Article(id=1325524203843371434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=1739894400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793959197244, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793959197244, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793959197244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793959197244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325524161678033072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='193', pageEnd='287', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793959187179, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959945056, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=241, endPage=250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325524204057280939, articleId=1325524203843371434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Multi-mode injection characteristics of dual solenoid-driven injectors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Injection characteristics of a dual solenoid-driven fuel injector under various injection modes was studied, based on controllable fuel injection rate. An experimental platform combining injector inlet pressure and fuel injection rate measurements was developed using the momentum method. By designing the driving current timing control for two solenoid valves(labeled as NCV-1 and NCV-2), various injection rate profiles were achieved, including single-valve rectangular, dual-valve rectangular, ramp, and boot-shaped modes. The results demonstrate that compared to the dual-valve rectangular mode, the single-valve rectangular mode exhibits a 0.23 ms injection timing delay and a lower injection rate growth rate. The ramp mode coincides with the single-valve rectangular mode before NCV-2 activation, after which the injection rate rises sharply. Furthermore, when the actuation interval between NCV-1 and NCV-2 is 1 ms, the ramp injection mode delivers 22% less fuel quantity compared to the dual-valve rectangular mode, while exhibiting significantly reduced fuel injection rate fluctuations during the steady injection phase. The boot-shaped mode demonstrates nearly identical injection delay characteristics to the dual-valve rectangular mode. At a 1 ms interval between the activation of NCV-1 and the subsequent activation of NCV-2, the injection volume reaches over 82% of that in the dual-valve rectangular mode, while fluctuations in the steady injection phase are markedly reduced.

, authors=Chengjun Zhu1, Daijun Wei1, Xiaoyan Wang1, 2, Quan Dong1, authorsList=Chengjun Zhu, Daijun Wei, Xiaoyan Wang, Quan Dong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Quan Dong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325524213645459922, articleId=1325524203843371434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=双电磁驱动喷油器多模式喷射特性, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于可控喷油规律的先进燃烧模式,探究了双电磁驱动喷油器不同喷射模式下的喷射特性.采用动量法搭建喷油器入口压力和喷油规律联合试验平台,通过设计双电磁阀(分别为NCV-1和NCV-2)的驱动电流时序控制形式塑造不同形状的喷油速率曲线,实现了单阀矩形、双阀矩形、斜坡和靴形等多种喷射模式.结果表明:与双阀矩形喷射模式相比,单阀喷射模式的喷油始点延迟0.23ms,喷油速率增长速度更小.斜坡模式的喷油速率曲线在NCV-2驱动前与单阀矩形模式基本重合,在NCV-2驱动后喷油速率迅速增大.此外,当NCV-1与NCV-2的驱动间隔为1ms时,斜坡模式的喷油量较双阀矩形喷射模式减少了22%左右,且稳定喷射阶段的喷油速率波动明显更小.靴形模式的喷射延迟与双阀矩形模式近乎相同,在NCV-1驱动时刻与第2次驱动NCV-2间隔为1ms时的喷油量可达到双阀矩形模式的82%以上,并且在减小稳定喷射阶段的喷油速率波动上更占优势.

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朱成君,硕士,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
董全,博士,副教授,.
