Article(id=1324806265137922803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=1748361600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793788027318, onlineDateStr=2026-11-04, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793788027318, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793788027318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793788027318, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324806227083002341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='481', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793788018246, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959617886, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=529, endPage=537, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324806265314083572, articleId=1324806265137922803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Optimization configuration strategy of sensors for marine diesel engine lubrication system based on NSGA-Ⅱ, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Optimization configuration strategy of sensors in lubrication system monitoring of marine diesel engines offers significant benefits. It facilitates efficient acquisition of operational status data and enables accurate analysis of system characteristics. These improvements deliver reliable data support for maintenance research and engineering applications. A comprehensive evaluation index for optimizing configuration strategy of sensors was constructed based on fault mode recognition,sensor failure tolerance,and sensor quantity. A fault mode correlation matrix was also constructed based on the improved grey relational analysis(IGRA) method,and then the evaluation index was calculated by using rough set theory. A Pareto-optimal sensor configuration was finally achieved by using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ). Experimental results demonstrate that the initial configuration with nine sensors monitoring temperature and pressure parameters,including the lubricating oil pump,filters,main engine oil inlet,and oil cooler,can be optimized to that with five sensors while maintaining equivalent fault identification capabilities. The optimized configuration exhibits a robust fault tolerance,sustaining a fault isolation rate from 81.14% to 96.00% during single-sensor failure scenarios.

, authors=Ze Gao, Zhongwei Wang, Yuting Han, Wenhui Li, Zhiguo Yuan, authorsList=Ze Gao, Zhongwei Wang, Yuting Han, Wenhui Li, Zhiguo Yuan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongwei Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324806268711469829, articleId=1324806265137922803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=基于NSGA-Ⅱ的船舶柴油机润滑系统传感器优化配置策略, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

优化船舶柴油机润滑系统运行监测中的传感器配置策略,有利于高效获取润滑系统运行状态数据,准确分析其运行状态特征,向柴油机运维技术研究和工程应用提供可靠数据支持.构建以故障模式识别度、传感器失效容错能力和传感器数量为核心的传感器配置策略综合评价指标,基于改进灰色关联分析(IGRA)法构建故障模式相关性矩阵,进而结合粗糙集理论进行评价指标计算,通过非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)实现传感器配置策略的Pareto优化.结果表明:包括滑油泵、过滤器、主机滑油进口、滑油冷却器的温度与压力等9个监测传感器的初始配置策略,经优化后仍可以在维持原有故障识别能力的前提下,将传感器数量由9个减少至5个,其容错性能验证显示,当单一传感器失效时仍能保持81.14%~96.00%的故障隔离率.

, authors=高泽, 王忠巍, 韩雨婷, 李文辉, 袁志国, authorsList=高泽, 王忠巍, 韩雨婷, 李文辉, 袁志国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王忠巍, authorNote=

高泽,博士研究生,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
王忠巍,博士,副教授,.
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高泽,博士研究生,.

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高泽,博士研究生,.

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figureFileSmall=BFgJW4S6B/6Y23N/Z1p7pg==, figureFileBig=dfnTmA5bIXU78vwOtahPVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509565166202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the structure of diesel engine lubrication system, figureFileSmall=hrEjOD/chOz204+vlpyt9A==, figureFileBig=E8F4+MCfE/Xegae8VhUCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509653246587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柴油机润滑系统结构示意, figureFileSmall=hrEjOD/chOz204+vlpyt9A==, figureFileBig=E8F4+MCfE/Xegae8VhUCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509732938364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Operating data and fault mode correlation matrix of diesel engine lubrication system, figureFileSmall=zYpbUDuJkmkQ4ZqHVzXqMw==, figureFileBig=UGgJlAqAOr2NP+uwFMfzoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509816824445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图3, caption=柴油机润滑系统运行数据曲线与故障模式相关性矩阵, figureFileSmall=zYpbUDuJkmkQ4ZqHVzXqMw==, figureFileBig=UGgJlAqAOr2NP+uwFMfzoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509896516222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Iterative curve of average fitness and coefficient of variation of the population, figureFileSmall=hg/gyOHkLv5imgWADA7SOw==, figureFileBig=l1oNj8HenIK7H50dsK+nSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514509980402303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图4, caption=种群平均适应度与变异系数迭代曲线, figureFileSmall=hg/gyOHkLv5imgWADA7SOw==, figureFileBig=l1oNj8HenIK7H50dsK+nSw==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图6, caption=传感器出现频次统计, figureFileSmall=UGckswXheVSD7rFxZQIs2A==, figureFileBig=Qd3E/aUqCc4GXZF6rFaupw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514510370472580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fault isolation rate of each sensor configuration strategy, figureFileSmall=Er3s7l9gwUMQzurpqy625w==, figureFileBig=rqko9y9q7pqfislIg+NPgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514510437581445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各传感器配置策略故障隔离率, figureFileSmall=Er3s7l9gwUMQzurpqy625w==, figureFileBig=rqko9y9q7pqfislIg+NPgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514510521467526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Operational data and awaiting inspection fault mode correlation matrix of lubrication system under sensor configuration strategy oc11, figureFileSmall=MIDX3oC9s0JZCD+XCvRGAg==, figureFileBig=oghna3o1H720Hkj6zRxdmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514510592770695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=图8, caption=传感器配置策略oc11下的润滑系统运行监测数据与待检故障模式相关性矩阵, figureFileSmall=MIDX3oC9s0JZCD+XCvRGAg==, figureFileBig=oghna3o1H720Hkj6zRxdmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514510664073864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Awaiting inspection fault mode of diesel engine lubrication system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数故障模式
f1无故障状态
f2冷却器水侧积垢
f3旁通阀泄漏
f4过滤器堵塞
f5过滤器泄漏
f6冷却器油侧堵塞
f7滑油不足
), ArticleFig(id=1325514510739571337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柴油机润滑系统待检故障模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数故障模式
f1无故障状态
f2冷却器水侧积垢
f3旁通阀泄漏
f4过滤器堵塞
f5过滤器泄漏
f6冷却器油侧堵塞
f7滑油不足
), ArticleFig(id=1325514510819263114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Alternative sensors of diesel engine lubrication system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数测点
s1滑油泵后温度
s2过滤器前温度
s3滑油进机温度
s4冷却水出水温度
s5滑油泵后压力
s6过滤器前压力
s7过滤器后压力
s8滑油进机压力
s9冷却水出水压力
), ArticleFig(id=1325514510886371979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

