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Article(id=1325516947722470116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730563200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-03, revisedDate=1740412800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793957467250, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793957467250, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793957467250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793957467250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325516904667951420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='289', pageEnd='383', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793957456986, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959854445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325526961023640114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325526961023640115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=314, endPage=321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325516949538603750, articleId=1325516947722470116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Visualization of the ignition and combustion characteristics of natural gas ignited by diesel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on an externally heated high-temperature and high-pressure constant volume combustion chamber system, an optical diagnostic test on the combustion process of diesel-ignited premixed natural gas was carried out using the natural luminescence method. The effects of different natural gas energy substitution rate(ESR), diesel injection pressure pinj and diesel injection mass minj on the ignition and combustion characteristics were studied. The results show that an increase in ESR leads to an increase in the equivalence ratio of methane to air. Since the specific heat of methane is greater than that of air, the increase in ESR has a promoting effect on diesel ignition. At the same time, the decrease in oxygen makes the increase in ESR, having an inhibitory effect. When the diesel injection mass is small, the increase of ESR has a stronger inhibitory effect on ignition than its promoting effect. When the diesel injection mass is large, the opposite result is presented. With the increase of ESR, the proportion of concentrated soot is increased, but under the diesel injection pressure of 100MPa and the ESR of 94%, there is a stage with a high proportion of concentrated soot. When the diesel injection pressure is higher than 100MPa, the enhancement effect of injection pressure on combustion heat release weakens, and there is no significant increase in the amount of ignited methane. Under the injection strategy of minj=10mg, pinj=80MPa, the ignition delay exhibits a strong linear relationship with the ESR range of 94%—96%.

, authors=Yuhang Shen1, Kai Zhao2, Kang Yang1, Yu Jin1, Tiemin Xuan3, Zhixia He1, authorsList=Yuhang Shen, Kai Zhao, Kang Yang, Yu Jin, Tiemin Xuan, Zhixia He, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kang Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325516954542408443, articleId=1325516947722470116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=柴油引燃天然气着火燃烧特性的可视化, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于一外部加热的高温、高压定容燃烧弹系统，采用自然发光法对柴油引燃天然气预混气燃烧过程开展光学诊断测试，研究不同天然气能量替代率(ESR)、柴油喷射压力pinj以及柴油喷射质量minj对引燃过程着火和燃烧特性的影响．结果表明：ESR增大使得甲烷-空气当量比增加，由于甲烷比热容比空气大，ESR增大对柴油着火起到促进作用；同时，氧含量下降使得ESR增大对柴油着火起到一个抑制作用．当柴油喷射质量较小时，ESR的增大对着火的抑制作用强于其对着火的促进作用；当柴油喷射质量较大时，则呈相反结果．随着ESR增大，浓碳烟的占比升高，但在柴油喷射压力为100MPa、ESR为94%条件下存在一个浓碳烟占比高的阶段．当柴油喷射压力高于100MPa时，柴油喷射压力对燃烧放热的增强作用减弱，甲烷被引燃量没有太大增加．在minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略下，着火延迟期在ESR为94%～96%范围内呈很强的线性关系．

, authors=沈羽航1, 赵凯2, 杨康1, 金煜1, 玄铁民3, 何志霞1, authorsList=沈羽航, 赵凯, 杨康, 金煜, 玄铁民, 何志霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨康, authorNote=

沈羽航，硕士研究生，.

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨康，博士，副研究员，.
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沈羽航，硕士研究生，.

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沈羽航，硕士研究生，.

