合仿真模型.在GT-Power中搭建WP12 6缸发动机模型,表1为发动机技术参数,传热模型采用WoschniGT模型.表2为发动机模型离散长度设置.图3为发动机驱动模式的模拟和试验结果.缸内压力的模拟与试验结果在燃烧上止点附近略有差异,最大误差不超过1.5%,在其他阶段误差非常小;燃油消耗率(BSFC)、驱动功率和进气流量的最大误差均低于3%,验证了模型的准确性.二冲程制动模式下发动机性能模拟不涉及燃油喷射和燃烧,环境压力为0.101MPa,温度为25℃.
在GT-Suite中搭建变模式气门驱动装置的进/排气制动传动链的机械-液压模型,表3为该装置关键参数.表4为发动机机油参数.气门驱动装置模型采用发动机模型计算得到的缸内压力和进/排气道压力来计算作用在进/排气门上的气体力,进而获得进/排气门升程;发动机模型采用气门驱动装置模型计算得到的进/排气门升程来计算发动机缸内工作过程,进而获得新的缸内压力和进/排气道压力;通过在两个模型间进行进/排气门升程、缸内压力和进/排气道压力的实时传递,研究变模式气门驱动装置动态气门运行特性及动态气门升程下的发动机二冲程制动性能.
图4为采用进/排气门升程不随缸内压力变化的情况下优化获得的二冲程制动进/排气凸轮型线.首先采用该凸轮型线,进行制动模式下变模式气门驱动装置运行特性和发动机工作过程联合仿真.
图5为发动机制动模式标定转速(1900r/min)下进/排气制动凸轮升程、进/排气门升程、速度和加速度、缸内压力、进/排气道压力和进/排气制动油腔机油压力随曲轴转角的变化情况.由图5a可见,缸内压力对排气阶段(上止点附近打开排气门进行排气)的动态排气门运行具有极大的影响.按照气门运行阶段可分为气门开启延迟阶段和气门运行阶段.
排气阶段的凸轮型线开启正时为70° CA BTDC,此时进/排气门完全关闭,活塞上行,缸内气体被压缩,缸内压力逐渐增加,作用在排气门上的气体力逐渐增加.对于采用机械-液压传动方式的制动传动链而言,气门实时升程由气体力、液压力和制动传动链相关零部件的惯性力和气门弹簧力等共同决定.其中,气体力和液压力为
F=pS-pS-S1-F1S1
F=p1S2
式中:F为气动力;p为缸内压力;S为气门盘面积;p为气道压力;S1为气门杆面积;F1为配气室压力;F为液压力;p1为制动油腔机油压力;S2为制动活塞面积.
制动柱塞实时升程和速度(由制动凸轮决定)以及制动活塞实时升程和速度(决定气门实时升程和速度)等因素决定制动油腔机油压力.在70° CA BTDC到50° CA BTDC范围内,排气制动凸轮处于开启缓冲段,排气制动凸轮推动排气制动柱塞上行,排气制动油腔内的机油被压缩,机油压力增加,通过排气制动活塞、推杆、摇臂和气门传动块传递给气门的力也相应地增加,但是在此阶段内,该力小于作用在排气门上的气体力和气门弹簧力等阻力之和,排气门无法开启,直至50° CA BTDC,该力克服各类阻力之和,排气门开启.
在50° CA BTDC以后,排气门开启,缸内气体被排出,由于缸内压力、排气道压力以及排气门实时升程共同决定排气流量,排气流量和发动机活塞运行速度等共同决定缸内压力,在50° CA BTDC到10° CA BTDC范围内,活塞上行压缩缸内气体占主导,在此阶段内,缸内压力继续增加,直到10° CA BTDC缸内压力达到最大值(4.1MPa),之后缸内压力开始降低,尤其是上止点后,随着活塞的下行,缸内压力快速降低.进一步,由于缸内压力和排气道压力决定气体力,气体力和液压力等决定排气门实时升程,制动凸轮和气门运行决定液压力,因此,气门运行与缸内压力等存在强耦合关系.具体表现为:(1)气门快速开启阶段.在50° CA BTDC到21° CA BTDC范围内,缸内压力相对较低,排气制动凸轮处于快速开启段,排气制动油腔内的机油压力快速增加,排气门升程快速增加;(2)气门动态平衡阶段.在21° CA BTDC到6° CA BTDC范围内,由于缸内压力处于最大值附近,排气制动凸轮逐渐达到最大升程附近,排气制动油腔机油压力逐渐升高,气门升程达到动态平衡状态,气门升程增加较小且存在较大波动;(3)气门液压反弹阶段.在6° CA BTDC到13° CA ATDC范围内,虽然排气制动凸轮逐渐进入到关闭阶段,但是气门升程不降反增,这是由于在此阶段内缸内大部分被压缩气体已经通过排气门排出,缸内压力迅速降低,排气门受到的气体力快速降低,制动模块的柱塞腔体内机油压力得以降低,但是气体力、液压力和制动传动链相关零部件的惯性力的变化不同步,这些因素综合影响导致排气门升程出现不降反增的现象,这是机械-液压机构固有特性在气体力快速降低时的体现;(4)气门快速关闭阶段.在13° CA ATDC时的动态气门升程达到最大值1.96mm;之后随着排气制动柱塞继续下行,排气柱塞腔体内机油压力快速降低,气门快速关闭.