柴油机润滑系统备选传感器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数测点
s1滑油泵后温度
s2过滤器前温度
s3滑油进机温度
s4冷却水出水温度
s5滑油泵后压力
s6过滤器前压力
s7过滤器后压力
s8滑油进机压力
s9冷却水出水压力
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Fault mode feature matrix of diesel engine lubrication system

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参数传感器
s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9
f100.06130.06610.11200.54130.51371.00001.00000.8148
f21.00001.00001.00000.08340.41930.47300.72120.63990.9332
f30.14290.18340.09941.0000000.32290.76711.0000
f40.22970.22040.19710.64410.92901.00000.38720.76690
f50.09180.12660.10780.22850.33530.34290.24800.22610.1965
f60.47360001.00000.38190.56330.31030.8545
f70.14730.16590.14780.18590.30000.3093000.8231
), ArticleFig(id=1325514511037366925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

柴油机润滑系统故障模式特征矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数传感器
s1s2s3s4s5s6s7s8s9
f100.06130.06610.11200.54130.51371.00001.00000.8148
f21.00001.00001.00000.08340.41930.47300.72120.63990.9332
f30.14290.18340.09941.0000000.32290.76711.0000
f40.22970.22040.19710.64410.92901.00000.38720.76690
f50.09180.12660.10780.22850.33530.34290.24800.22610.1965
f60.47360001.00000.38190.56330.31030.8545
f70.14730.16590.14780.18590.30000.3093000.8231
), ArticleFig(id=1325514511108670094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Sensor configuration strategies in Pareto optimal solution set rank1

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编号配置策略 y1 y2 y1
1 t14:{s8}0.700.889
2 t13:{s2 , s8}0.70.50.778
3 t12:{s6 , s7}1.000.778
4 t12:{s5 , s9}1.000.778
5 t12:{s5 , s8}1.000.778
6 t12:{s5 , s7}1.000.778
7 t12:{s4 , s8}1.000.778
8 t12:{s4 , s7}1.000.778
9 t12:{s7 , s9}1.000.778
10 t11:{s5 , s7 , s9}1.01.00.667
), ArticleFig(id=1325514511188361871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Pareto最优解集rank1中的传感器配置策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号配置策略 y1 y2 y1
1 t14:{s8}0.700.889
2 t13:{s2 , s8}0.70.50.778
3 t12:{s6 , s7}1.000.778
4 t12:{s5 , s9}1.000.778
5 t12:{s5 , s8}1.000.778
6 t12:{s5 , s7}1.000.778
7 t12:{s4 , s8}1.000.778
8 t12:{s4 , s7}1.000.778
9 t12:{s7 , s9}1.000.778
10 t11:{s5 , s7 , s9}1.01.00.667
), ArticleFig(id=1325514511263859344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Sensor configuration strategy for the diesel engine lubrication system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号配置策略
oc1 {s5 , s7 , s9}
oc2 {s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc3 {s5 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc4 {s4 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc5 {s3 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc6 {s3 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc7 {s3 , s4 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc8 {s2 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc9 {s2 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc10 {s1 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc11 {s1 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
), ArticleFig(id=1325514511364522641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806265137922803, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