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Models of test equipment

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试验设备型号
力传感器Kistler 9207
压力传感器Kistler 4067C3000
DAQ采集卡NI USB-6361
电荷放大器Kistler 5018A
), ArticleFig(id=1325524227557966367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524203843371434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验设备型号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验设备型号
力传感器Kistler 9207
压力传感器Kistler 4067C3000
DAQ采集卡NI USB-6361
电荷放大器Kistler 5018A
), ArticleFig(id=1325524227675406880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524203843371434, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test working condition points of ramp injection mode

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参数数值
喷射压力/MPa80,100,120,140,160
NCV-1驱动脉宽IPW1/ms2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0
NCV-1与NCV-2驱动间隔Tac/ms0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5
NCV-2驱动脉宽IPW2/ms1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1325524227771875873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524203843371434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

斜坡喷射模式试验工况点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
喷射压力/MPa80,100,120,140,160
NCV-1驱动脉宽IPW1/ms2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0
NCV-1与NCV-2驱动间隔Tac/ms0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5
NCV-2驱动脉宽IPW2/ms1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1325524227927065122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524203843371434, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Test working condition points of boot injection mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
喷射压力/MPa80,100,120,140,160
NCV-1驱动脉宽IPW1/ms2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0
NCV-2第1次驱动脉宽IPW2/ms0.2,0.4,0.6
NCV-1与第2次驱动NCV-2
时刻间隔Tae/ms
0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5
NCV-2第2次驱动脉宽IPW3/ms1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1325524228048699939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524203843371434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

靴形喷射模式试验工况点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
喷射压力/MPa80,100,120,140,160
NCV-1驱动脉宽IPW1/ms2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0
NCV-2第1次驱动脉宽IPW2/ms0.2,0.4,0.6
NCV-1与第2次驱动NCV-2
时刻间隔Tae/ms
0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5
NCV-2第2次驱动脉宽IPW3/ms1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0
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双电磁驱动喷油器多模式喷射特性
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朱成君 1 , 魏代君 1 , 王晓艳 1, 2 , 董全 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(3): 241-250
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (3) : 241 -250
双电磁驱动喷油器多模式喷射特性
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朱成君,硕士,.

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朱成君1 , 魏代君1, 王晓艳1, 2, 董全1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.潍柴动力股份有限公司,潍坊 261041
通讯作者:
董全,博士,副教授,.
作者简介:

朱成君,硕士,.

Multi-mode injection characteristics of dual solenoid-driven injectors
Chengjun Zhu1 , Daijun Wei1, Xiaoyan Wang1, 2, Quan Dong1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
  • 2.Weichai Power Company Limited,Weifang 261041,China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503028
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基于可控喷油规律的先进燃烧模式,探究了双电磁驱动喷油器不同喷射模式下的喷射特性.采用动量法搭建喷油器入口压力和喷油规律联合试验平台,通过设计双电磁阀(分别为NCV-1和NCV-2)的驱动电流时序控制形式塑造不同形状的喷油速率曲线,实现了单阀矩形、双阀矩形、斜坡和靴形等多种喷射模式.结果表明:与双阀矩形喷射模式相比,单阀喷射模式的喷油始点延迟0.23ms,喷油速率增长速度更小.斜坡模式的喷油速率曲线在NCV-2驱动前与单阀矩形模式基本重合,在NCV-2驱动后喷油速率迅速增大.此外,当NCV-1与NCV-2的驱动间隔为1ms时,斜坡模式的喷油量较双阀矩形喷射模式减少了22%左右,且稳定喷射阶段的喷油速率波动明显更小.靴形模式的喷射延迟与双阀矩形模式近乎相同,在NCV-1驱动时刻与第2次驱动NCV-2间隔为1ms时的喷油量可达到双阀矩形模式的82%以上,并且在减小稳定喷射阶段的喷油速率波动上更占优势.

可控喷油规律  /  双电磁驱动喷油器  /  驱动电流时序控制  /  多喷射模式  /  喷射特性

Injection characteristics of a dual solenoid-driven fuel injector under various injection modes was studied, based on controllable fuel injection rate. An experimental platform combining injector inlet pressure and fuel injection rate measurements was developed using the momentum method. By designing the driving current timing control for two solenoid valves(labeled as NCV-1 and NCV-2), various injection rate profiles were achieved, including single-valve rectangular, dual-valve rectangular, ramp, and boot-shaped modes. The results demonstrate that compared to the dual-valve rectangular mode, the single-valve rectangular mode exhibits a 0.23 ms injection timing delay and a lower injection rate growth rate. The ramp mode coincides with the single-valve rectangular mode before NCV-2 activation, after which the injection rate rises sharply. Furthermore, when the actuation interval between NCV-1 and NCV-2 is 1 ms, the ramp injection mode delivers 22% less fuel quantity compared to the dual-valve rectangular mode, while exhibiting significantly reduced fuel injection rate fluctuations during the steady injection phase. The boot-shaped mode demonstrates nearly identical injection delay characteristics to the dual-valve rectangular mode. At a 1 ms interval between the activation of NCV-1 and the subsequent activation of NCV-2, the injection volume reaches over 82% of that in the dual-valve rectangular mode, while fluctuations in the steady injection phase are markedly reduced.

