Article(id=1205887434714316848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686240000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-09, revisedDate=1697385600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765435568739, onlineDateStr=2025-12-11, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765435568739, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765435568739, creator=system, updateTime=1765435568739, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205887434907254834, articleId=1205887434714316848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Micro-Explosion and Evaporation Characteristics of Jatropha Oil Droplets, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evaporation and micro-explosion characteristics of jatropha oil droplets under high temperature environment(673,773,873,973 and 1073K)were carried out using high-speed backlit imaging technique. The droplet evaporation characteristics of three main components of jatropha oil were analyzed separately. The results show that the micro-explosion of jatropha oil droplets is caused by the pyrolysis of internal components,and the micro-explosion intensity increases with the increase of ambient temperature. At 673K,the jatropha oil droplets undergo stable evaporation,which includes three stages of initial expansion,equilibrium evaporation and residue evaporation. At 773—1073K,the droplet undergoes micro-explosion,which includes four stages of initial expansion,equilibrium evaporation,micro-explosion evaporation and residual evaporation. When the ambient temperature is higher than 873K,the phenomenon of "vapor plume" and "vapor cloud" is observed for the first time,and the droplet evaporation rate significantly increases.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jigang Wang, Feifei Xiang, Jing Xu, Xinqi Qiao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205887437650329674, articleId=1205887434714316848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=麻疯树油液滴微爆和蒸发特性试验, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用悬挂式液滴蒸发试验装置,结合高速背光成像技术,研究了麻疯树油液滴在高温环境(673、773、873、973和1073K)下的微爆和蒸发特性,并对麻疯树油中的3种主要组分液滴的蒸发特性进行了分析.结果表明:麻疯树油液滴的微爆是由于内部组分的热解导致的,并且随环境温度的升高,其微爆强度增大.麻疯树油液滴在环境温度为673K时,液滴稳定蒸发,蒸发过程包括初始膨胀阶段、平衡蒸发阶段和残留物蒸发阶段;在环境温度为773~1073K时,液滴发生微爆,包含初始膨胀阶段、平衡蒸发阶段、微爆蒸发阶段和残留物蒸发阶段;当环境温度高于873K时,首次观测到“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”现象,液滴蒸发速率大幅提高.

, authors=

王继刚,博士,讲师,E-mail:.

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麻疯树油液滴微爆和蒸发特性试验
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王继刚 1 , 相飞飞 1 , 徐晶 1 , 乔信起 2
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 44-52
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 44 -52
麻疯树油液滴微爆和蒸发特性试验
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王继刚1 , 相飞飞1, 徐晶1, 乔信起2
作者信息
  • 1.扬州大学 机械工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
  • 2.上海交通大学 动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室,上海 200240
通讯作者:
王继刚,博士,讲师,E-mail:.
Experimental Study on Micro-Explosion and Evaporation Characteristics of Jatropha Oil Droplets
Jigang Wang1 , Feifei Xiang1, Jing Xu1, Xinqi Qiao2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225127,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering,Ministry of Education,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401006
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利用悬挂式液滴蒸发试验装置,结合高速背光成像技术,研究了麻疯树油液滴在高温环境(673、773、873、973和1073K)下的微爆和蒸发特性,并对麻疯树油中的3种主要组分液滴的蒸发特性进行了分析.结果表明:麻疯树油液滴的微爆是由于内部组分的热解导致的,并且随环境温度的升高,其微爆强度增大.麻疯树油液滴在环境温度为673K时,液滴稳定蒸发,蒸发过程包括初始膨胀阶段、平衡蒸发阶段和残留物蒸发阶段;在环境温度为773~1073K时,液滴发生微爆,包含初始膨胀阶段、平衡蒸发阶段、微爆蒸发阶段和残留物蒸发阶段;当环境温度高于873K时,首次观测到“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”现象,液滴蒸发速率大幅提高.

