Article(id=1325035380852007187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=1744905600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793842652761, onlineDateStr=2026-11-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793842652761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793842652761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793842652761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325035380357079315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='385', pageEnd='479', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793842652644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959718537, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325526390799618089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325035380357079315, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=450, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325035381082693908, articleId=1325035380852007187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Simulation study of the effect of double-layer in-wall coatings on the filtration performance of GPF, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of the distribution of double-layer in-wall coatings with different thickness ratios and up-down orders in the wall thickness direction on the filtration performance of gasoline particulate filter(GPF), two layers of coatings with different coating amounts were applied in the filtration wall thickness direction, and six different double-layer in-wall coated GPF were formed by changing the up-down orders and thickness ratios. The filtration performance, particle deposition and porosity distribution at the end of filtration of these six GPF and two single-layer in-wall coated GPF were simulated. The results show that the higher the proportion of the coating thickness of the coating with the larger amount of coating to the thickness of the filter wall, the larger the initial filtration efficiency of the GPF, and the upper and lower order of the coatings has no effect on this. The initial filtration efficiency of the GPF increases by 2.50% in the case that the proportion of the coating to the filtration wall thickness increases from 1/4 to 3/4 when a larger amount of coating is located on the top, and the initial filtration efficiency of the GPF increases by 2.52% in the same case when the coating is on the bottom. Both cases of placing a larger amount of coating on the top and having a larger percentage of thickness of this coating enhance the growth rate of filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the GPF during filtration, but the former effect is more pronounced than the latter. For the design of double-layer in-wall coatings, it is recommended to place the larger amount of coating on the top and keep the thickness ratio of the coating smaller, such as 1/4 or 1/2.

, authors=Zhijun Li1, Shijie Zhang1, Mingshun Liu1, Miansong Yang1, Jiguang Wang2, Shilong Li1, authorsList=Zhijun Li, Shijie Zhang, Mingshun Liu, Miansong Yang, Jiguang Wang, Shilong Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shilong Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325035388334645575, articleId=1325035380852007187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=双层壁内涂层对GPF过滤性能影响的模拟, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究在壁厚方向上不同厚度比例和上、下顺序的双层壁内涂层分布对汽油机颗粒物过滤器(GPF)过滤性能的影响,假设在过滤壁厚度方向上涂敷两层不同涂层量的涂层,通过改变其上、下顺序和厚度比例形成6种不同的双层壁内涂层GPF.对这6种GPF和两种单层壁内涂层GPF的过滤性能和过滤终了时刻的颗粒物沉积以及孔隙率分布进行了模拟研究.结果表明:涂层量较大涂层的厚度占过滤壁厚度的比例越高,GPF的初始过滤效率越大,涂层的上、下顺序对此没有影响.涂层量较大的涂层在上时,该涂层厚度比例从1/4增加到3/4,GPF初始过滤效率提高了2.50%;当该涂层在下时,同样的情况,GPF的初始过滤效率提高了2.52%.将涂层量较大的涂层放置在上方和该涂层的厚度比例较大两者均会提升GPF在过滤过程中过滤效率和压降的增长速度,但是前者的作用比后者明显.对于双层壁内涂层的设计,建议将涂层量较大的涂层放在上方并且保持较小的涂层厚度比例,如1/4或1/2.

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李志军,教授,博士,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
李世龙,助理研究员,博士,.
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Microscopic parameters of filter wall

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过滤壁类别平均孔径/μm孔隙率渗透率/μm2
裸基质22.30.6322.260
W123.20.4640.859
W220.90.4500.847
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过滤壁的微观参数

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双层壁内涂层对GPF过滤性能影响的模拟
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李志军 1 , 张时杰 1 , 刘明顺 1 , 杨绵松 1 , 王计广 2 , 李世龙 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(5): 443-450
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (5) : 443 -450
双层壁内涂层对GPF过滤性能影响的模拟
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李志军1 , 张时杰1, 刘明顺1, 杨绵松1, 王计广2, 李世龙1
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 2.中汽研汽车检验中心(昆明)有限公司,昆明 651700
通讯作者:
李世龙,助理研究员,博士,.
作者简介:

李志军,教授,博士,.

