Article(id=1324806246620070514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1754064000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793788022904, onlineDateStr=2026-11-04, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793788022904, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793788022904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793788022904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1324806227083002341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='481', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793788018246, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959617886, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325525968575812369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1324806227083002341, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=518, endPage=528, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1324806246829785715, articleId=1324806246620070514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Experiment on atomization characteristics of pulse-jet air-assisted nozzle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pulse-jet air-assisted atomization nozzle has the advantages of good atomization characteristics and minimal influence of fuel physical properties on atomization performance,and therefore has good application prospects in ignited aviation heavy fuel engines. In order to investigate the atomization characteristics of multi-fuel used on the pulse-jet air-assisted nozzle,four pure alkanes of n-octane,n-decane,n-dodecane and n-tetradecane were selected to conduct comparative experiments. A phase Doppler particle analyzer(PDPA) technology was used to measure the particle size and axial velocity of spray droplets under the fuel injection pressure of 1.0MPa,the air injection pressure of 0.8MPa and the backpressure equivalent to standard atmospheric pressure. More attention was paid to the processes of the micro-atomization characteristics of different fuel jets from near-field to far-field. It is found that although the atomization performance of the four types of fuel droplets varies due to differences in physical properties,the Sauter mean diameter(SMD) at all sampling points remains below 20µm. With the development of the jets,it exhibits a non-monotonic characteristic of first breaking and then coalescing,and the axial average velocity shows a monotonic increase. Further analysis reveals that the physical mechanism of droplets behind this phenomenon is the interaction between two competitions:Separation-coalescence and coalescence-bouncing-evaporation.

, authors=Hanxu Wang1, Zhenyu Zhang1, Kun Wu2, Hao Wu1, 3, authorsList=Hanxu Wang, Zhenyu Zhang, Kun Wu, Hao Wu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenyu Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1324806250499801734, articleId=1324806246620070514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷嘴雾化特性试验, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴具有雾化特性好、雾化效果受燃料物理属性影响小等优点,在点燃式航空重油内燃机上有较好的应用前景.以脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴多燃料特性为研究目标,选取了正辛烷、正癸烷、正十二烷和正十四烷共4种纯烷烃进行对比试验,在喷油压力为1.0MPa、喷气压力为0.8MPa且环境背压为标准大气压下采用相位多普勒粒子分析(PDPA)技术对喷雾液滴的粒径与轴向速度开展测量,重点关注不同燃料射流由近场到远场发展的微观特性演化规律.结果表明:4种燃油液滴虽然因为物性的差距导致雾化效果有差异,但采样点的液滴索特平均直径(SMD)均小于20μm,且随射流发展均呈先破碎后聚合的非单调变化特性,轴向平均速度都呈单调增大的变化特性.进一步分析发现,该现象产生的物理机理是液滴“破碎-融合”、“融合-弹开-蒸发”两种竞争机制的相互作用.

, authors=王涵旭1, 章振宇1, 吴坤2, 武浩1, 3, authorsList=王涵旭, 章振宇, 吴坤, 武浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=章振宇, authorNote=

王涵旭,硕士研究生,.

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章振宇,博士,副教授,.
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王涵旭,硕士研究生,.

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王涵旭,硕士研究生,.

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325514533053276410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806246620070514, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical properties of the test fuel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密度/
(kg·m-3)
动力黏度/
(mPa·s)
表面张力/
(N·m-1)
饱和蒸气
压/kPa
C8H187030.520.02181.8703
C10H227340.920.02430.1825
C12H267531.360.02550.0188
C14H307631.450.02650.0019
), ArticleFig(id=1325514533149745403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1324806246620070514, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验用燃油物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密度/
(kg·m-3)
动力黏度/
(mPa·s)
表面张力/
(N·m-1)
饱和蒸气
压/kPa
C8H187030.520.02181.8703
C10H227340.920.02430.1825
C12H267531.360.02550.0188
C14H307631.450.02650.0019
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脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷嘴雾化特性试验
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王涵旭 1 , 章振宇 1 , 吴坤 2 , 武浩 1, 3
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(6): 518-528
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (6) : 518 -528
脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷嘴雾化特性试验
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王涵旭1 , 章振宇1 , 吴坤2, 武浩1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2.中国科学院力学研究所,北京 100190
  • 3.阿卜杜拉国王科技大学清洁燃烧研究中心,吉达 23955-6900
通讯作者:
章振宇,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

王涵旭,硕士研究生,.