柴油机润滑系统传感器配置策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号配置策略
oc1 {s5 , s7 , s9}
oc2 {s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc3 {s5 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc4 {s4 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc5 {s3 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc6 {s3 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc7 {s3 , s4 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc8 {s2 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc9 {s2 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc10 {s1 , s6 , s7 , s8 , s9}
oc11 {s1 , s5 , s7 , s8 , s9}
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基于NSGA-Ⅱ的船舶柴油机润滑系统传感器优化配置策略
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高泽 , 王忠巍 , 韩雨婷 , 李文辉 , 袁志国
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(6): 529-537
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (6) : 529 -537
基于NSGA-Ⅱ的船舶柴油机润滑系统传感器优化配置策略
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高泽,博士研究生,.

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高泽 , 王忠巍 , 韩雨婷, 李文辉, 袁志国
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
王忠巍,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

高泽,博士研究生,.

Optimization configuration strategy of sensors for marine diesel engine lubrication system based on NSGA-Ⅱ
Ze Gao , Zhongwei Wang , Yuting Han, Wenhui Li, Zhiguo Yuan
Affiliations
  • College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506059
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优化船舶柴油机润滑系统运行监测中的传感器配置策略,有利于高效获取润滑系统运行状态数据,准确分析其运行状态特征,向柴油机运维技术研究和工程应用提供可靠数据支持.构建以故障模式识别度、传感器失效容错能力和传感器数量为核心的传感器配置策略综合评价指标,基于改进灰色关联分析(IGRA)法构建故障模式相关性矩阵,进而结合粗糙集理论进行评价指标计算,通过非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)实现传感器配置策略的Pareto优化.结果表明:包括滑油泵、过滤器、主机滑油进口、滑油冷却器的温度与压力等9个监测传感器的初始配置策略,经优化后仍可以在维持原有故障识别能力的前提下,将传感器数量由9个减少至5个,其容错性能验证显示,当单一传感器失效时仍能保持81.14%~96.00%的故障隔离率.

船舶柴油机  /  润滑系统  /  传感器  /  优化配置  /  改进灰色关联分析

Optimization configuration strategy of sensors in lubrication system monitoring of marine diesel engines offers significant benefits. It facilitates efficient acquisition of operational status data and enables accurate analysis of system characteristics. These improvements deliver reliable data support for maintenance research and engineering applications. A comprehensive evaluation index for optimizing configuration strategy of sensors was constructed based on fault mode recognition,sensor failure tolerance,and sensor quantity. A fault mode correlation matrix was also constructed based on the improved grey relational analysis(IGRA) method,and then the evaluation index was calculated by using rough set theory. A Pareto-optimal sensor configuration was finally achieved by using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ). Experimental results demonstrate that the initial configuration with nine sensors monitoring temperature and pressure parameters,including the lubricating oil pump,filters,main engine oil inlet,and oil cooler,can be optimized to that with five sensors while maintaining equivalent fault identification capabilities. The optimized configuration exhibits a robust fault tolerance,sustaining a fault isolation rate from 81.14% to 96.00% during single-sensor failure scenarios.

