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Article(id=1325516942211166752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727539200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-29, revisedDate=1736179200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793957465937, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793957465937, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793957465937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793957465937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325516904667951420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='289', pageEnd='383', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793957456986, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959854445, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325526961023640114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325526961023640115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325516904667951420, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=297, endPage=305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325516942391521825, articleId=1325516942211166752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Influence of exhaust gas recirculation on the performance of a lateral-swirl combustion system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A lateral-swirl combustion system(LSCS) was used to deal with the challenges of deteriorated combustion performance and increased soot emission after implementing exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) in direct-injection diesel engines. An in-cylinder combustion 3-dimensional simulation of the LSCS and a traditional ω combustion system was conducted under medium and high load conditions at the speed of 1800r/min and 2500r/min, respectively. The results indicate that, under the same NOx emission levels, the LSCS allows a higher EGR rate compared to the ω combustion system, resulting in an increase of the indicated power from 1.1% to 1.3%. Under the same indicated power conditions, the LSCS can accommodate a higher EGR rate while reducing NOx emissions by 35.9% to 45.6% and soot emissions by 27.9% to 49.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the results suggest that the wall-flow-guided structure of the LSCS promotes the fuel jet expansion in the cylinder to be fully mixed with the air, enhancing its compatibility with EGR.

, authors=Yifan Wang1, Xiangrong Li1, Qingxu Zhao2, Jiang Chang1, authorsList=Yifan Wang, Xiangrong Li, Qingxu Zhao, Jiang Chang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangrong Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325516947470824008, articleId=1325516942211166752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=废气再循环对侧卷流燃烧系统性能的影响, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过研究侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)在使用废气再循环(EGR)时的燃烧与排放性能，提出直喷式柴油机使用EGR后功率降低、碳烟排放升高问题的解决方案．针对ω燃烧系统和LSCS，在转速为1800r/min和2500r/min的中、大负荷工况进行缸内燃烧三维仿真．结果表明：在达到相同NOx排放条件下，相比于ω燃烧系统，LSCS应当匹配更高的EGR率，此时LSCS的指示功率仍升高了1.1%～1.3%；另一方面，在达到相同指示功率的条件下，LSCS可匹配更高的EGR率，此时NOx排放降低了35.9%～45.6%，碳烟排放降低了27.9%～49.4%．此外，侧卷流燃烧室壁面的导流结构使缸内燃油喷雾充分与空气混合，从而提升了对EGR的适应性．

, authors=王亦凡1, 李向荣1, 赵清旭2, 常江1, authorsList=王亦凡, 李向荣, 赵清旭, 常江, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李向荣, authorNote=

王亦凡，硕士研究生，.

, correspAuthorsNote=
李向荣，教授，博士生导师，.
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王亦凡，硕士研究生，.

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王亦凡，硕士研究生，.

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Main technical parameters of the single-cylinder diesel engine

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参数数值
缸径/mm132
活塞行程/mm145
连杆长度/mm262
压缩比13.5
最大转矩转速/(r·min-1)1800
标定转速/(r·min-1)2500
最大转矩点功率/kW72
标定点功率/kW92
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单缸柴油机主要技术参数

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参数数值
缸径/mm132
活塞行程/mm145
连杆长度/mm262
压缩比13.5
最大转矩转速/(r·min-1)1800
标定转速/(r·min-1)2500
最大转矩点功率/kW72
标定点功率/kW92
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Operating parameters of the simulation

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转速/(r·min-1)功率/kW初始进气压力/MPa初始缸内温度/K单孔循环喷油量/mg喷油开始时刻/(°)CA ATDC喷油持续期/(°)CA涡流比
1800360.24438015.7-918.00
540.35336023.7-925.00
720.49436034.0-932.00
2500460.28139018.5-1329.00
690.38542026.2-1333.50
920.53842034.9-1340.00
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仿真的运行参数