Experiment on atomization characteristics of pulse-jet air-assisted nozzle
Hanxu Wang1 , Zhenyu Zhang1 , Kun Wu2, Hao Wu1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 2.Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China
  • 3.Clean Combustion Research Center,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,Jeddah 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506058
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脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴具有雾化特性好、雾化效果受燃料物理属性影响小等优点,在点燃式航空重油内燃机上有较好的应用前景.以脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴多燃料特性为研究目标,选取了正辛烷、正癸烷、正十二烷和正十四烷共4种纯烷烃进行对比试验,在喷油压力为1.0MPa、喷气压力为0.8MPa且环境背压为标准大气压下采用相位多普勒粒子分析(PDPA)技术对喷雾液滴的粒径与轴向速度开展测量,重点关注不同燃料射流由近场到远场发展的微观特性演化规律.结果表明:4种燃油液滴虽然因为物性的差距导致雾化效果有差异,但采样点的液滴索特平均直径(SMD)均小于20μm,且随射流发展均呈先破碎后聚合的非单调变化特性,轴向平均速度都呈单调增大的变化特性.进一步分析发现,该现象产生的物理机理是液滴“破碎-融合”、“融合-弹开-蒸发”两种竞争机制的相互作用.

喷嘴  /  空气辅助  /  雾化特性  /  液滴

The pulse-jet air-assisted atomization nozzle has the advantages of good atomization characteristics and minimal influence of fuel physical properties on atomization performance,and therefore has good application prospects in ignited aviation heavy fuel engines. In order to investigate the atomization characteristics of multi-fuel used on the pulse-jet air-assisted nozzle,four pure alkanes of n-octane,n-decane,n-dodecane and n-tetradecane were selected to conduct comparative experiments. A phase Doppler particle analyzer(PDPA) technology was used to measure the particle size and axial velocity of spray droplets under the fuel injection pressure of 1.0MPa,the air injection pressure of 0.8MPa and the backpressure equivalent to standard atmospheric pressure. More attention was paid to the processes of the micro-atomization characteristics of different fuel jets from near-field to far-field. It is found that although the atomization performance of the four types of fuel droplets varies due to differences in physical properties,the Sauter mean diameter(SMD) at all sampling points remains below 20µm. With the development of the jets,it exhibits a non-monotonic characteristic of first breaking and then coalescing,and the axial average velocity shows a monotonic increase. Further analysis reveals that the physical mechanism of droplets behind this phenomenon is the interaction between two competitions:Separation-coalescence and coalescence-bouncing-evaporation.

nozzle  /  air-assisted  /  atomization characteristics  /  droplets
王涵旭, 章振宇, 吴坤, 武浩. 脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷嘴雾化特性试验. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (6) : 518 -528 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506058
Hanxu Wang, Zhenyu Zhang, Kun Wu, Hao Wu. Experiment on atomization characteristics of pulse-jet air-assisted nozzle[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (6) : 518 -528 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506058
点燃式航空内燃机因其经济性好、功重比高等优点多用于中小型无人机动力(起飞重量≤500kg).其在不同应用场景下所采用的燃料也不同,应用于通用航空无人机中常采用汽油,而应用于侦察-打击一体化无人机等平台中常采用安全性更高的航空煤油(RP-3)、轻柴油等燃料[1].发动机的多燃料特性是点燃式航空内燃机的特点之一,因而其燃油喷嘴的多燃料雾化特性是影响发动机性能的重要因素之一[2].
液体燃料的喷雾和雾化过程是实现燃料充分且高效燃烧的关键步骤.燃油雾化质量越高,燃油液滴的尺寸越小,与空气的接触面积越大,蒸发与混合的效果越好,燃烧更加充分,能量利用率越高,颗粒物排放也更低[3].以缸内直喷为代表的先进内燃机供油技术中,燃油被直接喷入燃烧室,与空气迅速混合并燃烧.该方式的燃烧效率和排放水平在很大程度上取决于燃料的雾化质量.单流体雾化方式通常依赖高压油泵和油轨,并需建立足够高的燃油压力来实现燃油供给,因而高压直喷方案不适用于对发动机整机紧凑性和推重比有较高要求的无人机动力系统[4].