Simulation study of the effect of double-layer in-wall coatings on the filtration performance of GPF
Zhijun Li1 , Shijie Zhang1, Mingshun Liu1, Miansong Yang1, Jiguang Wang2, Shilong Li1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Engines,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
  • 2.CATARC Automotive Test Center(Kunming) Company Limited,Kunming 651700,China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505050
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为研究在壁厚方向上不同厚度比例和上、下顺序的双层壁内涂层分布对汽油机颗粒物过滤器(GPF)过滤性能的影响,假设在过滤壁厚度方向上涂敷两层不同涂层量的涂层,通过改变其上、下顺序和厚度比例形成6种不同的双层壁内涂层GPF.对这6种GPF和两种单层壁内涂层GPF的过滤性能和过滤终了时刻的颗粒物沉积以及孔隙率分布进行了模拟研究.结果表明:涂层量较大涂层的厚度占过滤壁厚度的比例越高,GPF的初始过滤效率越大,涂层的上、下顺序对此没有影响.涂层量较大的涂层在上时,该涂层厚度比例从1/4增加到3/4,GPF初始过滤效率提高了2.50%;当该涂层在下时,同样的情况,GPF的初始过滤效率提高了2.52%.将涂层量较大的涂层放置在上方和该涂层的厚度比例较大两者均会提升GPF在过滤过程中过滤效率和压降的增长速度,但是前者的作用比后者明显.对于双层壁内涂层的设计,建议将涂层量较大的涂层放在上方并且保持较小的涂层厚度比例,如1/4或1/2.

汽油机颗粒物过滤器  /  双层壁内涂层  /  过滤性能  /  颗粒物沉积分布

In order to study the influence of the distribution of double-layer in-wall coatings with different thickness ratios and up-down orders in the wall thickness direction on the filtration performance of gasoline particulate filter(GPF), two layers of coatings with different coating amounts were applied in the filtration wall thickness direction, and six different double-layer in-wall coated GPF were formed by changing the up-down orders and thickness ratios. The filtration performance, particle deposition and porosity distribution at the end of filtration of these six GPF and two single-layer in-wall coated GPF were simulated. The results show that the higher the proportion of the coating thickness of the coating with the larger amount of coating to the thickness of the filter wall, the larger the initial filtration efficiency of the GPF, and the upper and lower order of the coatings has no effect on this. The initial filtration efficiency of the GPF increases by 2.50% in the case that the proportion of the coating to the filtration wall thickness increases from 1/4 to 3/4 when a larger amount of coating is located on the top, and the initial filtration efficiency of the GPF increases by 2.52% in the same case when the coating is on the bottom. Both cases of placing a larger amount of coating on the top and having a larger percentage of thickness of this coating enhance the growth rate of filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the GPF during filtration, but the former effect is more pronounced than the latter. For the design of double-layer in-wall coatings, it is recommended to place the larger amount of coating on the top and keep the thickness ratio of the coating smaller, such as 1/4 or 1/2.

gasoline particulate filter  /  double-layer in-wall coatings  /  filtration performance  /  particle deposition distribution
李志军, 张时杰, 刘明顺, 杨绵松, 王计广, 李世龙. 双层壁内涂层对GPF过滤性能影响的模拟. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (5) : 443 -450 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505050
Zhijun Li, Shijie Zhang, Mingshun Liu, Miansong Yang, Jiguang Wang, Shilong Li. Simulation study of the effect of double-layer in-wall coatings on the filtration performance of GPF[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (5) : 443 -450 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505050
与传统的进气道燃料喷射发动机相比,汽油直喷(GDI)发动机的燃油效率和性能都有所提高,并减少了温室气体排放[1].GDI发动机的颗粒物排放很少,大概只有柴油发动机排放的总颗粒物数量的1%.但是它的颗粒物尺寸更小,更难从废气中去除,并能更深入地渗透到肺部,所以它的颗粒物危害更大[2].为了应对日益严格的颗粒物数量排放法规[3],已经将颗粒物过滤器作为柴油车和汽油车废气后处理的标准组件,而汽油机颗粒物过滤器(GPF)相对是一种比较新的技术[4-5].国内也有对GPF再生时载体温度分布、灰分对其性能影响等方面的相关研究,但大多数还是对柴油颗粒捕集器(DPF)的研究[6-7].