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转速/(r·min-1)功率/kW初始进气压力/MPa初始缸内温度/K单孔循环喷油量/mg喷油开始时刻/(°)CA ATDC喷油持续期/(°)CA涡流比
1800360.24438015.7-918.00
540.35336023.7-925.00
720.49436034.0-932.00
2500460.28139018.5-1329.00
690.38542026.2-1333.50
920.53842034.9-1340.00
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Validation of NOx emissions

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功率/kW仿真值/10-6试验值/10-6偏差/%
729199210.22
548408360.47
366496550.92
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NOx排放验证

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功率/kW仿真值/10-6试验值/10-6偏差/%
729199210.22
548408360.47
366496550.92
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废气再循环对侧卷流燃烧系统性能的影响
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王亦凡 1 , 李向荣 1 , 赵清旭 2 , 常江 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(4): 297-305
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (4) : 297 -305
废气再循环对侧卷流燃烧系统性能的影响
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王亦凡1 , 李向荣1 , 赵清旭2, 常江1
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院，北京 100081
  • 2.河北华北柴油机有限责任公司，石家庄 050200
通讯作者:
李向荣，教授，博士生导师，.
作者简介:

王亦凡，硕士研究生，.

Influence of exhaust gas recirculation on the performance of a lateral-swirl combustion system
Yifan Wang1 , Xiangrong Li1 , Qingxu Zhao2, Jiang Chang1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering，Beijing Institute of Technology，Beijing 100081，China
  • 2.Hebei Huabei Diesel Engine Company Limited，Shijiazhuang 050200，China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504034
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摘要
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通过研究侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)在使用废气再循环(EGR)时的燃烧与排放性能，提出直喷式柴油机使用EGR后功率降低、碳烟排放升高问题的解决方案．针对ω燃烧系统和LSCS，在转速为1800r/min和2500r/min的中、大负荷工况进行缸内燃烧三维仿真．结果表明：在达到相同NOx排放条件下，相比于ω燃烧系统，LSCS应当匹配更高的EGR率，此时LSCS的指示功率仍升高了1.1%～1.3%；另一方面，在达到相同指示功率的条件下，LSCS可匹配更高的EGR率，此时NOx排放降低了35.9%～45.6%，碳烟排放降低了27.9%～49.4%．此外，侧卷流燃烧室壁面的导流结构使缸内燃油喷雾充分与空气混合，从而提升了对EGR的适应性．

直喷式柴油机  /  废气再循环  /  ω燃烧系统  /  侧卷流燃烧系统

A lateral-swirl combustion system(LSCS) was used to deal with the challenges of deteriorated combustion performance and increased soot emission after implementing exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) in direct-injection diesel engines. An in-cylinder combustion 3-dimensional simulation of the LSCS and a traditional ω combustion system was conducted under medium and high load conditions at the speed of 1800r/min and 2500r/min, respectively. The results indicate that, under the same NOx emission levels, the LSCS allows a higher EGR rate compared to the ω combustion system, resulting in an increase of the indicated power from 1.1% to 1.3%. Under the same indicated power conditions, the LSCS can accommodate a higher EGR rate while reducing NOx emissions by 35.9% to 45.6% and soot emissions by 27.9% to 49.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the results suggest that the wall-flow-guided structure of the LSCS promotes the fuel jet expansion in the cylinder to be fully mixed with the air, enhancing its compatibility with EGR.