双流体雾化通过额外增加的雾化气体(通常为空气)所产生的强制空气动力学不稳定性来实现液体雾化效果的改善[5].在雾化过程中,高速流动的气体动能以及气/液界面形成的高剪切应力会高效且迅速地将连续液体瓦解成液丝、条带和大尺寸液滴.大尺寸的液体碎片会在周围气流作用下进一步破碎成更小尺寸的液滴.双流体雾化的优势在于其可以在相对较低的油、气供给压力(低于1.0MPa)下实现与缸内直喷相同甚至更高质量的雾化效果.此外,双流体雾化对流体黏度表现出显著的不敏感性[6],使得其在喷射不同种类的燃料时能保持较好的雾化特性,简化了发动机在不同燃料切换时喷射系统的标定工作量.由于额外气体工质的加入,双流体雾化在气/液组织和喷射参数调节方面具备更大的灵活性.以上优势使得以空气辅助喷射为代表的双流体雾化在航空重油无人机发动机供油方面具有突出的技术优势和应用潜力[7].
在实际内燃机应用方面,Orbital公司最早尝试将空气辅助喷射应用到车用二冲程和四冲程发动机及舷外发动机[8-9]中,结果表明:这种喷射方式在低压喷射条件下实现的喷雾索特平均直径(SMD)可达6.8µm.采用空气辅助喷射系统的二冲程发动机与同等功率的自然吸气式压燃点火发动机相比,在功重比方面具有显著优势.国内学者将低压喷射概念引入航空无人机发动机开发中,包括空气辅助喷射的四冲程汽油机应用[10]、二冲程航空煤油发动机[11]应用及对置二冲程航空重油无人机等[12].
航空内燃机工作过程为周期性工作,燃料在特定区间喷射进入气缸,因而多采用脉冲喷射的工作模式,不同于传统空气辅助雾化喷嘴的连续喷射,脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴采用间歇式喷射,可以进行实时调节,具有很好的灵活度与响应性.脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴工作原理为两段喷射,因而喷嘴可称为“两级喷嘴”.该系统利用高速气体射流和膨胀促进燃油雾化与破碎.喷射过程中,燃油首先通过一级喷嘴注入混合腔内与高压空气混合,随后二级喷嘴开启,油、气混合物在压差作用下喷出.燃油注入过程和随后的气/液喷射过程相对独立,燃油注入的压力波动对雾化过程影响较小;其次,燃油注入过程可提前开始,时间相对较为宽裕,易实现大油量供油且循环油量波动可控[13].
在脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴的研究中,Jang等[14]对应用于某四冲程缸内直喷发动机的空气辅助喷雾开展了试验,结果表明:在喷嘴下方出现明显的气流夹带运动,对空间范围内的液滴直径测量发现,喷雾的SMD范围为9~30µm.Jin等[15]利用激光诱导荧光以及喷雾的米尔散射光结合片光液滴直径测量法得到喷雾液滴SMD,并评估了喷气压力与定容燃烧弹压力的比值对喷雾液滴SMD的影响.经过背光成像的空气辅助喷雾头部可见明显的涡结构脱落,并且表明了气/液间可能存在的强烈耦合作用.Hu等[16]对比了空气辅助汽油与煤油喷雾雾化特性的差异,发现相同条件下煤油的喷雾形态比汽油的喷雾形态更小,导致其更大的喷雾贯穿距离和更小的喷射角;而喷射控制参数对煤油和汽油的影响相似;此外,煤油和汽油的液滴速度和大小随着喷雾测量位置与喷嘴距离的增加而逐渐减小.Gao等[17]研究了环境压力和燃油温度对空气辅助喷射系统闪沸条件下喷雾特性的影响,并指出两种不同闪沸机理的差异和影响结果.此外,高岩飞等[18]研究发现,喷雾的SMD随着喷气压力与喷油压力的增加而降低,气体质量流量随着最小截面积的增大而增大,且在喷嘴出口附近气流已达到超声速.在此基础上,Wu等[19-20]针对空气辅助喷射形成的气/液两相流动及湍流扩散特性进行了深入分析,并着重讨论了喷雾内部液滴之间以及液滴与外部流动之间的相互作用.笔者所在课题组研究[21-25]了喷雾的宏观形态和射流远场雾化机理,但对射流近场的微观特性测量与分析还不够充分.