麻疯树油  /  液滴  /  微爆  /  蒸发  /  机理

The evaporation and micro-explosion characteristics of jatropha oil droplets under high temperature environment(673,773,873,973 and 1073K)were carried out using high-speed backlit imaging technique. The droplet evaporation characteristics of three main components of jatropha oil were analyzed separately. The results show that the micro-explosion of jatropha oil droplets is caused by the pyrolysis of internal components,and the micro-explosion intensity increases with the increase of ambient temperature. At 673K,the jatropha oil droplets undergo stable evaporation,which includes three stages of initial expansion,equilibrium evaporation and residue evaporation. At 773—1073K,the droplet undergoes micro-explosion,which includes four stages of initial expansion,equilibrium evaporation,micro-explosion evaporation and residual evaporation. When the ambient temperature is higher than 873K,the phenomenon of "vapor plume" and "vapor cloud" is observed for the first time,and the droplet evaporation rate significantly increases.

jatropha oil  /  droplet  /  micro-explosion  /  evaporation  /  mechanism
王继刚, 相飞飞, 徐晶, 乔信起. 麻疯树油液滴微爆和蒸发特性试验. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 44 -52 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401006
Jigang Wang, Feifei Xiang, Jing Xu, Xinqi Qiao. Experimental Study on Micro-Explosion and Evaporation Characteristics of Jatropha Oil Droplets[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 44 -52 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401006
化石燃料的大规模使用产生了大量温室气体,导致全球变暖.据统计,全球大约23%的温室气体排放来自化石燃料燃烧[1].目前,国家能源战略转型和“双碳”战略的提出对碳排放提出了更高的要求,采用可再生合成燃料、生物燃料替代化石燃料是减少碳排放和确保全球气候稳定的解决方案之一[2-3]
麻疯树是一种耐干旱、耐贫瘠的油料植物,可种植在荒山和沙漠等不适宜耕种的土地上.它广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区[4],在中国的四川、云南、贵州、福建和海南等地有大量的种植,仅云南省麻疯树的种植面积已超过100万亩[5].中国适合种植麻疯树的地域非常多,一旦有需求,可大面积种植.麻疯树产果量可达400kg/亩,种子含油率为35%~38%,其树干、果皮和种子有毒,不能用作人类食物或动物饲料[6].麻疯树油热值高、含硫低、不含芳香烃并具有生物降解性.其缺点是黏度很高,这会增大喷雾中液滴平均直径,而且容易沉积在喷嘴上,导致喷嘴积碳堵塞.通过预热的方法可大幅降低燃料的黏度[7-9],且不会降低热值、不产生甘油等副产品,也不消耗化学品和电力.在农村和偏远地区,将预热后的麻疯树油直接应用于农用柴油机、分布式能源系统和燃气轮机发电等方面,将在这些地区发挥重要作用.
喷雾燃烧实际上是大量液滴的蒸发燃烧过程,由于该过程涉及多物理场(湍流、温度和压力等)、多相和多组分的复杂耦合,直接研究喷雾液滴的蒸发特性极其复杂,一种简单且常用的方法就是研究单个液滴的蒸发特性[10].当燃料液滴内部存在较高的挥发性差异时,其在高温蒸发过程中会发生剧烈的爆炸现象,即微爆.液滴在短时间内破碎成很多小的液滴,实现二次雾化,促进燃料蒸发、油气混合和燃烧.Califano等[11]研究了柴油-水乳化油单液滴的蒸发特性,发现只有当分散相聚结到一定尺度时,液滴才会发生微爆.王利坡等[12]研究指出,柴油-水乳化油液滴微爆的发生取决于液滴内部挥发性差异,挥发性差异越大微爆越剧烈.Juan等[13]通过液滴图像、归一化直径平方结合热解特性研究了轻质原油单液滴的蒸发特性,重点关注液滴的破碎过程,并与传统破碎模型进行对比.Avulapati等[14]研究了柴油-生物柴油-乙醇混合燃料液滴的微爆特性发现,乙醇含量过高或过低均不利于微爆的发生,当乙醇含量在10%~40%时,微爆强度较大,超出这一范围后微爆将逐渐减弱.Shinjo等[15]通过数值仿真研究了正十六烷-水乳化油液滴的蒸发特性显示,液滴微爆强度与分散相水滴的大小、深度以及气泡深度有关,当水滴较小时,微爆强度弱;水滴较大且位于液滴中部时,微爆剧烈.
综上,多组分燃料液滴的蒸发过程往往伴随微爆现象,尤其是组分之间挥发性差异大的燃料,但是液滴微爆和蒸发的机理研究较少.针对麻疯树油液滴微爆的原因、微爆机理尚不清楚.基于此,笔者在液滴蒸发试验台上对麻疯树油液滴的蒸发进行试验,揭示其微爆的原因、蒸发和微爆机理.