direct-injection diesel engine  /  exhaust gas recirculation  /  ω combustion system  /  lateral-swirl combustion system
王亦凡, 李向荣, 赵清旭, 常江. 废气再循环对侧卷流燃烧系统性能的影响. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (4) : 297 -305 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504034
Yifan Wang, Xiangrong Li, Qingxu Zhao, Jiang Chang. Influence of exhaust gas recirculation on the performance of a lateral-swirl combustion system[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (4) : 297 -305 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504034
正文
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柴油机具有很高的热效率[1]，近年来已成为汽车、农机、船舶和发电机组等设备的主要配套动力．然而，柴油机产生的排放物污染严重，主要包括CO、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)等，而NOx和颗粒物作为主要的排放污染物，对环境的危害严重[2]．
目前降低柴油机NOx排放的主要技术途径有废气再循环(EGR)[3-5]技术．在EGR系统中，柴油机燃烧后产生的一部分废气被引回气缸[6]，缸内工质的平均比热容升高，有效控制了燃烧速度和最高燃烧温度，从而降低了柴油机NOx排放．目前国内外对EGR技术进行了大量研究[7]，集中于EGR系统设计，以及EGR系统与柴油机的优化匹配，但EGR技术也存在一些缺点，即废气的引入减少了缸内的新鲜充量，导致柴油机功率下降且碳烟的生成增加．
为了提升柴油机热效率、降低碳烟排放，Zheng等[8]、Liu等[9]研究了在EGR率为46%工况下不同燃料对燃烧和排放的影响，发现在柴油中掺入汽油或正丁醇可以改善碳烟排放，同时还能提高柴油机最大压力升高率．Bump燃烧系统在燃烧室壁面设计了限流沿，用于引导燃油在撞击壁面后形成向燃烧室中心区域发展的二次射流，有效减少了壁面燃油的堆积，燃烧性能有所提升[10]．帅石金等[11]对ω燃烧室进行了改进，在活塞表面增设了波纹突出物，碰壁火焰和燃油可向燃烧室中心发展，在转速为1100r/min、50%负荷工况下，新型燃烧室的燃油经济性提升了2%，碳烟排放降低90%．
笔者所在课题组自主研发了侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)，同样在ω燃烧室的基础上，在圆周方向上设计了由分流造型尖端和分流圆弧构成的分流造型．喷雾撞击分流造型尖端后，在分流圆弧的引导下向两侧形成卷流，提高了燃烧室圆周方向的空气利用率，从而促进缸内的燃油扩散和油、气混合．陈金昊等[12]、Li等[13-14]和Su等[15]对LSCS喷雾撞壁进行了研究，发现分流圆弧的导流作用避免了燃油在壁面的堆积，相比ω燃烧系统，其热效率升高、碳烟排放降低，但由于LSCS燃烧速率提升，其缸内温度升高，相应NOx排放明显升高．
尽管国内对壁面导流型燃烧室已有许多深入研究，但现阶段对LSCS加入EGR的影响仍较少．基于此，为解决柴油机使用EGR后碳烟排放升高、功率降低的问题，笔者通过研究EGR对ω燃烧系统与LSCS燃烧和排放性能的影响，以期通过采用EGR及LSCS，在维持较低NOx排放的同时，保持较高的功率和较低的碳烟排放．
1　模型建立与验证
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1.1　仿真模型建立
对于柴油机缸内燃烧过程的仿真，一般不考虑进/排气冲程，以节省计算时间，因而利用AVL Fire计算柴油机燃烧过程时，只需考虑从进气门关闭时刻到排气门打开时刻．由于采用8孔喷油器，且侧卷流燃烧室的16个分流造型在圆周方向均匀排布，因而笔者采用1/4燃烧系统网格模型，计算网格为六面体结构，根据Li等[16]研究设定网格尺寸约为1mm．图1为LSCS设计原理示意．图2为ω燃烧室和侧卷流燃烧室的结构参数，其1/4网格模型如图3所示．