笔者基于构建的脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷射装置,采用相位多普勒粒子分析(PDPA)技术对应用多种纯烷烃燃料条件下的喷雾特性开展测量.由于汽油属于C5~C12多种烃类混合物,煤油属于C12~C16多种烃类混合物,柴油属于C10~C22多种烃类混合物,因而试验中选用的燃料包括正辛烷(C8H18)、正癸烷(C10H22)、正十二烷(C12H26)和正十四烷(C14H30),包含了汽油、煤油和柴油的碳链范围,同时纯烷烃燃料物性易于获得,有助于定量解释试验中观察到的现象.通过测量并对比喷雾液滴的SMD和轴向平均速度,研究喷雾特性随测量位置变化的规律、粒径与轴向速度之间的相关性等,重点关注不同燃料射流由近场到远场发展的微观特性演化规律,以期为脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴在发动机上的应用提供参考.
图1为空气辅助喷射系统和测试装置,环境背压为标准大气压.气瓶满压条件下可以提供15.0MPa的压缩空气,经过减压阀后直接供给到调压器.燃油存储在油箱中,并通过电动油泵进行增压.压缩空气和增压后的燃油进入调压器,由机械调压阀稳定至目标喷射压力(喷油压力为1.0MPa、喷气压力为0.8MPa).燃油压力和压缩空气压力分别通过两个高精度压力表(精度为±0.2%)读取数据.稳压后的空气和燃油被供给到喷射系统,经空气辅助喷嘴实现雾化.空气辅助喷雾的液滴粒径和轴向速度采用PDPA同步测量,其系统原理与组成参见文献[26].从氩离子激光器发射的激光在经过布拉格单元后,被分为两种波长(514.5nm和488.0nm)的激光.4束激光通过发射器探头前面的透镜聚焦于一点,形成空间测量体.喷雾液滴在经过测量体后的散射光信号被接收器获取,并通过其内部的光电倍增管转换为电信号.PDPA处理器对信号进行筛选和处理后,计算得到液滴的轴向速度与粒径信息,并传输到PC端.电子控制单元(ECU)用于控制空气辅助喷嘴中油嘴和气嘴的喷射脉宽、驱动时序以及PDPA的触发.
图2为空气辅助喷嘴的截面及PDPA中设置的测量体位置示意,主要构件有混合腔、磁轭、弹簧、线圈、壳体及针阀.空气先充满喷嘴内腔形成高压环境,然后燃油通过喷油器进入混合腔并与压缩空气经过短暂的预混合,再采用电磁感应原理驱动针阀运动,使气嘴释放双流体喷雾.由于燃油体积远小于空气,因而此时油、气混合物的喷射压力等于喷气压 力(0.8MPa).
虽然试验采用的为环形喷嘴,但喷雾的锥角仅为15°,在高速发展过程中,纺锤形喷雾向中心线集中且向内塌陷[22].图3示出喷油压力为0.8MPa、喷气压力为0.7MPa、喷油持续时间为4.0ms且油、汽间隔为0.5ms条件下的喷雾形态随时间变化.虽然图3中的试验工况条件与后续要讨论的工况条件不同,但由于喷气压力越大、喷油持续时间越短以及喷气持续时间越长会使喷雾越向纺锤状发展[4,27-28],因而笔者试验在喷气压力为0.8MPa、喷油持续时间为3.2ms且喷气持续时间为3.2ms的工况下进行时喷雾仍呈纺锤形,且根据喷雾透光情况可知,液滴主要分布于喷雾轴线附近,因而笔者将测量点设置于喷嘴中心线上.沿喷雾轴线取距离喷嘴处20、40、60、80和100mm的5个点对液滴进行测量,并在相同工况下循环喷射40次,以获得足够的液滴数据.试验测量点处采得的液滴数最少为9651个,最多可达59360个,样本量充足.