controllable fuel injection rate  /  dual solenoid-driven injector  /  driving current timing control  /  various injection modes  /  injection characteristics
朱成君, 魏代君, 王晓艳, 董全. 双电磁驱动喷油器多模式喷射特性. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (3) : 241 -250 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503028
Chengjun Zhu, Daijun Wei, Xiaoyan Wang, Quan Dong. Multi-mode injection characteristics of dual solenoid-driven injectors[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (3) : 241 -250 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503028
近年来,随着全球气候的不断恶化,各国出台的排放法规日趋严格.欧盟承诺到2030年温室气体排放至少减少55%[1],致力于零碳排放.因此,在各领域节能减排已成为当下的研究热点,而在内燃机领域众多减少CO2和污染物排放的方法中,通过灵活调整燃料喷射速率来改善排放的可变喷射规律是其中的有效手段之一[2-6].
喷油速率是决定燃油喷射特性与缸内燃烧效率的关键因素,高喷油速率可以显著提升燃油雾化质量[7];但在燃烧初期,高喷油速率会使得缸内温度迅速上升,NOx的排放增加.斜坡喷射模式通过降低初期喷油速率减弱燃烧强度,有效减少NOx排放[8];但斜坡持续时间的过度延长会造成缸内燃油分布不均,导致碳烟排放增加[9].靴形喷射模式兼顾矩形喷射模式与斜坡喷射模式的特性,在喷射初期迅速提高喷油速率,而后降低喷油速率增速,避免过多NOx的产生.间隔一定时间后再次提高喷油速率增速,以减少碳烟的生成.因此,靴形喷油速率可以有效权衡好NOx和碳烟的排放[10-11].
可变喷射规律在柴油机上已有了较为成熟的运用.Tay等[12]通过数值模拟的方法研究了靴形喷油速率对直喷式柴油机的影响,发现靴形喷油速率可以优化燃烧相位并显著降低NOx排放.许菁等[13]基于优化针阀结构设计了一种双升程喷油器,探究了双升程喷油器多次喷射模式下的油量波动特性,结果表明:小升程预喷模式在降低主喷量和后喷量波动程度方面相较于大升程预喷模式更占优势.熊彪等[14]研究了靴形喷射耦合喷油参数对柴油机燃烧排放性能的影响表明,靴形喷油速率耦合较大的喷油提前角可以加快缸内油、气混合速率,改善缸内预混燃烧.
与此同时,可变喷射规律在双燃料发动机上也具有广阔的发展前景.Yazdani等[15]研究了不同斜坡喷油速率形状对天然气/柴油反应活性控制发动机性能和排放的影响表明,最佳斜坡喷油速率形状可以使发动机的总指示效率提高54.78%.Shi等[16]在氨/柴油双燃料发动机上采用不同的柴油喷射速率形状,并对其燃烧和排放特性进行了分析.结果表明:三角形喷射速率形状可以使柴油与氨气混合更加均匀,使燃烧室内的燃烧更接近于均质燃烧.Yousefi等[17]对氨/柴油双燃料发动机的柴油喷射策略进行了深入研究,发现阶段性柴油喷射策略可以将燃油经济性提高39.72%,同时大幅降低未燃氨的排放量.因此,引燃油的喷射速率形状将直接影响双燃料发动机的燃烧与排放.
目前,可变喷射规律的研究往往集中于不同喷射规律形状对发动机燃烧及排放的影响,对不同喷油速率形状喷射特性的研究鲜见报道.因此,笔者通过对一种新型的双电磁阀喷油器设计不同的驱动电流,实现喷油速率曲线形状的灵活变换.试验系统采用动量法来测量喷油速率,并实时监测喷射过程中喷油器柴油入口处压力的变化.通过将喷射过程中燃油的压力波动与实际喷油量结合起来,分析喷油器的喷射特性,为后续的优化设计提供理论支持.
采用动量法测量喷油速率,动量法原理如图1所示.动量法实质上是通过质量守恒与动量定理方程得到冲击力与油束喷油速率之间的对应关系.通过测量燃油喷射过程的冲击力信号是获取喷油速率的有效方法[18].