表1为单缸柴油机主要技术参数，表2示出转速为1800r/min和2500r/min时中、大负荷工况下运行参数，由此进行仿真运行设置．初始缸内温度根据进气门关闭时刻(计算始点)测试缸内压力计算得到．仿真计算子模型选用AVL提供的κ-ζ-ε湍流模型、Wave破碎模型、Dukowicz蒸发模型、ECFM-3Z燃烧模型、Kinetic碳烟模型和Extended Zeldovich NOx模型等，模拟用柴油替代物为AVL软件燃料库中的柴油．LSCS和ω燃烧系统的油束夹角分别为145°和150°．
AVL Fire软件对EGR率的定义为初始时刻缸内的残余废气系数，有
ηEGR=mr/(ma+mr)
式中：mr为缸内废气的质量；ma为缸内新鲜空气的质量．缸内废气组分是由软件计算出的给定当量比混合气燃烧后的气体成分．AVL Fire软件将废气成分简化为CO2、N2和水蒸汽3种，由于未燃碳氢(UHC)、NOx及CO等在废气中所占比例非常小，因而该简化计算对仿真结果影响不大．对于欧Ⅵ柴油机，EGR率一般控制为20%以内[17]，因而笔者在EGR率为0%～20%下进行ω燃烧系统和LSCS的缸内燃烧过程仿真．
1.2　仿真模型验证
为了提升喷雾和燃烧过程的计算精度，笔者在定容燃烧弹和1132Z单缸柴油机(使用侧卷流活塞)上进行了喷雾和燃烧特性试验，并利用试验数据对仿真模型进行验证[18]．
喷雾特性试验是在转速为1800r/min、功率为72kW和转速为2500r/min、功率为92kW工况对应喷油时刻的温度和缸内压力下，测试喷雾的液相贯穿距离和总贯穿距离．图4为喷雾贯穿距离仿真值和试验值．可知，仿真和试验的液相贯穿距离和总喷雾贯穿距离(含气相)吻合较好，表明喷雾模型参数的取值合理，仿真模型能准确模拟喷雾过程．
对于燃烧特性试验，分别在转速为1800r/min和2500r/min、50%～100%负荷下测试缸内压力、瞬时放热率、NOx排放和碳烟质量分数等．图5示出LSCS在转速为1800r/min、72kW工况下的缸内压力和瞬时放热率试验值与仿真值对比，其中0°CA为压缩上止点．可知，仿真值与试验值一致性较好，燃烧模型能有效模拟柴油机燃烧过程，其他工况均通过缸内压力和瞬时放热率校核了燃烧模型．
表3示出LSCS在转速为1800r/min、不同工况下的NOx排放验证．可知，仿真值与试验值一致性较好，排放模型能较好地模拟柴油机NOx排放，其他工况均通过了NOx排放模型校核，偏差在2.00%以内．
对于碳烟质量分数，由于试验的碳烟质量分数测点位于排气管，碳烟从排气门运动至测点的过程中仍发生聚合、氧化等转化，而由于笔者研究不涉及排气道和排气管建模，仿真的碳烟质量分数位于缸内，因而仅对仿真和试验碳烟质量分数进行趋势性对比，不针对碳烟模型进行详细标定与校核．图6为LSCS在不同工况下的碳烟质量分数仿真值与试验值．可知，在转速为1800r/min和2500r/min的不同负荷下，碳烟质量分数仿真值和试验值的变化趋势一致，碳烟质量分数模型能够用于研究．
2　结果与分析
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2.1　不同EGR率下的燃烧与排放性能
图7和图8分别示出转速为1800r/min和2500r/min工况下ω燃烧系统和LSCS的燃烧和排放性能．可知，对于ω燃烧系统和LSCS，NOx排放随EGR率的增大而减小，但指示功率减小且碳烟质量分数上升．在相同的EGR率下，相比ω燃烧系统，LSCS指示功率更高，碳烟质量分数降低，NOx排放升高．这是由于LSCS特殊的导流结构使混合燃烧速度加快，因而燃烧性能更好，同时NOx排放增加．
图9示出转速为1800r/min、72kW(100%负荷)工况下ω燃烧系统与LSCS的燃烧和排放性能．ω燃烧系统在EGR率为5.0%时的NOx排放为539×10-6、碳烟质量分数为2.05×10-5且指示功率为70.0kW．在达到相同NOx排放下，LSCS对应的EGR率约为5.8%，而此时LSCS碳烟质量分数约为0.74×10-5，指示功率约为70.9kW，因而在达到相同NOx排放条件下，相比于ω燃烧系统，LSCS的碳烟排放降低了65.0%，指示功率仍提升了1.3%．