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Experimental conditions

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参数数值
环境压力/MPa2.5
环境温度/K800
柴油喷射压力pinj /MPa80，100，120
能量替代率ESR/%94，95，96
柴油喷射质量minj /mg5，10
喷孔数1
喷孔直径/mm0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1325516963677602622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325516947722470116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验条件

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参数数值
环境压力/MPa2.5
环境温度/K800
柴油喷射压力pinj /MPa80，100，120
能量替代率ESR/%94，95，96
柴油喷射质量minj /mg5，10
喷孔数1
喷孔直径/mm0.14
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柴油引燃天然气着火燃烧特性的可视化
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沈羽航 1 , 赵凯 2 , 杨康 1 , 金煜 1 , 玄铁民 3 , 何志霞 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(4): 314-321
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (4) : 314 -321
柴油引燃天然气着火燃烧特性的可视化
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沈羽航1 , 赵凯2, 杨康1 , 金煜1, 玄铁民3, 何志霞1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学能源研究院，镇江 212013
  • 2.中汽研汽车检验中心(常州)有限公司，常州 213167
  • 3.江苏大学能源与动力工程学院，镇江 212013
通讯作者:
杨康，博士，副研究员，.
作者简介:

沈羽航，硕士研究生，.

Visualization of the ignition and combustion characteristics of natural gas ignited by diesel
Yuhang Shen1 , Kai Zhao2, Kang Yang1 , Yu Jin1, Tiemin Xuan3, Zhixia He1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute for Energy Research，Jiangsu University，Zhenjiang 212013，China
  • 2.CATARC Automotive Test Center(Changzhou) Company Limited，Changzhou 213167，China
  • 3.School of Energy and Power Engineering，Jiangsu University，Zhenjiang 212013，China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504036
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摘要
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基于一外部加热的高温、高压定容燃烧弹系统，采用自然发光法对柴油引燃天然气预混气燃烧过程开展光学诊断测试，研究不同天然气能量替代率(ESR)、柴油喷射压力pinj以及柴油喷射质量minj对引燃过程着火和燃烧特性的影响．结果表明：ESR增大使得甲烷-空气当量比增加，由于甲烷比热容比空气大，ESR增大对柴油着火起到促进作用；同时，氧含量下降使得ESR增大对柴油着火起到一个抑制作用．当柴油喷射质量较小时，ESR的增大对着火的抑制作用强于其对着火的促进作用；当柴油喷射质量较大时，则呈相反结果．随着ESR增大，浓碳烟的占比升高，但在柴油喷射压力为100MPa、ESR为94%条件下存在一个浓碳烟占比高的阶段．当柴油喷射压力高于100MPa时，柴油喷射压力对燃烧放热的增强作用减弱，甲烷被引燃量没有太大增加．在minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略下，着火延迟期在ESR为94%～96%范围内呈很强的线性关系．

天然气  /  能量替代率  /  着火延迟期  /  碳烟

Based on an externally heated high-temperature and high-pressure constant volume combustion chamber system, an optical diagnostic test on the combustion process of diesel-ignited premixed natural gas was carried out using the natural luminescence method. The effects of different natural gas energy substitution rate(ESR), diesel injection pressure pinj and diesel injection mass minj on the ignition and combustion characteristics were studied. The results show that an increase in ESR leads to an increase in the equivalence ratio of methane to air. Since the specific heat of methane is greater than that of air, the increase in ESR has a promoting effect on diesel ignition. At the same time, the decrease in oxygen makes the increase in ESR, having an inhibitory effect. When the diesel injection mass is small, the increase of ESR has a stronger inhibitory effect on ignition than its promoting effect. When the diesel injection mass is large, the opposite result is presented. With the increase of ESR, the proportion of concentrated soot is increased, but under the diesel injection pressure of 100MPa and the ESR of 94%, there is a stage with a high proportion of concentrated soot. When the diesel injection pressure is higher than 100MPa, the enhancement effect of injection pressure on combustion heat release weakens, and there is no significant increase in the amount of ignited methane. Under the injection strategy of minj=10mg, pinj=80MPa, the ignition delay exhibits a strong linear relationship with the ESR range of 94%—96%.