图1给出了所用液滴蒸发试验装置原理.该装置主要由液滴生成及悬挂系统、液滴移动系统、加热系统和数据采集系统组成.液滴生成及悬挂系统包括微量注射泵、温度保护装置和液滴悬挂支架构成,液滴温度保护装置由304不锈钢制成,外涂耐高温隔热涂层,主要用于液滴进入高温环境过程中避免高温气流对液滴的影响.液滴悬挂于两根直径为0.1mm石英丝的交叉点上,由于石英的导热系数很小,当液滴直径大于其10倍及以上时,其对液滴蒸发的影响可忽略[16-17].液滴移动系统由一悬臂和步进电机-滚珠丝杆组成,液滴悬挂支架固定于该支架上,通过悬臂的上、下移动来实现液滴的进/出.加热系统由定容弹、热电偶和温度控制器组成.定容弹为圆柱状,内径为80mm,高为250mm,由304不锈钢制成,可实现300~1200K的温度.在其左、右两侧设置一对观察窗,用于观测液滴;上方开有一直径为28mm的通孔,用于液滴进/出.为实时监测定容弹内部温度,在其上部和下部各安装一热电偶.数据采集系统包括计算机、高速相机和背光灯.试验装置的重复性误差在3%以内.其中,高速相机为Photron FASTCAM SA-Z,由于液滴较小需安装显微镜头(Questar QM1 #30001),拍摄帧率为1000帧/s.
图2为液滴图像处理流程.依次对图像进行去背景、二值化和孔洞填充处理,液滴与背景高度区分,无杂质,二值化采用经典大津阈值法.然后,采用形态学方法去除液滴外的石英丝,将剩余的面积等效为一个圆,采用折算当量直径的方法获得液滴的直径数据.试验中液滴初始直径保持在(1±0.05)mm,为消除初始液滴直径误差对试验结果的影响,采用量纲为1的参数:归一化直径平方,其中液滴直径平方的误差为4.08%.
试验燃料为麻疯树油、油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸,其中油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸是麻疯树油的3种含量最高的组分,分别占36.03%、34.42%和13.31%.麻疯树油为实验室自制,将麻疯树种子通过物理压榨、过滤、除杂、自然沉淀和去除水分后所得,其中自然沉淀至少2160h.油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸是从市场中购得,均为分析纯.由于麻疯树油沸点较高,低温下蒸发很缓慢.因此,环境温度选择673、773、873、973和1073K.同时为防止高温下液滴发生自燃,环境气体选择氮气.由于微米尺度(直径介于1~100μm)的液滴生成难度很大,液滴产生的重复性难以保证,而且其蒸发时间很短,目前的试验条件无法直接研究其蒸发特性.有研究[18-19]表明,微米尺度的液滴与亚毫米尺度(直径介于0.1~1.0mm)的液滴具有相似的蒸发特性,对于燃料液滴蒸发试验中普遍采用亚毫米尺度的液滴[20-22],因而选择初始直径为1mm左右的液滴开展研究.
麻疯树油液滴在环境温度为673K下蒸发比较平稳,整个过程没有发生微爆现象,773K时只有在后期出现了短暂的微爆,液滴变形都比较小,因而没有给出其图像.图3示出麻疯树油液滴在环境温度为873K下的序列图像.麻疯树油液滴在873K下的蒸发过程包括:初始膨胀(0~5.300s)、平衡蒸发(5.300~30.904s)、微爆蒸发(30.904~36.162s)和残留物蒸发阶段(36.162s~).液滴从进入高温环境到体积膨胀到局部最大(受热膨胀),该时刻定义为初始膨胀阶段和平衡蒸发阶段的分界点[23-24];液滴内部出现气泡的时刻即为平衡蒸发阶段和微爆蒸发阶段的分界点;微爆结束时刻定义为微爆蒸发阶段和残留物蒸发阶段的分界点.试验中,液滴移动到拍摄目标位置的时刻定义为0时刻,从0s到31.994s液滴内部没有气泡形成,液滴蒸发比较平稳,液滴经历了初始膨胀阶段和平衡蒸发阶段.