根据Desantes等[29]、张旭升等[30]研究喷孔直径对柴油喷雾贯穿距离影响的结果可知,喷孔的直径越大,喷雾贯穿距离越大.为方便对比不同喷嘴之间喷雾特性,取轴向的喷雾贯穿距离x作为喷雾特征长度,采用喷嘴出口外直径d0作为量纲为1的基准,研究中的喷孔直径d0=6.6mm.在下文的分析中,统一采用d0将测量体位置归一化处理为x/d0[31-32].
笔者采用C8H18、C10H22、C12H26和C14H30共4种燃油进行试验对比,物理性质如表1所示.表面张力越大,对液滴的约束力越强,液滴破碎所需的气动力越大[33-36].黏性越大,液滴变形过程中动能能量会被快速耗散,液滴越不容易破碎.饱和蒸气压越大,液滴越容易蒸发.
在试验的工况条件中,喷油持续时间TF为3.2ms,油、气间隔时间TI为0.5ms,喷气持续时间TA为3.2ms,喷油压力为1.0MPa,喷气压力为0.8MPa,采样位置x/d0分别为3.03、6.06、9.09、12.12和15.15,信号时序为先油后气.
有效液滴的筛选范围对SMD影响较大.图4为不同筛选范围下4种燃油喷雾液滴的SMD随测量点的变化.在同一工况多次喷射的过程中,PDPA一直处于开启状态,观测到的所有液滴共需经过两次筛选.因为喷嘴存在一定的触发延迟,并且喷嘴从触发到完全开启需要一定的时间,笔者为了涵盖整个喷射过程的液滴,在液滴记录过程中,第1次选取喷雾到达激光测量体后20ms内经过测量体的液滴,并记录其信息.图4(a)中的有效液滴只经过了第1次筛选,可以看出,SMD的最大值增加至最小值的6倍左右,这是因为个别大尺寸但数量极少的液滴对SMD计算产生了较大的影响,因而要对液滴进行第2次筛选.图4(b)中,在第1次筛选的基础上再选取将粒径按从小到大排列之后前99.0%的液滴.
为避免有效液滴被筛除,笔者放宽第2次筛选的范围,选取将粒径按从小到大排列后前99.9%的液滴,得到图4(c).可以看到,液滴SMD的变化趋势与图4(b)一致.在第2次筛选比例为99.9%的基础上,笔者尝试增大第1次筛选的范围,选取喷雾到达激光测量体后40ms内经过测量体的液滴,得到图4(d),液滴SMD的变化趋势仍与图4(b)和图4(c)保持一致.说明图4(b)~图4(d)的数据筛选范围都较为合理.
由图4(b)~图4(d)可知,液滴SMD变化趋势与Hu等[16]的结果不同,即在特定工况下脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷嘴射流中的液滴尺寸随射流向远场发展的过程中存在“非单调”演化的现象.采样位置x/d0从3.03~6.06,4种燃油的SMD都有明显的减小.说明大尺度液滴在气、液相互作用下会进一步破碎成小尺度液滴.当采样位置从x/d0=6.06增至x/d0=9.09时,4种燃油的SMD都呈不同幅度的增长趋势,表明该区域的液滴经过碰撞后合并为更大尺度的稳定液滴,即发生了液滴融合,这与已有研究[19,37]的液滴SMD变化趋势一致.
除相同的先破碎后聚合的SMD呈非单调变化特性外,4种燃油液滴因为物性的不同,破碎和融合的效果存在一定差异.在x/d0=3.03处,C8H18的SMD最小,说明相比于其他3种燃油,C8H18的雾化效果更好,这是因为液滴破碎需要克服更大的表面张力和黏性耗散.在x/d0=6.06处,4种燃油的最小SMD相近,液滴破碎效果对燃油种类并不敏感[38-40].C14H30液滴在经历破碎和融合后的x/d0从9.09至15.15段,SMD基本保持稳定.这是因为C14H30在远场受饱和蒸气压的影响很小,不易蒸发,同时表面张力最大,本身更不倾向于融合,导致其在x/d0=9.09之后的SMD没有持续增加.当采样位置x/d0=12.12进一步增大到x/d0=15.15时,C8H18的SMD减小,推测这是由于远场液滴蒸发趋势强于融合趋势.根据韩恺等[41]对C7、C10、C12和C14蒸发特性的研究,C12、C14和C7、C10的蒸发特性有显著的不同.相比于C10H22、C12H26和C14H30,C8H18在远场更容易蒸发.