近年来,已经开发出了有催化剂涂层的颗粒物过滤器(CPF).它将催化转化器与颗粒物过滤器的功能结合在一个单一装置上,降低了汽车尾气后处理系统的压降,使其变得更加紧凑、成本更低.对于柴油发动机的应用,选择性催化还原(SCR)功能被集成到颗粒物过滤器中[8],而这也促生了对催化型柴油机颗粒捕捉器(CDPF)过滤壁面上碳烟氧化特性的研究[9].而对于GDI发动机的应用,三元催化转化(TWC)功能被集成到颗粒物过滤器中[10].催化剂浆液的特性和涂敷方法不同,其沉积位置也不同.催化剂可以沉积在过滤壁内,也可以沉积在进口或出口通道的过滤壁上,或者同时沉积在壁内和壁上[11].史学刚等[12]将催化剂在壁内分布和壁上分布的GPF性能进行了对比发现,壁内涂层有利于降低气态污染物排放和燃油消耗率,壁外涂层可以提高对颗粒物的过滤效率.Walter等[13]通过改变催化剂在壁内、壁上及轴向分区不同位置的沉积,对具有不同催化剂分布的过滤器进行了研究表明,在过滤器后部有小的涂层间隙的壁内涂层过滤器实现了压降和催化转化效率的最佳折衷.关于CGPF有研究比较了3种具有不同壁内和壁上涂层分布的堇青石过滤器的过滤和催化剂性能表明,壁内沉积比壁内和壁上混合沉积的渗透性更好[14].还有研究表明,对于上层较稀和下层较密的双层壁内催化层设计,在较密催化层中加入孔隙形成剂,增加第二层的孔隙数量有利于实现过滤器的高过滤效率和低压降[15].催化剂在过滤壁不同位置的沉积对过滤器的过滤性能有较大的影响.目前还缺少同时讨论双层壁内涂层上、下顺序以及厚度比例对过滤器过滤性能影响的研究.
笔者的研究内容是借助于“一维+一维”的流动模型模拟在壁厚方向上不同厚度比例和上、下顺序的双层壁内涂层,对过滤器过滤性能的影响及其过滤终了时刻颗粒物沉积分布和孔隙率分布.通过数值模拟找到具有良好过滤性能的双层壁内涂层过滤器的涂层上、下顺序和厚度比例,为过滤器结构的设计优化提供指导.
采用了“一维+一维”的数值模型,分别是一维的通道速度分布模型和一维的过滤模型.其计算速度快且有足够的准确性.该模型包括了CGPF的一组进口/出口流道和它们之间的过滤壁,如图1所示.其中:v1、v2为入口/出口通道速度;vw为废气流经过滤壁时的壁流速度.
研究对象是双层壁内涂层过滤器,这两个涂层的催化剂种类是相同的,不同的是涂层含有的催化剂量.其中一个涂层相对较稀,涂敷的催化剂量为75g/ L,有助于实现低压降和对废气中CO、HC和NOx的高催化转化性能,用W1表示涂有该种催化剂的过滤壁部分;另外一个涂层相对较密,催化剂量为120g/ L,有助于实现高颗粒物过滤效率,用W2表示涂有该种催化剂的过滤壁部分.通过添加增稠剂来提高涂层浆液的黏度,防止它完全渗入过滤壁,可达到调控涂层厚度的目的[15].为了研究双层涂层厚度比例对过滤器过滤性能的影响,选取了4种厚度比例.其中:当W1在上层、W2在下层时,α1、α2、α3和α4分别表示W1层的厚度占过滤壁厚度比例为1/4、1/2、3/4和1的过滤壁.当W2在上层、W1在下层时,β1、β2、β3和β4分别表示W2层的厚度占过滤壁厚度比例为1/4、1/2、3/4和1的过滤壁.表1为涂敷单种催化剂的过滤壁和裸基质的微观结构参数.根据对涂层过滤壁的微观研究,催化剂会优先堵塞过滤壁多孔介质中的小孔隙,随着涂层量的增大,大的孔隙会进一步被堵塞.
为了更好地体现汽油机排气中小颗粒占比较多的情况,采用Liu等[16]的颗粒物分布来模拟过滤壁对颗粒物的捕集过程.平均颗粒物直径为100nm,粒径为20~300nm,如图2所示.
为了模拟颗粒物在过滤壁上的沉积质量分布,使用了颗粒物直径和颗粒质量之间的经验关系.Gong等[17]对缸内直喷汽油机4种工作条件下(喷油结束角为上止点前280°CA和220°CA、冷启动和重载)测量的颗粒物数据进行函数拟合得到公式为
mp=10−7dp3+3×10−5dp2−3×10−4dp−0.010    6
式中:mp为颗粒物质量;dp为颗粒物直径.