marine diesel engine  /  lubrication system  /  sensor  /  optimization configuration  /  improved grey relational analysis
高泽, 王忠巍, 韩雨婷, 李文辉, 袁志国. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ的船舶柴油机润滑系统传感器优化配置策略. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 529 -537 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506059
Ze Gao, Zhongwei Wang, Yuting Han, Wenhui Li, Zhiguo Yuan. Optimization configuration strategy of sensors for marine diesel engine lubrication system based on NSGA-Ⅱ[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (6) : 529 -537 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506059
船舶柴油机凭借其优异的动力性能和极高的燃烧效率,在船舶主机中占据着首要地位.主机运行状况随现代船舶技术的发展而不断改善,然而主机事故仍时有发生,据统计,2012—2022年3000总吨以上船舶的事故中,主机故障、柴油发电机故障等机损事故量占比为31%~50%[1],可见主机故障依然是影响船舶安全运行的最主要原因.其中,润滑系统是船舶柴油机的关键保障系统,其运行状态直接影响柴油机的可靠性,当润滑系统运行异常时,摩擦副间无法形成有效油膜,严重时将导致拉缸、烧瓦等恶性机械故障,严重威胁柴油机运行安全.为保证柴油机润滑系统的健康稳定运行,需要构建基于多参数融合的状态监测体系,精准获取滑油压力、温度、流量、黏度及颗粒物含量等多源异构数据,然而受限于传感器的应用成本、传感器可维护性要求及多源异构数据的实时处理需求,对柴油机润滑系统进行全范围监测的难度极大且不可行.因此,需开展传感器优化配置策略研究,实现在有限数量传感器条件下准确监测船舶柴油机润滑系统运行状态,区分待检故障模式.
目前学者们在建筑结构健康监测[2-3]、无线传感器网络配置[4-5]、物联网节点配置[6-7]和机械装备运行监测[8-9]等领域开展了相应研究对象的优化配置策略研究.Song等[10]提出以应变位移函数检测桁架结构损伤,有效减少传感器数量,将桁架结构监测传感器由30个减少至7个.Khalil等[11]对水下中继配置策略进行优化,提出一种逆凸规划算法,将600m水下距离上的中继数量由12个减少至9个.在机械装备领域,Kong等[8]引入蒙特卡洛法评价液压控制系统传感器配置策略,通过改进粒子群算法搜索最优解,基于搜索到的不同传感器配置策略,可将液压控制系统的状态监测精度提升10%以上.在柴油机状态监测领域,Wang等[9]采用种群增量学习法搜索传感器配置策略,降低遗传算法的基因漂变影响,将柴油机故障诊断所需传感器数量由12个减少至7个.现有研究多在保证监测效果时减少传感器数量,对同一配置策略中个别传感器失效的问题则鲜见报道.
在船舶柴油机运行监测领域,传感器数量越多,对柴油机运行状态的监测越全面,然而一方面,过多的传感器会造成数据冗余,为数据高速存储与处理带来极大不便;另一方面,现代船舶柴油机结构紧凑,传感器等信号采集设备受制于有限空间,不易开展安装、维修及更换等工作,难以配置大量运行监测传感器.因此,应在实现柴油机润滑系统待检故障模式准确识别前提下,尽量减少监测传感器的数量.同时,还需考虑传感器可能出现的完全失效、固定偏差和漂移偏差等故障[12-13],以及传感器信号传输受干扰的情况,保证个别传感器失效或信号失真时,剩余传感器仍可准确识别柴油机润滑系统故障模式.
学者们通常将上述问题建模为多目标优化问题,并采用多目标优化算法进行求解.现有解法可分为精确解法与近似解法[14]两类,其中精确解法,如分支定界法[15]和动态规划法[16],通过对多目标优化问题进行分解建模,求得全局最优解,然而当优化对象规模扩大时,分解建模难度急剧提升,且计算成本大;相比之下,元启发算法与进化算法等近似解法则具有更快的计算速度和更低的计算成本等特点,能在可行时间内对多目标优化问题实现近似全局寻优,因而应用更为广泛[17-18].其中非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)利用快速非支配排序策略,可有效搜索多约束条件下的目标函数空间,同时利用拥挤度比较机制,保障解的分布性与多样性[19],可有效解决传感器配置策略优化中可靠性与鲁棒性协同优化的问题.