以1800r/min、72kW(100%负荷)为例，当ω燃烧系统的EGR率为10.0%时，指示功率为69.3kW，其NOx排放为325×10-6，碳烟质量分数为2.34×10-5．在达到相同指示功率条件下，LSCS对应的EGR率约为15.2%，如图9(a)所示．此时LSCS的NOx排放约为200×10-6，碳烟质量分数约为1.54×10-5，因而在达到相同指示功率的条件下，相比于ω燃烧系统，LSCS的NOx排放降低了38.5%，碳烟质量分数降低了34.2%．该规律在转速为1800r/min和2500r/min、不同负荷下均成立．
笔者在各工况下重复进行计算分析，在EGR率为0%、5.0%、10.0%、15.0%和20.0%时，ω燃烧系统和LSCS在达到相同NOx排放水平的条件下，相较于ω燃烧系统，LSCS的指示功率升高了1.1%～1.3%，碳烟质量分数下降了33.3%～68.8%；在ω燃烧系统和LSCS达到相同指示功率条件下，LSCS的NOx排放降低了35.9%～45.6%，碳烟质量分数降低了27.9%～49.4%．
2.2　不同EGR率下缸内燃烧过程
针对1800r/min、72kW(100%负荷)的特征工况，笔者模拟仿真分析ω燃烧系统和LSCS的缸内燃烧过程．在1800r/min、72kW(100%负荷)工况下，ω燃烧系统在EGR率为10.0%时的指示功率与LSCS在EGR率为15.2%时相近，因而比较此工况下ω燃烧系统在EGR率为10.0%、LSCS在EGR率为10.0%和15.2%时的缸内压力和瞬时放热率．
图10为不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统和LSCS的缸内压力和瞬时放热率．可知，对于缸内压力，在上止点附近(8°～30°CA ATDC)的燃烧过程中，EGR率为10.0%的LSCS缸内压力最高．当LSCS的EGR率增加至15.2%时，其缸内压力有所降低．相较于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统，EGR率为10.0%和15.2%时的LSCS最高燃烧压力均更高，表明LSCS在EGR率为10.0%和15.2%时均获得了更高的指示功率，其热功转换效率高．
对于瞬时放热率，不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统和LSCS的差异主要体现在扩散燃烧阶段．在扩散燃烧初期(8°～15°CA ATDC)，EGR率为10.0%的LSCS瞬时放热率最高，表明此时其缸内油、气混合更加充分，提升了扩散燃烧初期的燃烧速率，有利于提升热功转换效率．当LSCS的EGR率增至15.2%时，在扩散燃烧初期的瞬时放热率有所降低．对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统，在扩散燃烧初期的瞬时放热率较低，而在扩散燃烧后期(15°～30°CA ATDC)的瞬时放热率较高，表明其热功转换效率较低．
图11为不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统与LSCS的缸内平均温度和NOx排放．可知，对于缸内平均温度，在燃烧过程(0°～60°CA ATDC)中，EGR率为10.0%时LSCS的缸内平均温度最高，EGR率为10.0%时ω燃烧系统的缸内平均温度略低，而当LSCS的EGR率增加至15.2%时，其缸内燃烧温度最低．根据缸内压力和瞬时放热率可知，EGR率为10.0%时LSCS的燃烧速率较高，因而相较于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统，其缸内温度较高．随着LSCS的EGR率增至15.2%，其缸内三原子分子增多，工质的比热容增加，缸内温度达到相同温升需要的热量更高，因而缸内平均温度降低；另一方面，随着EGR率的升高，可用于燃烧的氧气减少，燃烧过程有所恶化，同样导致了缸内温度降低．
对于缸内NOx排放，由于柴油机的缸内温度对于NOx的生成有重要影响，NOx排放的变化与缸内平均温度变化趋势一致，可知EGR率为10.0%时的LSCS缸内平均温度最高，其缸内NOx排放最高；EGR率为15.2%时的LSCS缸内平均温度最低，其缸内NOx排放最低．