natural gas  /  energy substitution rate  /  ignition delay  /  soot
沈羽航, 赵凯, 杨康, 金煜, 玄铁民, 何志霞. 柴油引燃天然气着火燃烧特性的可视化. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (4) : 314 -321 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504036
Yuhang Shen, Kai Zhao, Kang Yang, Yu Jin, Tiemin Xuan, Zhixia He. Visualization of the ignition and combustion characteristics of natural gas ignited by diesel[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (4) : 314 -321 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504036
正文
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相较于柴油，天然气具有低碳氢比、高辛烷值且低成本等优点，在发动机应用中可抑制碳排放，同时达到更高的压缩比，是一种发展前景广阔的清洁替代燃料．目前得到实际应用的多为点燃式天然气发动机，相比于传统柴油机，功率显著下降．相对较低的能量密度和火焰传播速度以及高自燃温度使得天然气不适合在柴油机中作为单一燃料使用，并且纯天然气压燃发动机会出现运行过程失火、冷起动困难等问题[1-3]．因此，需要在压燃式发动机中采用少量的柴油作为高活性燃料去引燃相对低活性的天然气来解决这些问题[4-5]．
目前，已有学者通过试验和数值计算方法对柴油/天然气双燃料发动机燃烧和排放性能进行了大量研究．采用部分天然气预混燃烧和喷射正时延迟策略可以获得更好的性能[6]，且在轻微天然气预混模式下缩短喷射间隔可降低碳烟排放[7]；而喷射正时的提前导致柴油着火延迟期延长和燃烧持续时间缩短[8]；在柴油/天然气直喷发动机中，改变直喷的相对交角可以同时降低NO和碳烟排放，但对缸内平均压力的影响较小[9]；增加天然气能量替代率(ESR)会导致扩散燃烧的减少和着火延迟[10]；与单一柴油燃料相比，添加天然气可以降低NOx和碳烟排放[11]．然而，Zhu等[12]也研究了天然气能量替代率对天然气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧性能和排放特性的影响，结果表明：将天然气能量替代率从0%提高到70%可以减少烟尘体积分数和未燃碳氢(UHC)排放，但进一步将其提高到85%可能会使燃烧恶化．因此，关于天然气能量替代率对于引燃过程的着火燃烧特性的影响有待进行深入研究．
目前，对柴油引燃天然气预混气的喷雾燃烧特性的相关研究较少．周洋[13]通过定容燃烧弹，在环境压力为2.8MPa、环境温度为743K条件下进行了可视化试验研究，发现柴油引燃天然气预混气的火焰投影面积变化速率随着当量比、喷射脉宽和柴油喷射压力的增加而增加，随预混时间的增加而减小．郭能坤[14]基于OH可视化方法，研究了柴油喷射压力为32MPa、天然气喷射压力为31MPa、环境温度为800K且环境背压为3MPa条件下柴油点燃天然气的燃烧特性，发现燃烧过程首先发生在柴油机先导喷雾中，然后扩散到天然气喷雾中．在天然气喷雾的燃烧过程中，没有类似于柴油喷雾的火焰升起长度．李徐程[15]在预混甲烷当量比为0.2、0.4和0.6条件下对着火延迟期的影响进行了模拟，结果表明：甲烷含量增大导致正十二烷着火延迟期延长，以及随着喷油时长缩短，一阶段着火延迟期缩短，二阶段着火延迟期先缩短、后延长．Ishibashi等[16]通过快速压缩机研究发现，相较于喷射压力为100MPa的纯柴油模式，喷射压力为60MPa预喷柴油引燃模式的放热率峰值略有减小，NOx和CO的生成量显著降低，但碳氢化合物显著增加．然而，上述柴油引燃天然气预混气的着火燃烧特性研究对燃烧放热过程分析较少．