笔者基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法,针对船舶柴油机润滑系统运行监测中的传感器优化配置问题开展研究,以期用更少的传感器数量实现柴油机故障模式的准确区分,并在个别传感器失效的情况下仍能维持故障模式区分能力.
当柴油机润滑系统处于故障状态时,其运行参数将会发生不同程度变化,定义柴油机润滑系统故障模式特征矩阵MFc=(F,S,V,f),以描述柴油机润滑系统故障模式与运行监测参数之间的关联特性,其中F为含有m种润滑系统故障模式的集合,F={f1,f2, ⋯,fm};S为包括n个润滑系统运行监测传感器的集合,S={s1,s2,⋯,sn};V为归一化后的润滑系统运行监测数据,V=∪s∈SVs;f表示润滑系统故障模式与运行监测参数间的关联特性,f:F×S→V.MFc可表示为
MFc=(ai,j)m×n=[a1,1a1,2⋯a1,na2,1a2,2⋯a2,n⋮⋮⋱⋮am,1am,2⋯am,n]
式中:ai,j为第i种故障模式下第j个传感器的归一化润滑系统运行监测数据;m为润滑系统故障模式数量;n为润滑系统运行监测传感器的数量.
灰色关联分析(GRA)是灰色系统理论中的多因素统计分析方法[20],可分析各变量之间的关联程度.以特征矩阵MFc中的行向量构建对应故障模式下的柴油机润滑系统运行监测数据曲线,依据GRA法计算曲线间的关联度,从而判断润滑系统故障模式之间的联系紧密程度,曲线越相似,相应灰色关联度越大,反之越小[21].
以MFc中润滑系统故障模式fi=[ai,1,ai,2,⋯,ai,n]为参考序列,其余故障模式f0=[a0,1,a0,2,⋯,a0,n]分别为比较序列,参考序列与比较序列的邓氏灰色关联系数[22]计算公式为
ζi,0(j)=Δ min+ρΔ maxΔ i,0+ρΔ max
式中:Δ min为两级最小差值,Δ min=miniminj|f0(j)− fi(j)|;Δ max为两级最大差值,Δ max=maximaxj |f0(j)−fi(j)|,其中f0(j)为比较序列f0中的第j个值,f0(j)=a0,j,同理,fi(j)为参考序列fi中第j个值,fi(j)=ai,j;Δ i,0为比较序列f0和参考序列fi在第j个传感器上的绝对差,Δ i,0=|f0(j)−fi(j)|;ρ为分辨系数,取值为0.5.根据灰色关联度计算公式ri,0= n−1⋅∑j=1nζi,0(j),可计算润滑系统故障模式fi与其他润滑系统故障模式f0间灰色关联度.
不同柴油机润滑系统运行监测数据曲线趋势相似且近似平行时,传统GRA算法仅能从趋势相似性来分析不同润滑系统运行监测数据曲线间的联系紧密程度,而不能充分利用不同曲线间的距离特征,故对趋势相似且近似平行的曲线识别效果较差,因而在考虑运行监测数据曲线趋势相似性的同时,还应考虑曲线间的距离特征.笔者基于平均欧式距离对GRA法进行改进,形成改进灰色关联分析(IGRA)法.平均欧氏距离计算简便,是一种有效度量向量差异性的评价指标,已被广泛应用于故障诊断和传感器选取领域[23-24].
柴油机润滑系统故障模式fi与故障模式fj间平均欧氏距离di,j为
di,j=1n′∑k=1n′(ai,k−aj,k)2
式中:n′为润滑系统监测传感器配置策略中的传感器数量;ai,k与aj,k分别为特征矩阵MFc中故障模式fi与fj对应的第k个值,k=1,2,⋯,n′,其中n′≤n.
则改进后的灰色关联度γi,j计算公式为
γi,j=ω1(1−ri,j)+ω2di,j
式中:ω1与ω2分别为ri,j与平均欧氏距离di,j的权重.
以改进灰色关联度γi,j建立柴油机润滑系统故障模式相关性矩阵Rc,有
Rc=[γ1,1γ1,2⋯γ1,mγ2,1γ2,2⋯γ2,m⋮⋮⋱⋮γm,1γm,2⋯γm,m]
式中:γ0为关联度阈值,γ0=c0⋅γmin,c0为关联度阈值系数,在实际应用中该系数依据经验设置,一般c0取值为1.当γi,j>γ0时,两种柴油机润滑系统故障模式能够区分.
柴油机润滑系统运行监测中的传感器配置策略有3项优化指标:(1)故障模式识别度指标y1,传感器配置策略能够识别润滑系统故障模式集中的全部待检故障模式;(2)传感器失效容错指标y2,传感器配置策略中个别传感器失效时,剩余传感器仍可以识别全部待检故障模式;(3)传感器数量指标y3,传感器配置策略中传感器数量最少.
笔者依据粗糙集理论计算故障模式识别度指标,以柴油机润滑系统待检故障模式集为论域,根据传感器配置策略对论域进行等价类划分,若等价类数量与论域中元素数量相同,则论域中所有元素可以被完全识别,即在当前传感器配置策略下,润滑系统故障模式集中所有故障模式可以被完全识别.通过知识粒度衡量等价类划分精细度,即衡量配置策略的故障模式识别度,知识粒度越小,则等价类个数越多,分类越精细,识别不同故障模式的能力越强.
传感器配置策略x是润滑系统运行监测传感器集合S的子集,故障模式集F在传感器配置策略x作用下产生一个可识别待检故障模式的等价簇,结合柴油机润滑系统故障模式相关性矩阵Rc,计算该等价簇的知识粒度[25],有
GKF(x)=∑i=1p|Fi|2|F|2