图12为不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统和LSCS的缸内碳烟质量分数．可知，缸内碳烟质量分数呈先增大、后减小的趋势，且在约23°CA ATDC时达到峰值．在燃烧过程的后期，EGR率为10.0%时ω燃烧系统的缸内碳烟质量分数高于EGR率为10.0%和15.2%的LSCS．对于LSCS，当EGR率由10.0%增加至15.2%时，更高的EGR率导致了缸内平均温度和氧浓度降低，燃烧恶化，削弱了燃烧后期氧化碳烟的能力，因而缸内碳烟质量分数升高，EGR率为10.0%和15.2%的LSCS缸内碳烟质量分数仍低于ω燃烧系统．EGR率为10.0%和15.2%时的LSCS在23°CA ATDC左右缸内碳烟质量分数均高于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统．
为明确不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统和LSCS的缸内燃烧过程差异，笔者在油束中心线所在平面(A1、B1)及相邻油束干涉平面(A2)位置建立切面，进一步分析缸内燃烧过程的缸内油、气当量比、温度场、NOx排放和碳烟质量分数，切面位置如图13所示．
图14～图16为不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统与LSCS的缸内油、气当量比、温度和NOx排放分布．
对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和LSCS，在20°CA ATDC时，燃油喷雾已经撞击到燃烧室壁面．对于ω燃烧系统，燃油喷雾附着在燃烧室壁面上，并朝着轴向和周向扩散，在燃烧室壁面附近形成了浓混合气和高温区域；相邻的燃油喷雾沿周向扩散过程中，运动到了干涉平面并产生干涉．对于LSCS，燃油喷雾撞击分流造型后，沿着分流圆弧发展，相邻的燃油喷雾在分流圆弧末端干涉后，进一步朝燃烧室中心扩散，在燃烧室中心区域产生了高温区域，但燃烧室中心区域的混合气浓度明显降低．由于NOx生成的重要条件是高温、富氧，与温度场分布相对应，此时在ω燃烧系统和LSCS中，NOx排放在燃油喷雾外围区域较高，且后者由于缸内温度更高，NOx排放也更高．在喷油结束后的40°CA ATDC，对于ω燃烧系统，由于燃油持续的堆积，燃烧室壁面附近的浓混合气区域和高温区域逐渐扩大，NOx生成的区域集中分布在燃烧室壁面附近，特别是在靠近缸盖与气缸壁区域NOx排放明显高于LSCS．对于LSCS，相邻的燃油喷雾在干涉后持续朝燃烧室中心扩散，进一步利用了燃烧室中心区域的空气，提升了油、气混合质量，同时也扩大了燃烧室中心的高温区域，NOx的生成区域更偏向于燃烧室中心，在靠近气缸壁处NOx排放较低．
对于EGR率为10.0%和15.2%的LSCS，在燃烧过程中，其缸内燃油喷雾分布位置基本一致，但是在40°CA ATDC时，EGR率为15.2%的LSCS在干涉平面A2的油、气当量比较高，从缸内温度场的分布能够看出明显差异．对于EGR率为15.2%的LSCS，由于缸内工质的比热容较高，其缸内温度明显降低．与缸内温度场的分布相对应，EGR率增大为15.2%时，LSCS的缸内NOx排放明显降低．
对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和EGR率为15.2%的LSCS，从油束中心平面B1和A2的缸内温度场可以看出，EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统缸内高温区域温度较高，但高温区域的范围较小，且分布在燃烧室壁面附近，因而在靠近燃烧室壁面的高温区域NOx排放更高．EGR率为15.2%的LSCS缸内高温区域温度较低，但在分流造型的导流作用下，其高温区域较大，分布更靠近燃烧室中心，由于此时LSCS的EGR率更高，缸内的整体温度较低，因而其NOx排放低于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统．
图17为不同EGR率下ω燃烧系统与LSCS的缸内碳烟质量分数．对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和LSCS，在20°CA ATDC时，从油束中心平面A1可以看出，ω燃烧系统的碳烟质量分数在壁面附近略高于LSCS，而从干涉平面A2可以看出，ω燃烧系统的碳烟质量分数在干涉区域远低于LSCS．这是因为在LSCS分流造型的导流作用下，相邻油束的燃油喷雾按一定夹角汇聚并干涉，干涉区域空燃比较低，因而碳烟生成较多．这也解释了图12中LSCS生成的碳烟质量分数在约20°CA ATDC时高于ω燃烧系统；而在40°CA ATDC时，ω燃烧系统中生成的碳烟积聚在燃烧室壁面和底部，碳烟质量分数更高．在LSCS中，在分流造型的导流作用下，燃油喷雾向燃烧室中心区域扩散，与空气混合更加充分，碳烟被充分氧化，因而碳烟质量分数低．