因此，为了探究柴油引燃天然气预混气的着火燃烧特性，笔者研究了ESR对着火延迟期、火焰发展、火焰面积、火焰亮度和燃烧压力等参数的影响．
1　试验装置及方案
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1.1　试验装置
图1为柴油引燃天然气预混气可视化试验平台系统示意，主要包括供气系统、供油系统、光学测试系统和控制系统．供气系统分为甲烷进气和空气进气，通过电磁阀进行进气．供油系统通过气/液增压泵将柴油注入到柴油共轨，再连接到喷油器．通过气/液增压泵提升压力到相应的柴油喷射压力．光学测试系统包含定容燃烧弹、高速摄像机、压力传感器和示波器．定容燃烧弹主体为圆柱形的腔体，有效容积为1.29L，定容燃烧弹采用外部电热丝加热，周围加装保温隔热层，环境温度最高可达1000K．在腔体两端对称布置2个直径为100mm的视窗，以供光学路径通过．
试验中用甲烷来表征天然气．定容燃烧弹通过外接空气和甲烷的高压储气瓶向腔体内充气，实现甲烷和空气的预混合气，定容燃烧弹内部压力最高可达5MPa．通过控制电加热丝的温度和充入定容燃烧弹内气体的压力，模拟内燃机缸内压缩上止点时刻的高温、高压环境．试验中采用引燃策略，即先通入空气到定容燃烧弹内达到空气所需要达到的分压力，使空气均匀受热，在所需试验的环境压力下通入定量甲烷与空气进行混合，最后喷射柴油引燃甲烷与空气的预混气．定容燃烧弹内的火焰发光通过视窗被高速摄像机捕获．定容燃烧弹内的压力波动由安装在定容燃烧弹上方的压力传感器(西铁城citizen燃烧压力传感器CAS-23A，受压面直径为3.00mm[17])获得电信号，随后经过电荷放大器(西铁城citizen电荷放大器PCA2-E05)，最后在示波器上显示信号波动．控制系统主要由计算机和电子控制单元构成．计算机发出相应指令，喷油器进行喷射，同时高速摄像机拍摄，压力传感器也同步采集信号．
1.2　试验方案
表1为试验条件，试验主要从ESR、柴油喷射压力和柴油喷射质量3个方面对柴油引燃甲烷-空气预混气的燃烧特性进行分析．试验用柴油为国Ⅳ柴油．笔者所采用的试验条件是为了更好地观察柴油引燃天然气的着火燃烧过程，然后对其特性进行研究．
柴油喷射质量为5mg相当于某型柴油引燃天然气发动机的最小引燃油量，而柴油喷射质量为10mg相当于基本引燃油量．将10mg看作是柴油喷射质量较大的喷射策略，将5mg看作是柴油喷射质量较小的喷射策略(柴油喷射质量较小还是较大只是相对而言)．环境压力和环境温度保持不变，分别为2.5MPa和800K．在实际试验中发现，此环境压力和环境温度下容易同时达到柴油自燃而甲烷不自燃的试验工况．在柴油喷射质量为10mg、柴油喷射压力分别为80、100和120MPa且ESR分别为94%、95%和96%条件下进行试验；在柴油喷射质量为5mg和10mg、柴油喷射压力为80MPa、ESR为94%条件下进行试验．当ESR达到97%以上时，由于甲烷量太大容易自燃(ESR的高值为96%)．柴油喷射压力由气/液增压泵增压获得，提前进行柴油喷射压力、喷射脉宽和柴油喷射质量的标定以达到相同柴油喷射压力、不同柴油喷射质量的喷射脉宽及不同柴油喷射压力、相同柴油喷射质量的喷射脉宽．摄像机拍摄速度设为20000帧/s，快门速度设为1/20664s．每组试验重复3次，随后取平均值减小试验误差．试验采用的喷油器为单孔喷嘴，喷孔直径为0.14mm．
ESR定义为引燃柴油的能量一定、天然气能量占总能量的比率，1-ESR为引燃柴油所占的能量比，能量指燃料完全燃烧所释放的能量．
根据理想气体状态方程，甲烷进气压力与ESR及引燃油量的关系可表示为