在微爆蒸发阶段,在31.994s时在液滴右下方出现了一个小凸起,表明在液滴内部出现了气泡.之后液滴内部不断成核形成更多的气泡,在32.942s时可以清晰地观察到两个小气泡.这两个小气泡尺寸在逐渐长大,在33.342s时发生聚合,液滴形状发生较大变化.由于内部环流的影响,气泡在液滴内部不断地运动并长大,气泡运动过程中相邻气泡间的范德华力和表面张力相近时就会发生聚合.在34.612s时可以看到许多气泡同时存在于一个液滴中,从液滴表面突出了很多小凸起.在34.770s液滴内部小气泡聚合成一个大气泡,由于内部成核气泡还在持续膨胀,在34.772s时达到最大,紧接着发生微爆.在34.778s之后液滴内部气泡持续成核,到34.932s时液滴内部存在较多单独存在的气泡,液滴呈泡沫状,在液滴左下方较大气泡处发生局部微爆.之后液滴又发生了数次局部微爆和整体微爆,并喷出了很多小液滴.在残留物蒸发阶段,在39.800s时液滴蒸发非常缓慢,剩余较多的残留物在石英丝上.
图4示出环境温度为973K下麻疯树油液滴的序列图像.在0.376s之前液滴稳定蒸发,与873K相似.在0.376~3.332s之间液滴在蒸发过程中出现了小的吹吸,并周期性地喷出很多小液滴,典型的时刻如1.621s和2.152s.这是由于液滴表面局部低沸点组分过热引起的.在3.332s可以清楚地看到液滴表面出现了气泡,在3.388、3.408和3.412s液滴表面出现了凹坑.凹坑底部内表面为低压区,相对于高压区,低压区的沸腾蒸发温度要低很多,由此会诱发微气泡的成核[25]
轻重组分相界面存在较大曲率也会成为微气泡的成核位点.液滴在3.752s时表面出现了两个漂浮筏,根据文献[2627],液滴在蒸发过程中会形成独特的轻-重组分两相结构,当液滴进入高温环境后,液滴内的重组分开始析出.由于液滴内部温度低于表面温度,内部密度必然高于表面密度.在温度梯度和密度梯度的驱动下,析出的重组分必然漂向液滴表面,并被表面捕获.于是液滴表面上就存在两相分子:轻组分相和重组分相.轻组分达到沸点后产生气泡,而重组分漂浮在气泡表面上,如图4所示,形成漂浮筏结构,这也证明了陆奇志等[25]的猜想.液滴内部组分的相分离现象在文献[28]中也观察到了.在3.932s时气泡表面再次出现大的表面凹坑,紧接着气泡达到最大,液滴向左侧倾斜,最终在4.016s发生整体微爆.微爆后由于其反向冲力使得液滴向右侧倾斜,液滴内部持续气泡成核并增大.之后在4.272s液滴发生局部微爆,液滴蒸发过程中出现周期性的气泡聚合、相分离、膨胀和局部微爆,直到5.268s蒸发结束,剩余残留物在石英丝上.
图5示出环境温度为1073K下麻疯树油液滴的序列图像.在2.369s之前,液滴的蒸发过程与973K相似,首先经历稳定蒸发并伴随一些小液滴喷出.在2.422s时液滴表面出现漂浮筏,预示着液滴内部开始发生相分离现象,之后漂浮筏在气泡表面运动.在2.592~2.598s期间,两个漂浮筏发生聚合,这说明大的漂浮筏是由于小漂浮筏聚合形成的.两个漂浮筏聚合后在2.601s时在其表面产生一个小气泡,这是由于相界面成核引起的.之后液滴内部剧烈成核,小气泡聚合,在2.648~2.737s之间液滴经历了成核过程,在气泡表面出现了界面不稳定和多个凹坑.气泡内部压力达到最大时发生破裂(2.738s),为整体微爆.此次微爆过程产生了韧带而且飞出了很多小液滴.微爆后液滴通过形状恢复、气泡成核和膨胀之后在2.830s时再次发生整体微爆.第二次微爆结束后,大部分液滴被蒸发掉了,剩余的液滴又经历了多次局部微爆和整体微爆,最终蒸发掉所有的液滴,在3.467s时全部蒸发结束,可以看到在1073K下生发残留物很少,基本上全部蒸发掉了.