入口和出口通道可以被质量、动量和能量的一维守恒方程来描述[18].在下面的方程中,进口通道的指数j为1,出口通道的指数j为2.公式(2)将通道速度vj与壁流速度vw,j耦合起来.
Dj2∂ρjvj/∂z=(−1)j4Djρjvw,j
式中:Dj为通道的宽度;ρj为通道中气体的密度.
通道中压力分布由一维动量守恒方程决定,即
∂pj∂z=−βj(Rew)∂(ρjvj2)∂z−2μjDj2Cf,j(Rew)vj
式中:pj为通道中的压力;μj为排气动力黏度;βj(Rew)为动量通量系数,Cf,j(Rew)为摩擦系数,它们可以从Bissett等[19]提供的表格中插值获得.
过滤壁上的压降用达西定律来描述,可以得到p1和p2之间的关系为
p1−p2=μvwh/kw
式中:kw为过滤壁的渗透率;h为过滤壁厚度;μ为排气动力黏度.
汽油机的排气温度较高,沉积的颗粒物会自动氧化燃烧,过滤器再生会相当频繁和不可预测.而研究重点为过滤器的过滤性能,所以对再生问题进行了简化.没有考虑GPF再生问题,假设过滤壁和气体的温度相同,所以省去了能量守恒方程[17].
将过滤壁的多孔介质被转化为具有与过滤壁孔隙结构相同流体力学直径的球状捕集体的集合.捕集体直径dc[20]为
dc=3(1−ε)dpore/2ε
式中:dpore为过滤壁中微孔直径;ε为过滤壁孔隙率.
对过滤器的过滤壁进行孔径测量发现,大多数孔径分布都能拟合为对数正态分布[21].采用的孔径分布的平均孔径如表1所示.通过式(6)可以得到相应的捕集体尺寸分布.
p d fdc=2εp d fdpore/[3(1−ε)]
式中:p d fdc为捕集体直径分布;p d fdpore为过滤壁孔径分布.
由直径为dc的捕集体组成的过滤壁对直径为dp的颗粒物的捕集效率η(dc,dp)计算式[20]为
η(dc,dp)=1−exp[−3(1−ε)h2ε⋅E(dc,dp)dc]
E(dc,dp)=1−(1−ED)(1−ER)(1−EI)
式中:E(dc,dp)为单个直径为dc的捕集体对直径为dp的颗粒物的捕集效率;ED、ER和EI分别为单个捕集体扩散捕集、直接拦截和惯性碰撞3种主要捕集机理的捕集效率.
过滤壁由许多不同直径的捕集体组成,通过将所有捕集体的贡献加权相加,可以得到过滤壁总的过滤效率为
η(dp)=∫η(dc,dp)dc2p d fdcd(dc)/ldc2
ldc=[∫p d fdcdc2d(dc)]1/2
式中:ldc为整个过滤壁捕集体的长度尺度.
由布朗扩散导致的单个捕集体的捕集效率[20]为
ED=2(3π4)2/3[εK(ε)]1/3Pe−2/3
式中:Pe为量纲为1的数,用来表征流体中对流和扩散作用的相对比例;K(ε)为孔隙率的函数.
由直接拦截导致的单个捕集体的捕集效率[22]为
ER=3(1−ε)2K(ε)⋅NR2(1+NR)2
式中:NR为直接拦截机理捕集效率的量纲为1常数.
由惯性碰撞导致单个捕集体的捕集效率[17]为
EI=Ste3/(0.014+Ste)3
式中:Ste为有效斯托克斯数,表征颗粒惯性作用和扩散作用的比值.
过滤器的孔道密度为46.5个/cm2,壁厚为300μm,直径为132mm,长度为120mm.研究中排气温度为450K,动力黏度为2.87×10-5Pa·s.颗粒物浓度为6×107cm-3.入口流速为10m/s,出口压力为0.12MPa.所有的管理方程都在matlab2022a中求解,求解动量和总体质量平衡采用bvp4c求解器.