综上可知,非单调现象产生的物理机理是液滴“破碎-融合”、“融合-弹开-蒸发”两种竞争机制的相互作用.喷嘴出口处的液滴尺寸由“破碎-融合”竞争决定.射流向远场发展过程中,液滴“融合-弹开”的竞争机理可采用Qian等[42]的研究,即随着碰撞韦伯数的增加,液滴碰撞呈先融合、后弹开、再融合的趋势.液滴碰撞与蒸发的竞争采用Qiu等[43]的理论,即碰撞韦伯数、液体温度与蒸发过程呈竞争的关系.燃料在喷嘴出口的近场破碎主导了雾化过程,因而液滴尺寸减小;随着射流向远场发展,液滴碰撞主导了射流雾化,碰撞结果如“融合-弹开”的竞争影响了液滴的尺寸,C8H18液滴碰撞更趋向融合,因而尺寸明显高于其他3种燃料,但其易挥发,在射流进一步发展的过程中液滴蒸发主导了其雾化过程,液滴尺寸减小.
图5为不同数据筛选范围下4种燃油喷雾液滴的轴向平均速度随测量点变化,其数据处理方法与图4(a)~图4(d)相对应.图6为4种燃油在不同测量位置处喷雾液滴粒径的概率密度分布及其对数正态拟合函数.图5(b)~图5(d)中液滴轴向平均速度呈现的趋势一致,再次验证笔者所采用数据处理方法的准确性.
喷雾液滴离开喷嘴后轴向加速的动力来自两个方面.首先,液滴伴随高速气流运动,在气、液动量交互作用下被加速,高速气流的动力来源为压缩空气瓶的压力;其次,液滴破碎过程伴随表面能-动能的转换,进一步增加了液滴的动能.在x/d0=3.03处,4种燃油的初始液滴轴向平均速度较为接近,表明该位置的液滴速度主要受到喷嘴出口液滴速度的影响,而与液体物性没有明显的相关性.随着采样位置逐渐远离喷嘴,C10H22、C12H26和C14H30这3种燃油的液滴轴向平均速度逐渐增大,曲线近似为一条直线,即平稳增大.与之相比,C8H18的液滴轴向平均速度也呈稳定增加的趋势,但明显大于其他3种燃料,这是由于在液滴碰撞主导射流雾化的区域内,相比其他3种燃料,C8H18碰撞后更易于融合,因而液滴惯量大,受到气体阻力影响小,运动速度较大.
由图6可知,随着测量位置的变远,4种燃油粒径的分布峰值都在x/d0=6.06处达到最大,说明该处粒径小的液滴占比变多.与图4中液滴SMD的变化一致,从采样位置x/d0=3.03到x/d0=6.06,SMD减小,液滴发生破碎,小液滴增多.4种燃油的粒径概率密度分布结构以及变化趋势都差别不大,说明液滴破碎效果对燃油种类不敏感.同一种燃油粒径概率密度分布峰值在不同位置都对应粒径为2~4μm的液滴,分布峰值减小说明粒径为2~4μm的液滴出现概率变小,同时,每种燃油在x/d0>6.06时粒径分布范围变大,大液滴出现的概率变大.与图4中液滴SMD的变化一致,从采样位置x/d0=6.06到x/d0=9.09,SMD增大,液滴发生融合.
图7为4种燃油在不同测量位置处的喷雾液滴轴向速度概率密度分布和对数正态拟合函数.可知,在x/d0=3.03处,液滴轴向速度集中分布在0~2/s,之后随着测量位置远离喷嘴出口,轴向速度分布逐渐发散且峰值向变大的方向偏移.说明4种燃油的液滴最大轴向速度和轴向平均速度都会随着测量位置的变远而增大.在x/d0为6.06、9.09和12.12处,C8H18分布在5µm以上的液滴均较多,与图5中的结果一致,C8H18的轴向平均速度比其他3种燃油更大.