由动量定理可知:
Ftt=mvt
等式两边同时对时间微分可得:
Ft=m˙vt
在喷孔与挡板之间的油束由质量守恒得:
m˙=ρv0A0
以上各式联立可得:
Ft=ρv0A0vt
由于喷射时间极为短暂,故做出假设为
vt=v0
联立以上各式,可以推得喷油器喷油速率与力信号之间的关系式为
m˙=nρFtA0
式中:Ft为力传感器所测油束冲击力信号值;m为喷油量;m˙为击打在挡板上的喷油速率;t为冲击力持续时间;v0为燃油在喷孔出口处的速度大小;vt为燃油到达挡板时的速度大小;ρ为燃油密度;A0为喷孔面积;n为喷孔数.
由于喷孔内部流动情况复杂、针阀偏心运动等因素,各孔间的喷油速率可能会存在一定的差异.这会导致燃油在时间及空间上的分布不均,进而影响动量法测得喷油量的精确性.因此,采用对喷油器喷射30次的油量称重后取平均值的方法来得到准确的喷油量,以此标定动量法测量的喷油速率曲线.
搭建了喷油器入口压力和喷油规律联合测试平台,测试平台主要包括燃油供给系统、喷油器、信号触发模块以及数据采集模块等,具体的试验系统示意如图2所示.
采用的力传感器测试频率可达到250kHz,可实现喷油速率的高精度测量.此外,为监测燃油喷射过程中燃油压力的实时变化情况,在喷油器柴油入口处安装了夹持式的高响应压力传感器.上位机根据工况要求向时序同步微处理器发送指令,并对数据采集卡采集到的数据进行保存.时序同步微处理器在接收到上位机发出的指令后生成相应的时序信号,并同时发送给喷油器驱动模块和数据采集卡.由并行双通道喷油器驱动模块为喷油器生成驱动电流,实现两电磁阀的独立控制.数据采集卡以接收到的时序信号作为触发信号,可实现数据的多通道同步采集.电荷放大器将各个传感器采集到的信号进行电荷-电压转换,试验系统所使用的设备型号如表1所示.
喷油器各喷孔的喷射一致性是衡量喷油器工作状态和测试系统稳定性的重要指标.喷油器内部燃油的复杂压力波动与电磁噪声的不规则干扰是影响燃油喷射量一致性的重要因素.为检验该喷油器各喷孔喷油量的一致性,对相同工况下每个喷孔的喷油量重复测试10次后取平均值.图3示出喷油压力为100MPa、喷油脉宽为2ms的工况下喷油器各个喷孔的喷油速率曲线,喷孔序号已在图2中标注.
图4为各孔喷油量波动程度.为进一步验证喷射器各孔喷油量的一致性,采用量纲为1的差异性系数分析其离散程度,将差异性系数σ的定义为波动量,其公式为
σ=D(m)/E(m)
式中:D为标准差;E为各孔喷油量均值.在该工况下的喷油量波动率为1.4%,测试结果一致性较好,这也是选用动量法测量喷油速率的一个重要原因.
采用的喷油器内部集成了两个电磁阀,并设计有两条独立控制的回油通道,分别由两个电磁阀控制其开、闭,喷油器内部结构示意如图5所示.柴油不仅是喷射燃料,同时作为控制针阀运动的液压流体.由于针阀控制腔与两个回油控制室连通,两个电磁阀均通过调整控制室的开、闭来控制针阀的运动,进而控制喷油过程.针阀的开启与关闭受到电磁线圈的电磁力以及控制腔和压力室燃油液压力的耦合作用.为方便描述,将两个电磁阀分别命名为NCV-1和NCV-2.
双电磁阀和双回油通道构成了实现喷油规律灵活整形的核心机制.NCV-1和NCV-2不仅可以单独驱动控制喷油过程,还可以联合工作以实现更复杂的喷射模式.此外,两个回油通道的设计可以调控控制室内压力的下降速度,从而控制针阀的运动特征.因此,通过赋予NCV-1和NCV-2不同的驱动时序,能够塑造不同形状的喷油速率曲线.