pCH4=mdHdRTMCH4HCH4V⋅ESR(1−ESR)
式中：md为引燃油量；Hd为柴油低热值，其值为42MJ/kg；MCH4为甲烷的相对分子质量；HCH4为甲烷低热值，其值为50MJ/kg；R为气体常数，R＝8.314J/ (mol·K)；T为环境温度；V为定容燃烧弹内部容积．
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　ESR的影响
图2示出柴油喷射压力为80MPa时不同ESR的火焰分布，其中定容燃烧弹背压为2.5MPa，柴油喷射质量为10mg．ESR分别为94%、95%和96%，对应的甲烷当量比分别为0.182、0.221和0.282．将火焰图片中火焰灰度阈值最开始出现大于10的时刻作为着火时刻(IT)；喷油开始到IT定义为着火延迟期(ID)．观察IT、IT＋0.50ms(代表IT之后的0.50ms)、IT＋1.00ms、IT＋2.00ms和IT＋3.00ms的火焰分布(从左到右)．由于着火时刻的火焰亮度太低，所以将3种ESR下的灰度上限调整为20，由此可以比较清晰地观察到火焰．
由于采用自然发光法，柴油燃烧发出火焰亮光主要为碳烟自发光的亮光．当高速摄像机拍到的火焰灰度大于10时即认为出现了火焰．从图2中可以观察到，火焰主要出现在靠近壁面的区域．这是由于柴油的ID比较长，燃烧始点贴近壁面，喷油器附近以及中间部分的柴油无法自燃[12]．在IT和IT＋0.50ms时可以观察到随着ESR的增加，火焰位置呈上移的趋势．可能是ESR的增加使甲烷-空气当量比增加，而甲烷的比热容比空气大，使得定容燃烧弹内气体混合气的比热容增加，降低了由于柴油蒸发、吸热带来的温度下降值，从而使得混合气的温度更高、更易形成可燃混合气(甲烷的比热容为1.441kJ/(m3·℃)，空气的比热容为1.329kJ/(m3·℃))．随着ESR的增加，甲烷-空气当量比随之增加，会使得比热容的作用越来越明显．在IT＋1.00ms时，随着ESR的增加，相应的火焰亮度急剧增强．这是由于ESR从95%增至96%所增加的甲烷-空气当量比比ESR从94%增至95%的要大，从而使得碳烟的生成量大幅增加．同时，随着ESR增加，空气含量下降，柴油燃烧质量下降，从而生成更多的碳烟．在IT＋2.00ms和IT＋3.00ms时，火焰面积和火焰亮度随着ESR的增加而增大，表明高ESR有更长的燃烧持续期．在ESR为94%时，从IT到IT＋1.00ms(2.20～3.20ms)，火焰的亮度经历了先增强、后减弱的过程．对于ESR为95%和96%，从IT到IT＋1.00ms，火焰的亮度一直呈增强的趋势，直到IT＋2.00ms时亮度减弱，说明ESR的增加延后了火焰亮度的峰值时间．ESR从95%增至96%，强亮度区域增加，意味着浓碳烟的比例在上升．
图3示出柴油喷射压力为80MPa时火焰面积、火焰亮度累计值和燃烧压力变化值随ESR的变化．其中，火焰亮度累计值是指火焰存在时的每一时刻下火焰面积内每一个像素点的灰度累计值．图3(a)为火焰面积随ESR的变化．ESR从94%增至96%，火焰面积整体上呈先下降、后增加的趋势．ESR从94%增至95%，空气含量略有下降，可燃混合气含量下降，使得柴油燃烧产生的碳烟下降．ESR从95%增至96%，空气含量大幅下降，可燃混合气质量下降，使得柴油燃烧产生的碳烟大幅上升．同时，甲烷-空气当量比的大幅增加使得碳烟大幅上升．随着ESR的增加，火焰面积较大区间的持续时间随之延长．由图3(b)可知，火焰亮度的总体变化趋势和火焰面积的变化趋势一致．随着ESR增加，火焰亮度呈先减小、后增加趋势，但不同之处在于，ESR从94%增至95%的火焰亮度相对下降幅度比火焰面积的相对下降幅度要小，表明ESR从94%增至95%，浓碳烟占比在上升．ESR从95%增至96%的火焰亮度相对增加幅度比火焰面积的相对增加幅度要大．可知，ESR从95%增至96%，浓碳烟占比在上升，这与图2的结果一致．