在液滴蒸发过程中气泡形成后液滴一直处于不稳定(振动)状态,驱动力主要来源是:(1)内部气泡的环流运动,气泡的快速运动导致液滴内部质量分布快速变化,驱动液滴的形状振动;(2)气泡聚合的冲击力,由于小气泡的压力大于大气泡的压力,当小气泡和大气泡发生聚合时伴随着压力的突变和气体运动的突变,会引起液滴振动.此外,在环境温度为873、973和1073K时,在液滴周围还观察到了类似羽流状或云状的物质.
液滴的直径平方变化率[29]ε定义为
ε=(djd0)2/(did0)2
式中:d为液滴直径;ij分别是前一时刻和后一时刻;d0为初始液滴直径.
图6a图6b为麻疯树油液滴在673K和773K下归一化直径平方和直径平方变化率曲线.可以看出,麻疯树油液滴在673K下的蒸发过程比较平稳,液滴直径平方变化率保持不变,其蒸发过程包括初始膨胀阶段t1、平衡蒸发阶段t2和残留物蒸发阶段t4.液滴从低温环境进入高温环境后液滴内部分子间的间距将明显增大,液滴体积发生膨胀;同时液滴也在蒸发,但是液滴体积膨胀速率要大于其蒸发速率,因而液滴直径在增大.一段时间后,液滴内部分子间距达到最大,蒸发速率也逐渐升高,最终蒸发速率大于其体积膨胀速率,故液滴直径开始减小.液滴进入平衡蒸发阶段,蒸发过程近似服从d2定律.直到120s/mm2之后,液滴直径开始缓慢减小,表明液滴开始进入残留物蒸发阶段.
与673K有所不同,麻疯树油液滴在773K经历了初始膨胀阶段t1、平衡蒸发阶段t2、微爆蒸发阶段t3和残留物蒸发阶段t4.初始膨胀阶段与673K相似,平衡蒸发阶段在初始膨胀阶段后,液滴蒸发速率逐渐开始大于其体积膨胀率,同时内部组分吸收热量为热解做准备;在微爆蒸发阶段,液滴直径平方变化率明显增大,表明液滴在经历连续的气泡成核、聚合、增长和破裂过程.残留物蒸发阶段,前期蒸发相对较快后期基本不再蒸发.
图6c为麻疯树油液滴在873K时归一化直径平方和直径平方变化率曲线.液滴先后经历了初始膨胀阶段t1、平衡蒸发阶段t2、微爆蒸发阶段t3和残留物蒸发阶段t4.液滴进入高温环境后,首先经历了一个短暂的膨胀过程,在5.512s时达到局部最大值(1.142).然后直接进入平衡蒸发阶段,液滴归一化直径平方近似服从d2定律.需要说明的是,873K下液滴微爆比773K下剧烈得多,因此,微爆结束后液滴内部剩余的高沸点和不易热解的组分已经很少了,微爆后液滴不再经历平衡蒸发阶段.在微爆蒸发阶段,主要以局部微爆为主,液滴在经历了数次的微爆之后,内部大部分低沸点组分蒸发完了,剩余的大都是高沸点组分,因而液滴不再出现气泡,开始进入残留物蒸发阶段.
图6d图6e给出了麻疯树油液滴在973K和1073K归一化直径平方和直径平方变化率曲线.液滴在973K和1073K的蒸发过程分为初始膨胀阶段t1、微爆蒸发阶段t3和残留物蒸发阶段t4.由于环境温度已经超过麻疯树油的临界温度(656~781K),液滴在经过短暂的初始膨胀阶段后直接进入微爆蒸发阶段,没有出现平衡蒸发阶段.在进入高温环境后直接发生膨胀,没有经历直径减小的过程,这说明液滴在经历初始的热膨胀后内部一些组分已经达到其过热极限从而产生了气泡.随着环境温度的升高,液滴微爆更加剧烈,这是因为温度越高液滴内部会有更多的组分达到其过热极限,进而成核产生气泡,导致液滴内部气泡的含量明显增多.
图7为麻疯树油在5种环境温度下的平均蒸发速率.显然,环境温度越高液滴蒸发速率越大.当环境温度低于873K时液滴蒸发很慢,蒸发速率不超过0.015mm2/s.但是当环境温度高于873K后其蒸发速率显著增加,环境温度为973K和1073K的蒸发速率分别为0.0988mm2/s和0.1886mm2/s,相比873K分别增加了7.74倍和15.69倍.