为深入研究喷油器在不同喷射模式下的性能,基于喷油器的双电磁阀结构,设计了多种电磁阀驱动电流时序控制形式.共设计了3种矩形喷射模式,即单独驱动NCV-1、单独驱动NCV-2和同时驱动NCV-1与NCV-2.在这3种喷射模式中,单独驱动NCV-1或NCV-2尽管可以正常喷油,但由于该喷油器设计了双通道回油系统而非传统喷油器的单通道回油,单独驱动NCV-1或NCV-2会导致回油量不足,无法有效降低控制腔的压力,造成针阀抬起过程的延迟.以单独驱动NCV-1为例,图6(a)为喷油器在喷射压力为160MPa、喷射脉宽为4ms条件下的喷油速率曲线及驱动电流时序控制示意,其中:ta与tb分别为NCV-1通、断电时间.此时针阀抬起速度缓慢,无法塑造理想的矩形喷油速率曲线.
因此,为实现针阀快速且准确的抬起,采取同时开启与关闭NCV-1和NCV-2的方法来实现与传统矩形喷油速率曲线的塑造.喷油器在喷射压力为160MPa、喷射脉宽为4ms条件下的喷油速率及驱动电流时序控制形式如图6(b)所示,其中:ta与tb分别为NCV-1通、断电时间,tc与td分别为NCV-2的通、断电时间.可以看出,相较于单阀矩形喷射模式,双阀矩形喷射模式的针阀上升速度和最大升程均显著增大,喷油器喷油开始时刻也存在明显的前移.表明该模式能够有效地加速针阀的启、闭过程,缩短喷油延迟时间,提高喷油器响应速度.
斜坡喷射模式的驱动电流时序控制形式如图7所示.实现方法为首先驱动NCV-1,间隔一定时间后驱动NCV-2,在喷射过程结束后两电磁阀同时断电.其中:ta与tb分别为NCV-1的通电和断电时间,tc与td分别为NCV-2的通电和断电时间.
为探究喷油器在进行斜坡喷油速率形状的塑造时NCV-1与NCV-2不同的驱动时间和驱动间隔对燃油瞬时喷射特性的影响,选取如表2所示的工况点进行喷油速率的测试.
图8为靴形喷油速率的驱动电流时序控制形式.实现方法步骤是:同时驱动NCV-1和NCV-2,在经过一定时间后关闭NCV-2;在预设的时间延迟后,再次激励NCV-2;喷射过程结束后,两电磁阀将同时断电.通过调整NCV-1和NCV-2的激励时序,可以实现靴形喷油速率的有效控制.其中:ta与tb分别为NCV-1的通电和断电时间,tc与td分别为NCV-2第1次驱动时通电和断电时间,te与tf分别为NCV-2第2次驱动时通电和断电时间.
基于设计的靴形喷射模式驱动电流时序控制形式,为定量分析喷油器在不同驱动脉宽下的喷射特性,选取表3所示的工况点进行喷油器喷油速率测量.
结合以上3种喷射模式,将进行定义是:NCV-1的驱动时间IPW1为ta~tb,用Tab表示,NCV-2的第1次驱动时间IPW2为tc~td,用Tcd表示,NCV-2第2次驱动时间IPW3为te~tf,用Tef表示,NCV-1与NCV-2第1次驱动间隔Tac为ta~tc,NCV-1与NCV-2第2次驱动间隔Tae为ta~te.
由于燃油系统内柴油压力波动与喷油速率直接相关,基于柴油入口压力波动分析不同模式下的喷油速率曲线的波动特性.燃油系统内柴油压力波动的本质可以视为可压缩流体的一维非定常流动.根据质量守恒、动量守恒、能量守恒和声速方程,并忽略压力波传递过程中的热交换量及管壁摩擦阻力,可以将燃油系统内的一维非定常流动用式(8)的偏微分方程组来表示.
{[∂p∂t+(u+a)∂p∂x]+aρ[∂u∂t+(u+a)∂u∂x]=0[∂p∂t+(u−a)∂p∂x]+aρ[∂u∂t+(u−a)∂u∂x]=0
式中:ρ为柴油密度;u为柴油流速;α为燃油的声速;p为燃油系统的压力.在x-t空间下引入特征线簇Γ,通过特征线法将双曲线型的偏微分方程化作能够在特征线Γk上计算的常微分方程组.定义满足式(9)的特征线Γ1和Γ2为
{Γ1:dxdt=u−aΓ2:dxdt=u+a
特征线上的常微分方程组为
{dL1=d p+aρd u=0dL2=d p−aρd u=0
式中:L1和L2分别为压力波传播方向和燃油流动方向相同和相反的情况.