在排气阶段动态排气门升程对于凸轮型线的跟随性较差,排气门最大升程发生了非常大程度的降低,即排气门动态升程损失程度大.此外,在发动机高速段内,排气阶段的排气门关闭过程还存在气门反跳的问题,这一方面是由于排气门在上止点后关闭后非常短的曲轴转角内需要再次开启,来实现通过排气门进行进气,故排气制动凸轮在上止点后无法设置足够长的气门落座缓冲段;另一方面由于气门液压反弹阶段的气门最大升程增加,气门关闭速度增加.
图5可见,在进气阶段内,进/排气门运行同样存在气门开启延迟阶段、快速开启、动态平衡和快速关闭等阶段.由于下止点附近缸内压力较低,气门液压反弹非常不明显.此外,由于上止点后进/排气门在较长曲轴转角内保持完全关闭,因而可以通过设置足够长的气门落座缓冲段来避免气门反跳的发生.在进气阶段内,动态进/排气门升程对于凸轮型线的跟随性较好,动态排气门升程开启正时为71° CA ATDC,关闭正时为18° CA ABDC,最大气门升程为5.17mm;动态进气门开启正时为30° CA ATDC,关闭正时为65° CA ABDC,最大升程为6.48mm.
综上所述,在气体力和液压力等作用下,气门运行明显表现出动态特性,气门升程、速度和加速度曲线明显出现波动,这都是由于制动传动链采用机械-液压传动方式导致的动态运行特性.
图6为发动机不同转速下进/排气门升程和缸内压力曲线.由图6a图6c可见,不同转速的排气阶段排气门升程曲线和缸内压力曲线均有明显的差别,在一定转速范围内(2300r/min以下),发动机转速越高,排气阶段排气门动态升程损失程度越大,最大缸内压力越高;当高于该转速段后,排气阶段排气门升程曲线和缸内压力曲线变化程度逐渐减小.由此可见,缸内压力对排气阶段气门升程具有极大的影响.这是由于制动模块采用机械-液压传动方式,在一定转速范围内,发动机转速越高,排气阶段的缸内压力越大,排气制动传动链受力越大,液压油压缩量越大,排气阶段的排气门升程越小,其气门升程时面值也越小,这进一步导致缸内气体越发难以从气缸内排出,缸内压力增加,再次进一步导致气门升程降低.而当发动机转速增加到一定程度后,继续增加转速,由于制动模块的液压力和缸内气体对气门的作用力等达到平衡,导致了动态气门升程的损失与缸内压力的提高基本到达稳定,二者随转速的变化程度逐渐减小.由图6a图6b可见,由于进气阶段的缸内压力较小,进/排气门受到的气体力较小,不同发动机转速下,进气阶段的动态进/排气门升程变化不大,主要是最大气门升程略有小幅度的波动.
由于排气阶段气门开启持续期较小,难以通过减小气门落座速度的方法来避免气门反跳.对此,提出了排气制动凸轮型线采用过渡升程的方案见图7图8为采用优化后排气制动凸轮型线得到的不同发动机转速下的动态排气门升程.过渡升程确保了排气门在过渡阶段始终保持较小的气门升程;随着发动机转速的增加,制动模块油腔内的压力波动增加,过渡阶段的气门升程波动越大;但是全转速范围内,过渡阶段的最小气门升程均大于零,即实现了气门不落座.发动机转速为1600、1900和2600r/min时,过渡阶段的最小气门升程分别为0.44、0.32和0.08mm.