对于EGR率为10.0%和15.2%的LSCS，其碳烟质量分数分布区域差异不大，主要差异在于缸内碳烟质量分数的高低．对于EGR率为10.0%的LSCS，其具有更高的缸内温度，有利于提高碳烟的氧化速率，因而其缸内碳烟质量分数更低．
对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和EGR率为15.2%的LSCS，EGR率为15.2%时LSCS缸内温度较低，但由于其分流造型使燃油喷雾与空气混合更充分，碳烟主要分布在燃烧室中心区域，其质量分数仍低于ω燃烧系统．
图18示出燃空当量比为1～2时的混合气温度．由于在燃烧温度超过2000K时NOx更易生成[19]，缸内NOx排放主要受NOx易生成区影响．可知，对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和LSCS，LSCS的混合气温度基本高于ω燃烧系统，这是由于其特殊导流结构使混合燃烧速度加快，缸内温度更高，最终生成的NOx排放更高．
当LSCS的EGR率从10.0%增大为15.2%时，缸内废气增加，三原子分子增多，缸内工质比热容增大，混合气温度降低，最终生成的NOx排放降低．
图19为燃空当量比ϕ大于2时的混合气质量随曲轴转角变化．可知，对于EGR率为10.0%的ω燃烧系统和LSCS，LSCS的ϕ大于2时的混合气质量在370°CA ATDC时开始小于ω燃烧系统，这是由于此时燃油喷雾撞击到分流造型结构，燃油向两侧分流，利用了燃烧室圆周方向空气，因而混合较好，ϕ大于2的混合气质量较少；而在380°CA时两者基本相同，这是由于在LSCS中，相邻的燃油喷雾发展到干涉平面，ϕ大于2时的混合气质量增加至与ω燃烧系统相同水平；而在388°CA ATDC以后，LSCS的ϕ大于2时的混合气质量小于ω燃烧系统，这是由于燃油喷雾在干涉区域汇聚后向燃烧室中心发展，提高了燃烧室中心区域的空气利用率．
当LSCS的EGR率从10.0%提高到15.2%时，由于废气增加，新鲜空气减少，导致ϕ大于2的混合气质量整体呈增加趋势．
3　结论
收起
(1) 使用不同EGR率在达到相同NOx排放水平的条件下，相较于ω燃烧系统，LSCS的指示功率升高了1.1%～1.3%，碳烟质量分数下降了33.3%～68.8%；在达到相同指示功率的条件下，LSCS的NOx排放降低了35.9%～45.6%，碳烟质量分数降低了27.9%～49.4%．
(2) 使用不同EGR率在达到相同指示功率的条件下，LSCS的缸内温度和NOx排放明显降低，但在分流造型的导流作用下，燃油喷雾更充分地利用了燃烧室中心的空气进行混合，因而NOx排放与碳烟质量分数分布更加靠近燃烧室中心，其指示功率仍较高，碳烟质量分数仍较低．
(3) 仿真研究表明，采用LSCS能改善直喷式柴油机使用EGR后燃烧和排放性能下降的现象，LSCS对EGR有更好的适应性．
基金
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  • “十三五”国家重点研发计划资助项目(104010204)
文献
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2025年第43卷第4期
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文章信息
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202504034
  • 接收时间：2024-09-29
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-09-29
  • 修回日期：2025-01-07
基金
“十三五”国家重点研发计划资助项目(104010204)
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院，北京 100081
    2.河北华北柴油机有限责任公司，石家庄 050200

通讯作者:

李向荣，教授，博士生导师，.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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