在一维管流动中,若压力波的传播方向与管流方向相反,则压力波在特征线Γ1上,若压力波的传播方向与管流方向相同,则压力波在特征线Γ2上.对于满足特征线上传递的压力单波称其为黎曼波.
将喷油器端定义为右端,柴油共轨端定义为左端.黎曼压力单波按照传播方向有左行波、右行波之分;按照传到之处的压力变化,有压缩波和膨胀波之分.压缩波传到之处压力变大,膨胀波到达之处压力变小.在喷油器的开启和关闭过程中,由于液压系统的瞬态变化以及波的反射现象会出现4种不同的黎曼波,分别为左行压缩波、左行膨胀波、右行压缩波和右行膨胀波,如图9所示.
图10为双阀矩形喷射模式下的喷油速率及压力波动曲线,以此为例分析燃油系统内压力波动特征与喷油速率曲线的对应关系.由于传感器位于喷油器柴油入口处,喷嘴处产生的黎曼波传播到测试位置需要一个长度为Td的滞后时间.a点时刻,喷油器控制腔球阀打开,控制腔内燃油压力降低,产生左行膨胀波.b点时刻,喷油器开始喷油,对应到压力波动曲线上的t0.喷油速率开始增加,压力快速下降,产生左行膨胀波.左行膨胀波传递到油轨处发生负反射,反射为右行压缩波,并在c时刻到达测量点处,对应到喷油速率曲线的t1.d时刻针阀开始关闭,对应到喷油速率曲线的t2.喷孔有效流通面积迅速降低,产生左行压缩波.压力快速上升,喷油速率快速下降,直至e时刻针阀完全关闭,对应喷油速率曲线的t3.
图11示出喷油器在双阀矩形喷射模式下喷射压力为160MPa时的入口压力信号和喷油速率信号特征.随着喷射脉宽的增加,喷油速率曲线的形状逐渐从三角形演变为矩形.这是由于当喷射脉宽较短时,喷油器针阀在喷射过程中未到达最大升程就开始下落.当喷射脉宽足够大时,针阀可以到达最大升程并维持一定时间,喷油速率呈现相同的变化趋势.这种现象在压力信号曲线上也得以体现,在压力骤变之前各喷射脉宽下的入口压力基本重合,压力骤变的时间为喷油器在各喷射脉宽下的针阀开始落座时刻.
图12示出喷射压力为160MPa、IPW1为4ms时的入口压力信号和喷油速率曲线.不同IPW2条件下的喷油速率呈现相同的变化特征.当NCV-2未驱动时,喷油速率以较慢的速度增大,喷油速率曲线重合.而在NCV-2通电后,喷油器针阀抬升速度加快,喷油速率显著增大.随着Tac的增加,针阀到达最大升程后喷油速率的波动程度减小.结合压力曲线分析,当IPW2增大时,喷油器入口压力的最大压降变大,导致喷射过程会产生强度更大的左行膨胀波,针阀升程受到黎曼波的影响更显著.这表明NCV-2的驱动时序对喷油器的喷油特性及压力动态响应有重要影响.
为了深入研究相同开阀间隔、不同开阀时间对喷油器喷射特性的影响,展示了喷射压力为160MPa、不同Tac下的入口压力信号及喷油速率曲线,如图13所示.保持Tac不变,喷油速率曲线在针阀开始关闭时刻之前基本重合.这是因为当喷射压力和开阀间隔相同时,喷油器针阀在开始关闭前受到的上提力大体相同,针阀的运动过程相近.此外,在针阀关闭阶段,不同工况下喷油速率基本呈现相同的减小趋势.这是因为针阀下降过程主要受喷射压力的影响,而在喷射压力恒定的条件下,喷油速率曲线在针阀关闭后的下降趋势基本一致.