在麻疯树油液滴蒸发过程中,液滴周围出现了类似羽流状和云状的物质,如图8图9所示.该现象在其他多组分燃料(如柴油、生物柴油和煤油)液滴蒸发过程中没有观察到,以前的研究没有报道过类似的现象.图中红色虚线表示羽流状和云状物质的近似边缘.当环境温度达到或超过873K后,在蒸发前期便可观察到羽流状物质,但在873K下,羽流状物质的密度很小,由于其运动过程近似羽流,称其为“蒸气羽流”.与“蒸气羽流”类似,环境温度达到或超过873K后,在蒸发的中、后期羽流状的物质会逐渐转变为云状物质,称其为“蒸气云”见图9.液滴在出现“蒸气羽流”时并没有发生振动和变形,表明在液滴内部还没有出现气泡.在环境温度为1073K时,在3.383s液滴上方出现了非常浓密的“蒸气云”,这一方面是由于液滴表面的快速蒸发形成了大量蒸气,另一方面是由于微爆喷出了大量的蒸气,大量的蒸气喷出后立即变成浓密的“蒸气云”.
为探究“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”的形成原因,研究发现,环境温度越高,“蒸气云”的密度越大,这有可能是因为环境温度越高,液滴的表面蒸发速率越快.陈浩[30]在研究正十六烷液滴在环境温度为773K和环境压力为1.0~1.3MPa(正十六烷临界温度为720K,临界压力为1.4MPa)时,在液滴周围也出现了类似云状的物质.他认为云状物质有可能是介于液体和气体之间的高密度蒸气.试验中,麻疯树油的平均沸点约为628K,临界温度为656~821K[31],环境温度高于873K后液滴表面已经达到了跨临界状态[32],“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”也可能是介于液体和气体之间的高密度蒸气,液滴内部温度较低,未发生跨临界反应,仍然保持液相.但试验中发现石化柴油液滴在环境温度为973K和1073K时液滴周围并未出现“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”,973K和1073K已经远高于石化柴油的临界温度(713~743K[32]).因此,“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”的产生不是跨临界反应引起的.推测这两种现象的形成原因有:(1)蒸气快速蒸发吸收了大量热量,使液滴附近的空气温度降低(非等温冷凝),蒸气迅速凝结,形成许多微小的液滴;(2)高温下麻疯树油中的组分物性发生很大变化(如黏度和表面张力大幅降低),低沸点组分在液滴内部的扩散速率和表面的蒸发速率大幅增大,快速蒸发的同时将周围的高沸点组分带出液滴表面;(3)高温下麻疯树油表面的组分自身热解,热解组分之间发生化学反应产生了固体颗粒.
以往的研究[19, 24, 33]表明,液滴的蒸发过程是一个物理变化过程,蒸发过程的微爆是由于燃料组分沸点的差异性引起的.但笔者研究表明,液滴蒸发过程中有可能也伴随着化学反应.图10给出了麻疯树油中含量最多的3种单组分脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸)的归一化直径平方.在973K以下3种单组分均没有发生微爆现象,在1073K下油酸和棕榈酸在末期发生了微爆现象,这是个非常特殊的情形.在氮气环境下,单组分液滴内部不存在沸点差异性,根据以前的研究[24, 32, 34]不会发生微爆;通过分析可知,单组分液滴内部的微爆是由于脂肪酸在高温下热解导致的[35-36].由麻疯树油的热解特性可知,在高温下脂肪酸会热解形成气体(CO,CO2)和小分子烷烃、烯烃,如2-甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷、环己烷、2-甲基-1-戊烯、壬烷、2-乙基-3-甲基-1-丁烯和2-甲基-1-戊烯.这些小分子的烷烃、烯烃的沸点远低于脂肪酸的,因而会在液滴内部过热产生气泡进而发生微爆;麻疯树油中组分之间的沸点差异性较小,微爆的产生主要是脂肪酸的热解导致的.
麻疯树油液滴的微爆蒸发过程同时涉及多组分两相流动、传热传质、相变和化学反应,因而蒸发过程极为复杂,根据前述试验结果、文献研究结果和麻疯树油理化特性等,推理得到了麻疯树油液滴微爆蒸发的概念模型见图11.在不同环境温度下麻疯树油液滴的蒸发模式是完全不同的,依据环境温度的不同分为以下3种模式.