式中:i为第i个等价类,且i=1,2,⋯,p;p为等价簇中等价类数量;|Fi|为第i个等价类中元素数量;|F|为润滑系统故障模式集中的元素数量.当每个等价类仅包含一个元素时,知识粒度达到最小,GKF(x)= |F|−1,即所有柴油机润滑系统待检故障模式均可被准确识别,当等价簇中仅包含一个等价类时,知识粒度达到最大,GKF(x)=1,即不能准确识别所有柴油机润滑系统故障模式.
根据传感器配置策略的知识粒度与传感器数量计算故障模式识别度指标y1与传感器数量指标y3,将其作为NSGA-Ⅱ算法的寻优目标函数,即
y1(x)=[|F|⋅GKF(x)]−1
y3(x)=1−|x|/|S|
式中:|S|为润滑系统监测传感器集合中全部备选传感器数量;|x|为当前待评价润滑系统传感器配置策略中的传感器数量.
传感器失效容错能力TF(x)指当传感器配置策略x中个别传感器失效时,由配置策略x的其余传感器替代完成待检故障模式识别的能力,令传感器失效容错能力TF(x)作为传感器失效容错指标y2,同样将其作为NSGA-Ⅱ算法的寻优目标函数,有
y2(x)=TF(x)=|x||F|⋅[∑k=1|x|GKF(xk)]−1
式中:GKF(xk)为传感器配置策略x中第k个传感器失效时,配置策略x中其余传感器对待检故障模式集F的等价类划分能力,即相应的知识粒度.当传感器配置策略x中的任意一个传感器失效均不影响x的故障识别能力时,TF(x)=1.
综上,针对柴油机润滑系统运行监测传感器配置策略的多指标同时优化任务可描述为
maxxy=[y1(x),y2(x),y3(x)]     s.t.{y1(x)−1=0               (x⊆S)y2(x)−1=0                (x⊆S)
即在全部备选传感器集合S中,搜索传感器配置策略x,x应满足传感器数量最少、具备故障模式准确识别能力与传感器失效容错能力,则配置策略x为最优传感器配置策略Sbest,为满足船舶柴油机润滑系统不同监测需求的差异性,应找出若干满足指标的传感器配置策略,以供选择.
笔者利用快速非支配排序算法中的Pareto支配相关概念,对传感器配置策略集中的各项评价指标进行高效排序,迅速识别并区分出各传感器配置策略在多维优化目标下的优劣关系.在Pareto相关概念中,假设存在r个互相冲突的优化目标y(x),y(x)= [y1(x),y2(x),⋯,yr(x)],解空间X中的非支配解集X′=(x1, x2,⋯,xn),满足以下定义:
定义1 Pareto支配,即x1和x2为两个不同解,满足以下两条件时,称x1支配x2,即x1≻x2.
(1) ∀k∈{1,2,⋯,r},yk(x1)≥yk(x2);
(2) ∃l∈{1,2,⋯,r},yl(x1)>yl(x2).
定义2 Pareto最优解,即当且仅当不存在其他解x′使得x′≻x时,x是Pareto最优解或非支配解.
定义3 Pareto最优解集,即Pareto最优解构成的解集为Pareto最优解集.
定义4 Pareto前沿面,即Pareto最优解集中元素x对应的目标函数y(x)组成的集合.
快速非支配排序算法通过计算每次迭代中所有柴油机润滑系统传感器配置策略的目标函数y1、y2和y3,将所有配置策略按支配关系排序,为每个配置策略赋予非支配等级irank.具体步骤如下:
步骤1 计算每个配置策略的两个属性:被支配数和支配集.被支配数中,记录有多少个其他个体支配它;支配集中,记录它支配了哪些其他个体.
步骤2 找出第1等级前沿,所有被支配数为0的个体就是第1等级前沿,即irank=1.
步骤3 从第1等级前沿开始,处理当前等级的每个配置策略,将其支配集中的每个配置策略的被支配数减1.若某个配置策略的被支配数减为0,则将其归入下一个等级.
步骤4 重复步骤3,直至所有传感器配置策略都被赋予非支配等级.
NSGA-Ⅱ算法引入拥挤度,衡量同一非支配等级中传感器配置策略评价指标值的分布.传感器配置策略的拥挤度idistance计算方法[26]为
idistance=∑k=1|y|yk(i+1)−yk(i−1)ykmax−ykmin
式中:y为评价指标数量,|y|=3;ykmax为评价指标yk的最大值,同理可知ykmin为评价指标yk的最小值;yk(i+1)与yk(i−1)为依据yk对种群排序后,传感器配置策略i相邻传感器配置策略的评价指标值.
精英保留策略是把种群进化过程中的最优个体不进行遗传操作而直接复制到下一代中,在进化过程中,父代与子代传感器配置策略集合大小均为N,将其合并为2N的配置策略集合.经快速非支配排序后,根据Pareto等级从低到高的顺序,将整层配置策略集全部放入新父代集,直至某一层级不能全部放入新父代集.随后按照拥挤度从大到小的顺序,将该层配置策略依次放入新父代集,直至新父代集大小为N.
NSGA-Ⅱ算法采用二进制编码方式,如图1所示.每个柴油机润滑系统传感器配置策略均由1个二进制向量表示,第i个传感器被选中时,相应值为1,反之,相应值为0.
明确船舶柴油机润滑系统传感器配置策略优化指标后,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行寻优的步骤如下:
步骤1 初始化种群,以传感器配置策略集为初始种群,预设种群迭代次数为Iter.