图3(c)为喷油开始后定容燃烧弹内部燃烧压力变化值．笔者只关注燃烧放热压力上升的阶段．图中的压力变化曲线是经过平滑处理之后的结果．刚开始压力有一个小的下降阶段，这是因为柴油喷雾蒸发、吸热导致温度下降．随着ESR的增加，燃烧压力变化值呈上升的趋势，即燃烧放热随之增强．从2.6ms开始，压力变化值开始急剧上升，这是由柴油扩散燃烧导致的．从3.0ms开始，3种ESR下压力变化值的差距开始变大，这是由甲烷开始着火导致的，而随着ESR增加，甲烷-空气当量比增加，产生了更多的反应产物(如CO2、水蒸汽等)．说明随着ESR增加，甲烷被引燃量增加．值得注意的是，在压力变化值的上升过程中有两个缓慢上升的阶段．这可能是由于位于定容燃烧弹上方的压力传感器反弹到达的压力波，抵消了一部分之后传来的压力波，但随着压力波越来越强，整体压力变化再次上升，而第2个压力缓慢上升阶段的时间随着定容燃烧弹内部的压力波越来越大而缩短．
2.2　柴油喷射压力的影响
图4示出ESR为94%时不同柴油喷射压力(80、100和120MPa)在IT＋0.50ms的火焰分布．首先，由3种柴油喷射压力的相应时间可知，柴油喷射压力的增加缩短了ID．柴油喷射压力的增加提高了柴油的雾化质量，从而使得燃油喷雾更早形成可燃混合气．火焰面积随着柴油喷射压力的增加而减小，且火焰亮度随着柴油喷射压力的增加而减弱．表明柴油喷射压力的增加能够提升火焰浮起长度，减少驻留时间，降低碳烟的生成量．随着柴油喷射压力增加，火焰较亮区域的面积下降．同时，在柴油喷射压力为80MPa和100MPa条件下，火焰较亮区域主要集中在靠近壁面的区域，而120MPa下的火焰较亮区域上移．随着柴油喷射压力的增加，柴油动能增加，提高湍流强度，提高点火能量，火焰的空间分布更加广泛[12]．这也表明柴油喷射压力的增加改善了柴油雾化质量，更早形成可燃混合气．
图5示出ESR为94%条件下火焰面积、火焰亮度累计值和燃烧压力变化值随柴油喷射压力的变化．由图5(a)可知，随着柴油喷射压力的增加，火焰面积的总体趋势随之减小，表明高的柴油喷射压力能提高雾化质量，从而改善燃烧、降低碳烟的生成．从燃烧初期可以看出，火焰面积随着柴油喷射压力的增加而增加．这是由于柴油喷射压力高的条件下ID更短，柴油喷射压力越高则燃油燃烧得越早．在柴油喷射压力为120MPa下，火焰面积出现了两个峰值，且第2个峰值大于第1个峰值．这是由于在柴油喷射压力为120MPa下可燃混合气的区域更大，引燃更多周围的甲烷使得碳烟的生成量增加．图5(b)为相应条件下火焰亮度的累计值．柴油喷射压力为80MPa的火焰亮度远远大于另外两种柴油喷射压力的火焰亮度．柴油喷射压力为100MPa和120MPa的火焰亮度累计值相差不大．与图5(a)不同的是，柴油喷射压力为120MPa的火焰亮度没有出现两个峰值的现象．在3.20～3.60ms、柴油喷射压力为120MPa下的火焰面积相对于100MPa的火焰面积上升，但是相应的火焰亮度累计值却呈下降趋势．说明在该阶段，pinj为120MPa的浓碳烟占比下降．反之，pinj为100MPa相比于pinj为120MPa，浓碳烟的占比升高．除去3.20～3.60ms阶段，其他阶段pinj为120MPa的火焰面积小于100MPa的火焰面积．但pinj为120MPa的火焰亮度却和pinj为100MPa的火焰亮度相近．说明除去3.20～3.60ms阶段，120MPa的浓碳烟占比升高．由图5(c)可知，随着柴油喷射压力的增加，ID随之缩短．同时，急剧上升的时间也随着柴油喷射压力的增加而提前，表明柴油扩散燃烧的时间也随着柴油喷射压力的增加而提前．与图3(c)一样，燃烧压力有两个上升缓慢的阶段．随着柴油喷射压力的增加，燃烧变化值随之增加，但在pinj为100～120MPa，燃烧压力的增幅并不明显，表明柴油喷射压力的增加可以增强燃烧放热，但当柴油喷射压力达到100MPa以上时，燃烧放热的增幅不明显；同时也表明甲烷被引燃量相差不大．