图3为选用Marre等[23]的试验数据对模型进行验证.其中:颗粒物过滤器过滤壁的平均孔径为10.8μm,孔径方差为2μm,平均孔隙率为0.45,壁厚为1.65mm.该研究中过滤器分别在1、2、3和4cm/s的壁流速度下运行,使用的颗粒物直径为100~700nm.直径小于500nm的颗粒物模拟结果和试验数据基本一致,而对于直径大于500nm的颗粒物,模拟结果与试验数据存在差异,这很有可能是因为建模采用的孔径对数正态分布和实际的孔径分布在大孔径处存在不同.建模采用的孔径分布舍去了一部分大孔径,这样导致孔径分布中小孔径增多;而小孔径对直径大于500nm的颗粒物的拦截效率较大,所以可以看到大颗粒物过滤效率的模拟结果比试验数据大.但是模拟结果与试验数据的相对误差均不高于1%,并且研究的颗粒物粒径小于300nm,所以本模型可以用于模拟研究.
对处在深床过滤状态下的GPF的过滤性能进行模拟,将GPF上没有颗粒物沉积的时刻定义为过滤初始时刻,而将过滤进行20min的时刻定义为过滤终了时刻.
探究过滤壁微观结构参数的变化对了解过滤现象是很有帮助,给出过滤终了时刻颗粒物在过滤壁中的沉积分布和过滤壁孔隙率分布这两者的模拟结果,并对其进行了分析.
颗粒物在过滤壁中的沉积分布由过滤壁通道方向各处的过滤效率和废气流量决定.过滤壁初始时刻通道方向各处无颗粒物沉积,微观结构参数在这个方向上保持一致,所以废气流量决定了后续颗粒物的沉积分布.图4为过滤终了时刻颗粒物在8种过滤壁中的沉积分布大致相似,在过滤壁靠近入口通道表面附近有很大的颗粒物沉积质量梯度,大部分颗粒物都沉积在此处.这是因为当废气通过过滤壁离散化后的各层时,进入过滤壁下一层的颗粒物数量比上一层的少.这导致更多的颗粒物沉积在过滤壁顶层的捕集体附近,所以此处的孔隙率下降得更快,这反过来又导致顶层附近颗粒物质量沉积率增加得更快.当废气通过这里后,颗粒物浓度大幅下降,只有少部分颗粒物被后面的过滤壁基体捕获.因而可以看到过滤壁壁厚方向下方的沉积质量少且质量梯度比较小.另外,在过滤壁通道方向两端颗粒物沉积质量较多,这是因为这两处的壁流速度比中间部分大,相同时间内通过的废气流量比较大,这两侧过滤壁基体能够捕集更多的颗粒物[17].
与图4(e)~图4(h)的颗粒物沉积分布不同,图4(a)~图4(d)中颗粒物在上层尤其是过滤壁靠近入口通道表面附近相对比较少,有较多的颗粒物穿过上层渗透到过滤壁的深处被捕获,这个从下层颗粒物的沉积质量较多就可以看出.在图4(a)~图4(c)中还可以观察到,在壁内涂层分层处、紧靠分层处上方颗粒物的沉积质量比下方少,而不是由多到少的连续分布.这都是因为W1的平均孔径比W2大,而过滤效率与平均孔径呈负相关[20].相同厚度情况下,W1对颗粒物的过滤效率比W2小.而W1在上时,颗粒物先经过W1捕集,剩下的很多W1未捕集到的颗粒物经过W2时会再次被捕集,所以就出现了这种情况.而在图4(e)~图4(g)中颗粒物沉积质量就是从分层处上方到下方由多到少分布.因为W2已经捕集到了大部分颗粒物,只有少部分颗粒物突破W2到达了W1,所以分层处下方捕集到的颗粒物质量会比上方少.从这两组的对比可以看出,W2在上时,颗粒物更难通过上方涂层渗透到下方.
由图4可知,随着上层涂层厚度比例的增大,尤其是W1在上的时候,颗粒物的质量沉积梯度在过滤壁厚方向上变得更缓和,颗粒物的沉积分布更均匀.
图5为8种过滤壁过滤终了时刻的孔隙率分布.与图4中颗粒物沉积质量分布相对应,过滤壁中颗粒物沉积较多的部分孔隙率较小.过滤初始时刻,过滤壁入口通道和出口通道表面附近的孔隙率是一致的,但是在过滤终了时刻,因为颗粒物主要沉积在过滤壁入口通道表面附近,此处的孔隙率已经大幅减小,而过滤壁靠近出口通道表面附近的孔隙率基本没有变化.在通道长度方向上,两端处孔隙率减小的幅度比中间大.