由于制动传动链采用机械-液压传动方式,不同转速下的上止点附近排气门升程明显不同.表5为不同转速下上止点处的排气门实际升程值.考虑到发动机制造公差和热形变等因素,为避免活塞和气门发生碰撞,确定上止点时排气门最大允许开启的升程值.当该值为1.5mm时,制动模式应在高于1900 r/min的转速范围内运行;当该值为2.0mm时,制动模式应在不低于1700r/min的转速范围内运行.
图9为优化前、后的二冲程制动性能对比.与无过渡升程相比,当发动机转速低于2100r/min时,有过渡升程对应的制动功率略有降低;当发动机转速高于2100r/min时,其制动功率增加;全转速范围内,最大缸内压力均降低.
转速分别为1900、2200和2400r/min时,优化后的制动功率分别为298.26、345.03和355.80kW,除1900r/min时降低2.09%外,转速为2200r/min和2400r/min时制动功率分别提升了0.72%和5.75%;相应地,制动过程中最大缸内压力分别为3.793、5.794和5.307MPa,分别降低了7.44%、5.71%和5.25%.通过设置过渡升程,不仅消除了气门反跳问题,还提高了制动安全性和零部件可靠性.
图10为多种发动机制动的性能对比.图10a为理想四冲程制动模式的进/排气门升程曲线.传统倒拖模式下,进/排气门按照四冲程驱动模式的进/排气门升程曲线运行,即相对于图10a,排气门不在进气和压缩阶段开启.由图10b图10c可见,传统倒拖制动主要来源于摩擦功和泵气功,其制动功率最低,但是由于其存在完整的压缩但不泄气的阶段,因而在全转速范围内其最大缸内压力始终较高.理想四冲程制动进/排气门除了按照四冲程驱动模式的进/排气门升程曲线运行外,排气门在进气阶段开启来增加进气量,在压缩上止点附近开启来将缸内被压缩的高压气体排出,其制动功主要来源于摩擦功、每720° CA内一次的泵气功和一次的压气功,其制动功率明显高于传统倒拖制动,在高速下的最大缸内压力略高于传统倒拖制动.二冲程制动功主要来源于摩擦功和每360° CA内一次的压气功,较理想四冲程制动而言,在各转速下,其制动功率均明显增加,最大缸内压力均明显降低,这主要是由于二冲程制动频率是四冲程制动频率的二倍.另外,随着发动机转速的增加,二冲程制动功率的增加幅度先增加后降低,而最大缸内压力的降低幅度则逐渐降低,这是由于二冲程制动采用动态气门升程曲线,其气门升程曲线与缸内压力之间的耦合作用导致随转速的增加,气门开启时面值降低,排气阶段的排气量受限,最大缸内压力快速增加,缸内气体做功量先增加后降低,进而制动功率呈现先增加后略有降低的趋势;作为对比的其他两种制动方案均采用理想气门升程曲线,其气门升程曲线与缸内压力之间不存在耦合作用,即气门升程曲线不变,因而其制动功率和最大缸内压力随发动机转速的增加均呈增加的趋势.
理想四冲程制动是目前市场上制动功率最高的发动机制动,较理想四冲程制动而言,发动机转速分别为1600、1900和2400r/min下,实际二冲程制动功率分别提高了35.94%、45.61%和27.54%,最大缸内压力分别降低了45.42%、27.20%和7.35%.这充分说明了二冲程制动在提高车辆制动安全性、提高制动装置可靠性和寿命等方面的优越性.
(1)缸内压力和气门运行具有强耦合关系,在上止点附近排气门运行阶段相互作用尤为明显;2300r/min以下,不同转速的排气阶段气门升程曲线和缸内压力曲线均有明显的差别,发动机转速越高,气门动态升程损失程度越大,最大缸内压力越高;高于该转速后,二者变化程度逐渐减小.
(2)排气制动凸轮在上止点后设置过渡升程可消除排气门反跳,并且可进一步改善制动功率和最大缸内压力之间的矛盾关系.
(3)与理想四冲程制动相比,实际二冲程制动的制动功率明显增加,最大缸内压力明显降低,发动机转速分别为1600、1900和2400r/min时,实际二冲程制动功率分别提高了35.94%、45.61%和27.54%,最大缸内压力分别降低了45.42%、27.20%和7.35%;这充分说明了所提出的变模式气门驱动装置在提高车辆制动安全性、提高制动装置可靠性和寿命等方面的优越性.
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401009
  • 接收时间:2023-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-11
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-19
  • 修回日期:2023-09-13
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校企合作资助项目(2019-187)
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    1.大连理工大学 能源与动力学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.潍柴动力股份有限公司 未来技术研究院,山东 潍坊 261061

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董鹏博,工学博士,副教授,E-mail:.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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