2.3　柴油喷射质量的影响
图6为不同柴油喷射质量对火焰分布的影响．从IT可以看到，随着柴油喷射质量的增加，ID有明显的延迟．这是由于柴油喷射质量的增加使得柴油的卷吸质量下降，从而使得ID延迟．从IT＋0.50ms可以明显地观察到，火焰位置随着柴油喷射质量的增加更加靠近壁面．柴油喷射质量的增加使得喷雾贯穿距离增加，从而使得着火位置更靠近壁面．柴油喷射质量的增加使得火焰面积和火焰亮度随之增大．同时，柴油喷射质量的增加使得亮度较亮区域的面积随之增大．从IT＋2.00ms和IT＋3.00ms可以看出，柴油喷射质量为10mg条件下还能观察到明显的火焰，表明随着柴油喷射质量的增加，燃烧持续期随之延长．
图7为火焰面积、火焰亮度累计值和燃烧压力变化值随柴油喷射质量的变化．由图7(a)可以看出，ID随着柴油喷射质量的增加而延后，这与图6的结论一致．火焰面积随着柴油喷射质量的增加而增大．从图7(b)的火焰亮度累计值也能够发现和图7(a)相同的结论．燃烧持续期也是随着柴油喷射质量的增加而延长．柴油喷射质量为10mg的火焰亮度在喷油后2.5ms之后超过柴油喷射质量为5mg的火焰亮度；而柴油喷射质量为10mg的火焰面积也在喷油后2.5ms之后超过柴油喷射质量为5mg的火焰面积．图7(c)中，随着柴油喷射质量的增加，燃烧压力变化值增大[18-19]，表明随着柴油喷射质量的增加，燃烧放热增强．与图3、图5不同，柴油喷射质量的改变使得压力变化值间的差距在喷油后3.0ms之后随着时间的推移而越来越大，表明柴油喷射质量的增加对燃烧放热的影响随着燃烧的进行而增强；同时表明甲烷被引燃量大大增加．
图8为不同试验条件下的ID．在柴油喷射质量和柴油喷射压力较小(minj为5mg、pinj为80MPa)时，随着ESR的增加，ID延后．可能是由于甲烷的比热容比空气的大，使得定容燃烧弹内的气体混合气比热容增加，降低了由于柴油蒸发吸热带来的温度下降，从而使得混合气的温度更高、更易形成可燃混合气．同时，甲烷-空气当量比的增加使得氧含量下降，从而对柴油着火起到了一个抑制作用[20-21]．当柴油喷射质量为5mg时，甲烷-空气当量比上升对柴油着火的抑制作用强于促进作用．在柴油喷射质量为10mg条件下，随着ESR的增加，ID略有缩短，表明当柴油喷射质量为10mg时，甲烷-空气当量比上升对柴油着火的促进作用强于抑制作用．虽然minj为10mg、pinj分别为80、100和120MPa下各自的ID随着甲烷-空气当量比的上升略有缩短，但minj为10mg、pinj为100MPa和minj为10mg、pinj为120MPa的ID缩短程度略大．从minj为10mg、pinj为100MPa和minj为10mg、pinj为120MPa误差棒体现的不确定度可以看出，随着柴油喷射压力的增加，可以弱化ESR增加对ID的影响．对比minj为5mg、pinj为80MPa和minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的ID，柴油喷射质量的增加延后了ESR为94%和95%的ID．但是minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa且ESR为96%的ID却比minj为5mg、pinj为80MPa且ESR为96%的ID要短．这是由于minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa且ESR为96%条件下所充入的甲烷-空气当量比远远大于minj为5mg、pinj为80MPa且ESR为96%条件下所充入的甲烷-空气当量比．当柴油喷射质量相同时，柴油喷射压力的增加缩短了ID．