图14为不同IPW2条件下的信号特征差异.在喷油初期,IPW2的增大显著影响喷油速率,在喷油中后期的影响逐渐减弱.此外,当针阀下降时,不同IPW2喷油速率的下降趋势基本一致.这是因为NCV-2的驱动时间的延长会增大喷油初期控制腔的压力下降程度,产生更强的左行膨胀波从喷油器向轨端传递,导致0.4ms驱动脉宽的喷油速率波动程度相较于0.2ms驱动脉宽明显更剧烈.并且由于压力波在传播与反射过程中不断衰减,对喷油速率的影响也逐渐减弱.因此,喷油速率在针阀关闭阶段主要受到喷射压力的影响,不同IPW2工况下的喷油速率呈现近乎相同的变化趋势.
为深入探究靴形喷射模式下Tae对喷射特性的影响,分别列举了当IPW2为0.2ms和0.4ms时Tae=1.0ms与Tae=1.5ms的喷油速率和喷油器入口压力波动曲线的对比,如图15所示.由图15(a)可知,保持IPW2不变,Tae=1.5ms时喷油速率的波动程度更剧烈,这与斜坡喷射模式相反.这是因为靴形喷射模式开始喷油时刻较斜坡喷射模式更早,导致因燃油喷射产生的左行膨胀波提前在轨端反射为右行压缩波并作用于测量点处.Tae=1.0ms时NCV-2的开阀时间正处于右行压缩波的作用时间,NCV-2开阀减缓了因右行压缩波作用引起的压力回升,导致喷油速率的波动程度减小.而在Tae=1.5ms时,NCV-2开阀时刻右行压缩波作用时间已结束,此时开启NCV-2对喷油速率的影响更大.
结合图15(a)和图15(b)可知,当IPW2增大时,延长IPW3对喷油速率的影响减弱.这是因为IPW2的增大导致NCV-2第1次关闭时喷油器针阀开度更大,此时驱动NCV-2对燃油压力的影响减小.因此,当IPW2=0.4ms时不同IPW3工况下的喷油速率曲线的差异较IPW2=0.2ms时更小.
图16为矩形喷射模式下不同喷射压力和脉宽下的喷油量变化趋势.可以看出矩形喷射模式喷油量随脉宽的变化均呈现出明显的两阶段变化趋势.具体表现为:双阀矩形喷射模式短脉宽工况下的喷油量增速相较于长脉宽明显更大,而单阀矩形喷射模式的喷油量增速则呈现相反的变化特征.
对于双阀矩形喷射模式,当喷射脉宽较小时,针阀不足以达到最大升程处.在这种情况下喷油量相较于长脉宽工况条件对喷射脉宽的变化更为敏感,喷油量增速更快且受喷射压力影响相对较小,呈现非线性增长的趋势.当针阀运动到最大升程处后喷油器进入稳定喷射阶段,在这种情况下增加喷射脉宽喷油量近乎线性增长.
图16(b)所示相较于双阀矩形喷射模式,单阀矩形喷射模式在短脉宽条件下不同喷射压力下喷油量的差异更小.这是因为只驱动NCV-1时针阀抬起的速度更慢,限制了高喷射压力对喷油量的促进作用.而在针阀运动到最大升程后,喷油量随喷射脉宽增长的线性程度较双阀模式更高.这是由于单阀模式压力下降速度和幅值更低,致使喷油器在稳定喷射阶段针阀受压力波的影响更小,喷油量线性增长程度更高.并且由于短脉宽条件下针阀开度过小,导致长脉宽工况下喷油量对喷油脉宽的敏感程度比短脉宽工况更高、增速更快.
图17为斜坡喷射模式下的喷油量波动示意.由图17(a)可知,在相同IPW1、不同喷射压力条件下,斜坡喷射模式喷油量呈现相同的变化趋势.伴随着IPW2的增加,喷油量的增速呈递增的趋势.这是因为IPW2的增加使得NCV-2开启时刻针阀开度和喷油速率均较小,此时驱动NCV-2会使喷油器针阀到达最大升程的时间提前,喷油量显著增大.