从图5(a)~图5(d)可以看出,W1在上时,因为较多颗粒物可以渗透到过滤壁深处,过滤壁厚度方向上孔隙率的变化比较均匀,而且与W1在上时的颗粒物沉积相对应,α1、α2和α3中涂层紧靠分层处上方的孔隙率比下方大.而从图5(e)~图5(h)中可以看出,W2在上时,因为上层沉积了更多的颗粒物,上层的孔隙率比下层减小的更多,可以很明显地看到β1、β2和β3上层的孔隙率分别比α1、α2和α3更小.随着上层涂层的厚度比例增加,尤其是W1在上时,过滤终了时刻过滤壁内各处孔隙率也变得比较均匀.
给出了8种过滤壁过滤性能随过滤时间变化的模拟结果,并进行了分析.
图6为8种过滤壁对各个粒径颗粒物的过滤效率,对于粒径小于50nm的颗粒物,扩散捕集机理起主要作用,不管是在过滤初始时刻还是终了时刻,其过滤效率都在90%以上.随着颗粒物粒径的增大,直接拦截和惯性碰撞的作用不足以弥补因为扩散捕集作用减弱而减小的过滤效率,所以看到粒径范围在50nm到300nm之间的颗粒物其过滤效率随着粒径的增大而大幅减小,但是前两者的作用使得过滤效率减小的速度变慢.
图6(a)为过滤初始时刻的过滤效率.α1和β3、α2和β2、α3和β1这3组过滤壁的初始过滤效率曲线分别重合.这是因为此时过滤壁上没有颗粒物沉积,其过滤效率由初始平均孔径和孔隙率决定.而上述3组过滤壁,每组中两个过滤壁的唯一区别是W1和W2的上、下顺序不同,说明这个因素对过滤壁的初始过滤效率没有影响.上述3组的初始过滤效率依次减小,这是因为W2的厚度在壁厚中所占比例依次减小.过滤壁的平均孔径和过滤效率呈负相关,而W2的平均孔径比W1小,所以W2厚度在过滤壁厚中所占比例比W1所占比例对过滤壁的过滤效率影响大.α4中只有W1涂层,β4只有W2涂层.在8种过滤器中α4对所有颗粒物的过滤效率最小,β4过滤效率最大.图6(b)为过滤终了时刻的过滤效率.随着颗粒物沉积,所有过滤壁的过滤效率达到50%以上,比初始时刻都有所提高.此时在8种过滤器中依然是α4对所有颗粒物的过滤效率最小,β4过滤效率最大.其中β3、β2和β1的过滤效率依次降低,α1、α2和α3的过滤效率依次降低,这种顺序和对应的初始过滤效率的高低顺序一致,原因还是W2层的厚度依次降低,它们的初始过滤效率依次降低,所以后续捕集到的颗粒物数量依次减少.捕集到的颗粒物数量少,过滤壁的孔隙率减小的幅度就小,导致后续的过滤效率也小.不同的是β3相对于α1、β2相对于α2、β1相对于α3过滤终了时刻的过滤效率大,这说明W2在上比W1在上更有利于提高双层壁内涂层过滤器在过滤过程中的过滤效率.这一现象可能是因为W1在上时,颗粒物沉积比较均匀,而W2在上时,颗粒物主要沉积在上层,使得上层的孔隙率减小幅度更大,对后续过滤效率的提升起到了决定性作用.
W2在上和W2厚度比例较大都有利于提高过滤过程中过滤器的过滤效率,正好可以解释过滤终了时刻β3的过滤效率大于α3、β2的过滤效率大于α2.而β1的过滤效率小于α1是因为α1的W2厚度占比达到了3/4,W2的厚度对过滤器的过滤效率起到了决定性作用,但是过滤终了时刻和初始时刻相比,两者过滤效率的差距在减小,而这说明了W2在上超过了W2所占壁厚比例大对过滤效率的提升优势.
综上,6种双层壁内涂层过滤器对各粒径颗粒物的过滤效率高于以W1作为单层壁内涂层的过滤器过滤效率,低于以W2作为单层壁内涂层的过滤器过滤效率.双层壁内涂层过滤器的初始过滤效率由W2的厚度比例决定,W1和W2的上、下顺序对其没有影响.W2的厚度比例较大和W2在上都有利于过滤器过滤效率在过滤过程中的提高,而W2在上比W2所占壁厚比例大的效果更加明显.