(1)当环境温度小于麻疯树油的热解温度Tp时,稳态蒸发.液滴进入高温环境后,在经历体积膨胀后液滴直径均匀减小,液滴的蒸发速率取决于液滴的表面温度和内部组分的扩散速率.当液滴内部挥发性较高的组分蒸发完之后,低挥发性组分(长链脂肪酸)逐渐固化形成残留物.
(2)当环境温度介于麻疯树油的热解温度和临界温度Tc之间时,液滴微爆蒸发.液滴在经过一段时间的加热后,在液滴内部和表面开始出现气泡(如图3中32.942s、图4中3.332s和图5中2.190s时刻的图像).紧接着,小气泡在内部环流和马兰戈尼流动的影响下发生聚合,形成较大的气泡(如图3中34.772s、图4中3.924s和图5中2.648s时刻的图像),直到液滴内部大气泡的压力超过液滴的表面张力时,气泡便发生破裂,典型的微爆有图4中4.016~4.020s和图5中2.737~2.738s时刻的图像.麻疯树油液滴的微爆过程会持续一段时间,直到液滴内部大部分气泡被消耗掉.气泡在破裂同时将液滴中的液相燃料破碎成很多小液滴,因而微爆后液滴直径明显减小.微爆结束后在液滴内部仍有一些小气泡残留,但这些小气泡的压力小于液滴表面张力,因而不再发生微爆,到后期难挥发性组分逐渐固化,形成残留物.
(3)当环境温度高于临界温度时,液滴微爆蒸发的同时伴随“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”.该种情况下,蒸发过程与模式都经历了气泡形成、增长、运动、聚合、破裂(微爆)和残留物形成5个过程.不同之处有:(a)环境温度高于873K时,麻疯树油液滴内部组分达到其热解温度的组分比例比模式(2)多,因而液滴内部出现的气泡数量也多,微爆的强度较大;(b)在麻疯树油液滴受热一段时间后,液滴下方出现浓密的“蒸气羽流”,“蒸气羽流”一直持续到液滴内部出现气泡,气泡出现后“蒸气羽流”转变为“蒸气云”见图8图9.需要指出的是,由于温度较高,在麻疯树油液滴内部能清楚地观察到轻重组分的相分离现象(如图4中3.752s和3.836s、图5中2.592s和2.601s时刻的图像),这种现象目前只有在乳化油液滴的蒸发过程中出现,在其他均相燃料液滴中没有相关报道.液滴内部的环流运动使得液滴在表面形成凹坑(如图4中3.408、3.412和3.932s、图5中2.738s时刻的图像),凹坑的形成会诱发微气泡的成核(如图4中3.752s和图5中2.592s时刻的图像),在气相环境中存在“蒸气云”,“蒸气云”一直在不规则运动,有时会形成涡流.
(1)麻疯树油液滴在673K下的蒸发过程包括初始膨胀、平衡蒸发和残留物蒸发阶段;在环境温度高于773K后经历初始膨胀、平衡蒸发、微爆蒸发和残留物蒸发阶段.
(2)在麻疯树油液滴蒸发过程中首次观测到了“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”现象,这有可能是因为高温下麻疯树油中低沸点组分在液滴内部的扩散速率和表面的蒸发速率大幅增大,快速蒸发的同时将周围的高沸点组分带出液滴表面导致的.
(3)麻疯树油液滴的微爆并非单纯的物理过程,而是一个物理和化学复合的过程,是由于脂肪酸热解后产生的小分子在液滴内过热引起的,因而一般出现在液滴蒸发的中后期.
(4)麻疯树油组分的热解温度和临界温度是影响其微爆和蒸发模式转变的关键参数,当温度低于其热解温度时液滴稳定蒸发,介于热解温度和临界温度时,微爆蒸发,高于临界温度后,微爆蒸发的同时出现“蒸气羽流”和“蒸气云”.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52306167)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20220588)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401006
  • 接收时间:2023-06-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-11
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
  • 修回日期:2023-10-16
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52306167)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20220588)
作者信息
    1.扬州大学 机械工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
    2.上海交通大学 动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室,上海 200240

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王继刚,博士,讲师,E-mail:.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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