图9为压力曲线和火焰图片得到的ID对比．可以看出，3种ESR在minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略下压力曲线和火焰图片得到的ID相差很小(分别为0.005、0.010和0.003ms)，吻合性很好．但是压力曲线的ID较火焰图片的ID略有延迟．这是因为压力传感器安装在定容燃烧弹的顶部，压力波动从火焰处传到压力传感器需要相应的时间．可知，在minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略下，火焰图片得到的ID呈线性变化．对于压力曲线得到的ID，如果忽略压力波本身传播速度受到的一系列影响，也呈线性变化．针对minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略，一定程度上可以通过线性变化来推测ESR从94%增至96%时其他ESR下的ID．
3　结论
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笔者通过柴油引燃天然气预混气的可视化试验台，运用高速摄像机直接拍摄不同ESR、柴油喷射压力和柴油喷射质量条件下柴油引燃天然气预混气的着火燃烧过程，得到的主要结论如下：
(1) ESR的增加(甲烷-空气当量比的增加)对柴油的着火既有促进作用也有抑制作用；当柴油喷射质量较小时，ESR的增加对柴油着火的抑制作用强于促进作用；柴油喷射质量较大时，ESR的增加对柴油着火的促进作用强于抑制作用．
(2) 柴油喷射压力的增加可以弱化ESR增加对ID的影响；柴油喷射压力达到100MPa以上时，浓碳烟的占比并不是一成不变；比较柴油喷射压力为100MPa和120MPa可知，在3.20～3.60ms阶段，pinj为100MPa下的浓碳烟占比更高，而在此阶段外，pinj为120MPa的浓碳烟占比更高．
(3) ESR增加则甲烷被引燃量增加；柴油喷射压力达到100MPa以上，甲烷被引燃量没有太大增加；柴油喷射质量的增加使甲烷被引燃量大大增加．
(4) 在minj为10mg、pinj为80MPa的喷射策略下，ID从ESR为94%增至96%时呈很强的线性关系；在该喷射策略下，一定程度上可以通过线性变化来推测从ESR为94%增至96%的其他ESR下的ID．
基金
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  • 工信部船机重大专项资助项目
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376113)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20240861)
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2025年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504036
  • 接收时间：2024-11-03
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-03
  • 修回日期：2025-02-25
基金
工信部船机重大专项资助项目
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52376113)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20240861)
作者信息
    1.江苏大学能源研究院，镇江 212013
    2.中汽研汽车检验中心(常州)有限公司，常州 213167
    3.江苏大学能源与动力工程学院，镇江 212013

通讯作者:

杨康，博士，副研究员，.
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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