图17(b)示出喷射压力为160MPa时不同Tac的喷油量波动.当Tac=1.0ms时,相较于双阀矩形喷射模式,斜坡喷射模式的喷油量减少了22%以上.在保持Tac不变的情况下,各工况的喷油量均基本呈线性变化.但Tac为1.0ms和1.5ms工况条件下的喷油量线性增长程度明显比Tac=0.5ms时要高.这是因为Tac的增大会使NCV-2驱动时的喷油速率更大,并减少了相同IPW1条件下NCV-2的作用时间,进而导致喷油器在针阀到达最大升程后喷油速率的波动程度减小.
图18示出靴形喷射模式在Tae分别为1.0ms和1.5ms、喷射压力为160MPa时不同Tcd工况下的喷油量波动.结合图17(b)来看,靴形喷射模式的喷油量相较于斜坡喷射模式明显增加.当Tae=1.0ms、IPW2=0.2ms时,靴形喷射模式的喷油量可以达到双阀矩形喷射模式的82%以上,并且在减小喷油量波动方面表现更占优势.随着Tcd的增大,喷油量的增长幅度逐渐减小.这是因为靴形喷射模式在喷油初期同时开启NCV-1和NCV-2,提前了喷油开始时刻,并使喷油初期的喷油速率迅速增大.由于受到针阀开度的影响,增大Tcd对喷油量的影响减弱.此外,短时间间隔内关闭NCV-2使后续喷射过程中的燃油压力波动减小,喷油速率更稳定.
图19展示了不同喷油规律的喷射延迟与喷油量数据.单阀喷油规律和斜坡喷油规律的喷射延迟相较于其他两种喷油规律延后了近0.23ms.由于斜坡喷油规律在喷油初期油量较小,可能导致滞燃期延长,实际缸内燃烧始点也相应延后,这对发动机燃烧控制与优化至关重要.相比之下,靴形与矩形喷油规律的喷射延迟几乎相同,这是由于两者在喷油开始前两电磁阀的通电时间一致.
在喷油量方面,与斜坡和靴形喷油规律相比,矩形喷油规律的喷油量最大.因为其双电磁阀始终开启,导致较大的喷油量.此外,矩形喷射模式的喷油速率的增长速度更快,适用于高输出功率和多缸一致性要求高的场合.相较于另外两种形状的喷油规律,斜坡喷油规律在喷油前期油量较小,有助于降低预混燃烧比例,改善缸内温度场分布,适用于NOx排放要求严格的工况.靴形喷油规律则能够快速实现小喷油速率的稳定喷射,燃烧开始后迅速提升至最高喷油速率,兼顾输出功率与污染物排放的平衡.
(1) 通过对比单阀模式与双阀模式的喷油速率曲线及喷油量波动情况发现:相较于双阀模式,单阀模式的喷油起始时刻延后了近0.23ms,喷油速率增长速度减缓,压力降低速度更小;单阀模式在喷油初始阶段受针阀开度的影响更为显著,短脉宽条件下不同喷射压力的喷油量差异更小,而在长脉宽条件下对压力波动的敏感性低于双阀模式.
(2) 相同NCV-1驱动脉宽条件下,斜坡喷射模式的喷油速率曲线在NCV-2驱动前与单阀矩形喷射模式基本重合,其在NCV-1与NCV-2驱动间隔为1.0ms时的喷油量相较于双阀矩形喷射模式减少了22%以上;在NCV-2驱动后,喷油速率快速增大,压力波动加剧,这使得针阀达到最大升程后喷油速率受到压力波的影响较单阀矩形喷射模式更大,但喷油速率波动仍小于靴形喷射模式和双阀矩形喷射模式.
(3) 靴形喷射模式的喷油起始时刻与双阀矩形喷射模式基本一致,并且在喷油初期,其喷油速率的增大速度显著快于单阀矩形喷射模式和斜坡喷射模式;结合压力曲线分析发现,在右行压缩波作用时间再次驱动NCV-2可有效减小喷油速率在针阀达到最大升程后的波动;综合对比不同喷射模式的喷油量及喷油速率曲线发现,靴形喷射模式在NCV-1驱动时刻与第2次驱动NCV-2时刻间隔为1.0ms时的喷油量可以达到双阀矩形喷射模式的82%以上,并且在针阀到达最大升程后的喷油速率波动更小.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52371307)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503028
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
  • 修回日期:2025-02-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52371307)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.潍柴动力股份有限公司,潍坊 261041

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