图7为8种过滤器对颗粒物总的数量和质量过滤效率,它们是根据过滤壁捕获的颗粒物占总颗粒物的比例求得.对比图7(a)和图7(b),每种过滤器的数量过滤效率在过滤过程中都大于自身的质量过滤效率,这是因为过滤器对沉积质量贡献较大的大粒径颗粒物过滤效率较小,而对颗粒物总数中占比较大的小粒径颗粒物过滤效率大.但两种过滤效率随过滤时间的变化趋势一致,都随着颗粒物沉积逐渐变大.
对应于图6过滤初期,α1和β3、α2和β2、α3和β1这3组过滤壁的过滤效率曲线分别重合,并依次减小.以过滤器的颗粒物数量过滤效率为例,当W2在上时,其厚度比例从1/4增大到3/4,过滤器初始过滤效率增大了2.52%,即β3的初始过滤效率比β1大2.52%;当W2在下时,同样,过滤效率增大了2.50%,即α1比α3大2.50%.颗粒物质量过滤效率的变化特征与数量过滤效率完全一致,只是增大数值不同.所以双层壁内涂层的上、下顺序对过滤器初始过滤效率没有影响,而是由W2在过滤壁中的厚度比决定,并与其厚度比例呈正相关.α4和β4仍然处在最小和最大过滤效率的位置.
随着过滤进行,各个过滤壁的过滤效率开始出现差异,β3、β2和β1的过滤效率分别高过了α1、α2和α3,再次说明了W1和W2厚度比例相同时,W2在上比W1在上更有利于提高过滤效率.当过滤进行到后期可以看到,β2、β1的过滤效率分别超过了α1、α2;前两者的W2厚度比例分别比后两者小,不同之处就是前两者的W2在过滤壁的上层,这说明了W2在上比W2所占壁厚比例大,更有利于提高过滤过程中颗粒物总的质量和数量过滤效率.
图8为8种过滤壁的压降随过滤时间的变化.过滤初始时刻,各种过滤壁的压降基本一致.随着过滤进行,各种过滤壁的压降逐渐增大并开始出现差异.到终了时刻,β4、β3、β2、α1、β1、α2、α3和α4的压降依次减小.这是因为各种过滤壁的初始渗透率差别不大,随着颗粒物沉积,过滤效率越高的过滤壁,壁内沉积的颗粒物越多,过滤壁的渗透率降低的幅度越大.根据达西定律,过滤壁的压降与其渗透率呈负相关.同时β3相对于α1、β2相对于α2、β1相对于α3过滤终了时刻的压降大,说明W2在上与W1在上相比会加剧过滤壁压降的升高.而β2相对于α1、β1相对于α2过滤终了时刻的压降大,说明了W2在上比W2所占壁厚比例大更会加剧过滤器压降的升高.这种现象出现的原因和过滤效率可能是一致的,W2在上引起颗粒物在上层局部大量沉积,导致上层渗透率降低到对整个过滤壁压降起决定性作用.
(1) 涂层量较大的涂层在上和涂层量较小的涂层在上相比,过滤终了时刻颗粒物在双层壁内涂层过滤壁的上层会沉积更多,上层的孔隙率更小;上层涂层(尤其是涂层量较小的涂层)厚度比例增大会使颗粒物沉积分布和孔隙率分布在过滤壁厚度方向上更均匀.
(2) 双层壁内涂层过滤器的初始过滤效率与涂层量较大涂层的厚度比例呈正相关,涂层的上、下顺序对其没有影响;涂层量较大的涂层在上和涂层量较小的涂层在上相比,会增大双层壁内涂层过滤器过滤效率和压降在过滤过程中的提升幅度,而且涂层量较大涂层的厚度在过滤壁厚中所占比例越大就越会强化这种结果.
(3) 相对于6种双层壁内涂层过滤器,以涂层量较小的涂层为单层壁内涂层的过滤器过滤效率和压降始终最小,而以涂层量较大的涂层为壁内单层涂层的过滤器始终最大.
(4) 涂层量较大的涂层在上和该涂层厚度比例大都会提高过滤过程中过滤效率和压降的增大幅度,但是前者比后者作用更加明显,所以建议选择涂层量较大的涂层在上同时该涂层厚度比例较小(如1/4或1/2)的双层壁内涂层结构设计.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51976136; 51576140)
  • 清华汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(KF1818)
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2025年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202505050
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51976136; 51576140)
清华汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(KF1818)
作者信息
    1.天津大学先进内燃动力全国重点实验室,天津 300350
    2.中汽研汽车检验中心(昆明)有限公司,昆明 651700

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李世龙,助理研究员,博士,.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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