步骤2 构建相关性矩阵,依据润滑系统故障模式特征矩阵MFc建立润滑系统故障模式相关性矩阵Rc.
步骤3 计算目标函数,计算种群中每个传感器配置策略的优化指标y1、y2与y3.
步骤4 分层排序,运用快速非支配排序算法,对种群中的传感器配置策略分层排序.
步骤5 评估拥挤度,计算种群中每个传感器配置策略拥挤度.
步骤6 选择父代,采用锦标赛选择算法,筛选出适合繁殖的父代传感器配置策略.
步骤7 生成子代,通过交叉变异操作,由父代种群生成子代种群.
步骤8 合并种群,父代种群与子代种群合并,形成新的传感器配置策略混合种群.
步骤9 精英保留,根据精英策略从混合种群中筛选精英个体构成新一代种群.
步骤10 迭代优化,重复步骤2~步骤9,直至达到预设迭代次数Iter,输出精英个体集合作为柴油机润滑系统传感器配置策略集.
根据种群平均适应度fave与变异系数CV观察传感器配置策略优化情况[27],变异系数用来衡量种群适应度的离散程度,若变异系数较小,则适应度波动较小,传感器配置策略的迭代情况较稳定,有
fave=1npop∑i=1npopFi(x)
CV=fave−1⋅1npop−1∑i=1npop|Fi(x)−fave|2
式中:npop为种群规模;Fi(x)为染色体i的适应度,有Fi(x)=∑j=13λjyj(x),λj为目标函数yj(x)的函数,有∑j3λj=1.
润滑系统是船舶柴油机的关键组成部分,主要有润滑、散热及清洁等功能,其失效将直接导致拉缸、轴瓦磨损等典型机械故障.笔者以船舶柴油机润滑系统为研究对象,对润滑系统运行监测中的传感器配置策略进行优化.
图2为某型船舶柴油机润滑系统结构示意.在滑油系统中设置不同故障,用于模拟实机故障,表1为待检故障模式f1~f7,表2为全部备选传感器s1~s9.柴油机转速为1800r/min、功率为250kW,根据全部备选传感器采集润滑系统正常运行状态f1与其他故障模式下的运行监测数据.
分别计算柴油机润滑系统正常运行状态f1与故障模式f2~f7下的运行监测数据样本均值,得
ai,javg=[a1,1avga1,2avg…a1,9avga2,1avga2,2avg…a2,9avg⋮⋮⋱⋮a7,1avga7,2avg…a7,9avg]
式中:ai,javg为故障模式fi下传感器sj的监测数据样本均值.
对传感器sj下的监测数据样本均值进行Min-Max归一化处理,Min-Max归一化公式为
ai,j=ai,javg−min(a·,javg)max(a·,javg)−min(a·,javg)
式中:max(a·,javg)与min(a·,javg)分别为传感器sj下监测数据样本均值的最大值与最小值.
对运行监测数据归一化处理后,得到柴油机润滑系统故障模式特征矩阵MFc,如表3所示.
图3为柴油机润滑系统运行数据曲线与故障模式相关性矩阵.依据柴油机润滑系统故障模式特征矩阵MFc建立润滑系统运行监测数据曲线,见图3(a).根据润滑系统运行监测数据与式(2)~式(5),计算故障模式间的改进灰色关联度,得到故障模式相关性矩阵Rc(图3(b)).
分析故障模式相关性矩阵,为不降低备选传感器全集的故障区分能力,以最小改进灰色关联度(f7, f5)=0.1318作为关联度阈值.采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对运行监测传感器配置策略进行优化求解,相关超参数设置中,初始种群规模为200、迭代次数为100、交叉概率为0.9且变异概率为0.1.
根据式(6)~式(9)计算每次迭代过程中的传感器配置策略各项评价指标y(x),进而计算每个传感器配置策略的适应度F(x),结合式(12)与式(13)计算种群平均适应度fave与变异系数CV,评价传感器配置策略优化迭代情况.种群平均适应度fave与变异系数CV迭代曲线如图4所示.在第18代平均适应度达到0.8581、CV达到0.1643后趋于平稳.
图5为迭代终止后得到的解集分布.其中解集ranki={ock|k∈ℕ*},解ock为传感器配置策略.Pareto最优解集rank1与其他次优解集支配排序为rank1≻ rank2≻rank3≻rank4≻rank5.每个点tij的目标函数值为(y1,y2,y3),存在包含不同传感器的配置策略有相同目标函数值的情况,即每个点tij代表多个等效异构的传感器配置策略ock,各等效异构配置策略之间为非支配关系.
传感器配置策略优化属于离散的多目标优化问题,目标空间中的解存在分层特征,各层间因传感器数量的不连续而出现解集隔离的现象,结合面向工程应用的约束条件,进一步压缩解的分布空间,且由于存在等效异构传感器配置策略,不同的配置策略重合于目标空间中的同一点,导致图5展示解的数量较少.以Pareto最优解集rank1为例,其所包含传感器配置策略如表4所示,其中策略2~8为等效异构配置策略.
由表4可知,传感器配置策略{s5 , s7 , s9}满足目标函数y1(x)=1且y2(x)=1的约束条件.同时,图5中也满足约束条件的点为t21(1.0,1.0,0.556)和t31(1.0, 1.0,0.444).t21包括配置策略oc2,t31包含oc3~oc11等9个等效异构配置策略,如表5所示.优化后的传感器配置策略中传感器数量由9个减少至3个.