图8为4种燃油在5个测量位置处液滴粒径和轴向速度的相关性.蓝色散点对应每一个观测到的液滴根据各自的粒径和轴向速度在图中的位置,红色实线为浮动平均速度(FAV)[44-45],黑色虚线为轴向平均速度.
浮动平均速度的计算方法为
Uflo=12(∑i−n/2l+n/2Ui)
式中:Uflo为浮动平均速度;i为按尺寸递增顺序排列的第i个液滴;Ui为轴向速度;n为用来计算Uflo的液滴尺度范围,取值为100.
随着测量位置逐渐远离喷嘴出口,集中分布的液滴在轴向速度方向上逐渐分散,轴向平均速度的数值逐渐增大.粒径方向上,液滴在x/d0=6.06处更集中,之后也逐渐分散,说明液滴先破碎成粒径更小的液滴,再融合成粒径更大的液滴.在x/d0为9.09、12.12和15.15处,C8H18液滴在粒径方向上最发散,印证了图4中C8H18在这3个位置处的SMD最大.
液滴粒径与轴向速度联合概率密度函数(JPDF)能够表征液滴的尺寸-速度相关性,以及液滴粒径和轴向速度的描述性概率分布[46].该方法考虑了粒径分布在[D-ΔD,D+ΔD]的液滴数,及轴向速度分布在[U-ΔU,U+ΔU]的液滴数.因此,液滴的尺寸-速度JPDF表示在ΔD尺寸范围内和ΔU速度范围内发现液滴的概率,是基于数密度计算出来的,可表示为
P(D∩U)=∫(D, U)ΔDΔU
式中:P(D∩U)为液滴尺寸-速度JPDF的数值大小;D为液滴粒径;U为液滴轴向速度;ΔD和ΔU分别为尺寸和速度分布范围,决定计算范围的变量,分别取值为1.0µm和2.0m/s.
图9为4种燃油在5个测量位置处液滴粒径和轴向速度分布范围的联合概率密度分布,显示了液滴轴向速度随粒径变化的分布,用不同的颜色划分了其对应的P(D∩U)大小.随测量点的范围距离喷嘴越远,液滴粒径的分布范围先减小后增大,C8H18增大的趋势最明显,和图5中的结果一致.在x/d0=3.03处,4种燃油P(D∩U)红色区域,即液滴分布最集中区域在0~15µm和0~5m/s内.随着PDPA测量位置距喷嘴越远,红色区域内的液滴占比慢慢减少.从P(D∩U)颜色变化可知,从x/d0=6.06到x/d0=12.12,C8H18从绿色转变为蓝色及紫色的区域最大,说明C8H18液滴粒径和轴向速度变化的速率最快.
(1)通过试验可知,在脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷雾中,液滴尺寸随射流向远场发展的过程中存在“非单调”演化的现象,即先减小后增大.
(2)在脉冲喷射式空气辅助喷雾近场(x/d0≤6.06)中,液滴破碎主导雾化过程,C8H18表面张力和黏性最小,因而在4种燃料中最易破碎,SMD最小;当x/d0>6.06时,液滴碰撞主导了射流雾化过程,C8H18液滴易于融合,因而SMD最大,同时液滴惯量大,不易受到气体的阻力作用,轴向平均速度明显大于其他3种燃料;C8H18液滴在融合过程中伴随着蒸发,在射流远场存在SMD再次下降的趋势;脉冲喷射式空气辅助雾化喷嘴在喷射不同物性燃油时液滴SMD均小于20μm,雾化品质受液滴“破碎-融合”、“融合-弹开-蒸发”两种竞争机制的影响.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072194)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3242021)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202506058
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-04
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-08-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072194)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3242021)
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2.中国科学院力学研究所,北京 100190
    3.阿卜杜拉国王科技大学清洁燃烧研究中心,吉达 23955-6900

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章振宇,博士,副教授,.
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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