统计表5中各个传感器出现在配置策略中的频次,如图6所示.可知传感器s1~s4等温度传感器出现频次较少,频次占比总和为17.32%,而传感器s5~s9等压力传感器出现频次较多,频次占比总和为82.68%.结合柴油机润滑系统的故障传播机理与图3(a)可知,压力监测传感器出现频次较多的原因在于:相对于温度监测参数,压力参数对泵阀失效、管路阻塞等典型故障具有更优的监测特性.
由图3(a)可知,s1~s4等温度传感器的监测数据曲线趋势呈高度一致性,其分布更为密集;而s5~s9等压力传感器对润滑系统故障更为敏感,泵阀等设备前、后压差大,监测数据曲线分布较为分散,表现出更明显的形态差异性.这种差异源于压力参数对润滑系统故障的即时响应特性,使其可以携带更丰富的故障特征信息.因此,基于IGRA法计算故障模式相关性矩阵时,包含压力传感器的配置策略能够显著增强故障模式相关性矩阵的特征表征能力,进而提升故障模式识别能力与传感器容错能力.而NSGA-Ⅱ算法通过快速非支配策略权衡配置策略的各项评价值指标,优先保留s6~s9等高信息量传感器,导致压力传感器在迭代中入选概率显著提升.
笔者基于传感器配置策略(表5),计算测试样本与各监测数据曲线的改进灰色关联度,将样本归类至最小关联度对应曲线的故障模式,得到各配置策略的故障隔离率如图7所示.当传感器配置策略中无传感器失效时,故障隔离率为92.14%~99.14%.当配置策略中个别传感器失效时,配置策略oc1与oc2表现出较弱的鲁棒性.当配置策略oc1中传感器s9失效时,故障隔离率降至72.57%.当传感器s5失效时,故障隔离率降低至77.57%.当配置策略oc2中传感器s9失效时,故障隔离率降低至78.71%,其传感器失效容错能力较差,而其余配置策略发生传感器失效时,仍可保证最低的故障隔离率(81.14%),传感器失效容错能力较强.因此,不再保留Pareto最优解集rank1和次优解集rank2中的传感器配置策略,而保留次优解集rank3中的配置策略oc3~oc11为最优传感器配置策略集.
图8为传感器配置策略oc11下的润滑系统运行监测数据与待检故障模式相关性矩阵.基于式(2)~式(5)计算各故障模式间的改进灰色关联度值,得到待检故障模式相关性矩阵(图8(b)),优化后的最小关联度为(f7,f5)=0.2079,大于优化前关联度阈值(0.1318).
当配置策略oc11={s1, s5, s7, s8, s9}中的传感器分别失效时,最小关联度分别为0.2063、0.2304、0.2129、0.1890和0.1439,最小关联度均大于优化前的关联度阈值(0.1318),因而当传感器配置策略oc11中个别传感器失效时,剩余传感器仍可保留92.14%、93.86%、94.14%、96.00%和83.43%的故障隔离率,具有传感器失效容错能力.
笔者以船舶柴油机润滑系统运行监测中传感器配置策略的故障识别能力、传感器失效容错能力和传感器数量,作为传感器配置策略的综合评价指标,结合NSGA-Ⅱ算法对传感器配置策略进行优化.
(1)提出了涵盖故障识别能力、传感器失效容错能力与传感器数量的多目标综合评价方法;建立了传感器失效容错能力量化模型,可在单传感器失效时维持故障识别能力.
(2)基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法搜索出9种传感器优化配置策略,优化后的传感器配置策略在无传感器失效时可保持故障隔离率为93.14%~99.14%,同时传感器数量降低至5个;个别传感器失效时,仍可保证故障隔离率为81.14%~96.00%.
(3)构建的多目标评价-改进灰色关联与粗糙集融合分析-NSGA-Ⅱ优化方法框架具备良好的通用性与可迁移性,通过适配故障模式集与传感器备选集,可应用于船舶柴油机其他子系统的传感器优化配置中,为提升复杂系统状态监测设计的可靠性与经济性提供了有效方法.

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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506059
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-11-04
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-21
  • 修回日期:2025-05-28
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    哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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王忠巍,博士,副教授,.
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