Article(id=1325524181332541716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=1739894400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793959191877, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793959191877, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793959191877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793959191877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325524161678033072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='193', pageEnd='287', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793959187179, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793959945056, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325527341178569524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325524161678033072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=211, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325524181638725909, articleId=1325524181332541716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of auto-ignition characteristics of methanol spray under different ambient oxygen volume fraction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the computational fluid dynamics software CONVERGE, a numerical simulation of the methanol spray auto-ignition process was carried out using the large eddy simulation method. The effect of ambient oxygen volume fraction on auto-ignition characteristics of the methanol spray was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb at an ambient temperature of 1200K and an ambient pressure of 7.77MPa. The results show that when the ambient oxygen volume fraction decreases from 21% to 15%, the ignition delay time(IDT) increases by 2.5%. When the ambient oxygen volume fraction further decreases to 10%, the IDT increases by 8.1%. At 10% ambient oxygen volume fraction, a tiny amount of OH is generated during methanol combustion and always distributed in the periphery of methanol spray. From the perspective of the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of CH2O, as the oxygen volume fraction decreases, the temperature range of CH2O generation narrows, the equivalence ratio range widens, and the spatial distribution range of CH2O increases and the concentration distribution becomes more uniform. It can be seen that the change of ambient oxygen volume fraction significantly affects the ignition characteristics of methanol spray, and then affects the generation and distribution of its key radicals (CH2O, OH).

, authors=Xiangjie Zhang1, Zhongjun Wang1, Zunhua Zhang1, 2, Yi Wei1, authorsList=Xiangjie Zhang, Zhongjun Wang, Zunhua Zhang, Yi Wei, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zunhua Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325524187955347768, articleId=1325524181332541716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火特性数值模拟, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于计算流体动力学软件CONVERGE,利用大涡模拟方法对环境温度为1200K、环境压力为7.77MPa条件下定容燃烧弹中甲醇喷雾自着火过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点解析环境氧体积分数(21%、15%和10%)对甲醇喷雾自着火特性的影响.结果表明:环境氧体积分数由21%降至15%,着火延迟时间(IDT)增加了2.5%,环境氧体积分数由15%降至10%,IDT则增加了8.1%.在环境氧体积分数为10%时,甲醇燃烧过程生成微量OH并且始终分布于甲醇喷雾轮廓处.从CH2O时空分布特征来看,随着氧体积分数的降低,CH2O生成的温度区间范围变窄、当量比区间范围变宽,CH2O的空间分布范围增大且质量分数分布更加均匀.由此可见,环境氧体积分数变化显著影响了甲醇喷雾着火特性,进而影响其关键自由基(CH2O、OH)的生成及分布.

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张祥杰,硕士研究生,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
张尊华,博士,教授,.
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orderNo=2, keyword=喷雾), Keyword(id=1325524191667306842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=环境氧体积分数), Keyword(id=1325524191742804315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=自着火)], refs=[Reference(id=1325524196763386243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=113, issue=null, pageStart=438, pageEnd=449, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Deniz C, Zincir B, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deniz C,Zincir B. 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Experimental conditions for model validation

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参数工况1[21]工况2[10]工况3[10]工况4[10]
喷孔直径/mm0.1200.1860.1860.186
背景温度/K800120012001200
背景压力/MPa3.007.777.917.89
喷射脉宽/ms1.92.52.52.5
喷射压力/MPa140.0116.3109.7102.2
喷射质量/mg7.997.257.036.81
环境气体体积分数/%N2:100O2:21
N2:69.33
CO2:6.11
H2O:3.56
O2:15
N2:75.15
CO2:6.22
H2O:3.62
O2:10
N2:80.01
CO2:6.32
H2O:3.67
), ArticleFig(id=1325524196377510271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型验证所参考的试验工况

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参数工况1[21]工况2[10]工况3[10]工况4[10]
喷孔直径/mm0.1200.1860.1860.186
背景温度/K800120012001200
背景压力/MPa3.007.777.917.89
喷射脉宽/ms1.92.52.52.5
喷射压力/MPa140.0116.3109.7102.2
喷射质量/mg7.997.257.036.81
环境气体体积分数/%N2:100O2:21
N2:69.33
CO2:6.11
H2O:3.56
O2:15
N2:75.15
CO2:6.22
H2O:3.62
O2:10
N2:80.01
CO2:6.32
H2O:3.67
), ArticleFig(id=1325524196448813440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Simulation of working conditions setting

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参数工况5工况6
喷孔直径/mm0.1860.186
背景温度/K12001200
背景压力/MPa7.777.77
喷射脉宽/ms2.52.5
喷射压力/MPa116.3116.3
喷射质量/mg7.257.25
环境气体体积
分数/%
O2:15,N2:75.15,
CO2:6.22,H2O:3.62
O2:10,N2:80.01,
CO2:6.32,H2O:3.67
), ArticleFig(id=1325524196532699521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325524181332541716, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟工况的设定

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参数工况5工况6
喷孔直径/mm0.1860.186
背景温度/K12001200
背景压力/MPa7.777.77
喷射脉宽/ms2.52.5
喷射压力/MPa116.3116.3
喷射质量/mg7.257.25
环境气体体积
分数/%
O2:15,N2:75.15,
CO2:6.22,H2O:3.62
O2:10,N2:80.01,
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不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火特性数值模拟
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张祥杰 1 , 王忠俊 1 , 张尊华 1, 2 , 韦一 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(3): 211-221
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (3) : 211 -221
不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火特性数值模拟
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张祥杰1 , 王忠俊1, 张尊华1, 2 , 韦一1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.船舶运输控制系统国家工程研究中心,上海 200135
通讯作者:
张尊华,博士,教授,.
作者简介:

张祥杰,硕士研究生,.

Numerical simulation of auto-ignition characteristics of methanol spray under different ambient oxygen volume fraction
Xiangjie Zhang1 , Zhongjun Wang1, Zunhua Zhang1, 2 , Yi Wei1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture,Ocean and Energy Power Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center of Ship & Shipping Control System,Shanghai 200135,China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503025
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基于计算流体动力学软件CONVERGE,利用大涡模拟方法对环境温度为1200K、环境压力为7.77MPa条件下定容燃烧弹中甲醇喷雾自着火过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点解析环境氧体积分数(21%、15%和10%)对甲醇喷雾自着火特性的影响.结果表明:环境氧体积分数由21%降至15%,着火延迟时间(IDT)增加了2.5%,环境氧体积分数由15%降至10%,IDT则增加了8.1%.在环境氧体积分数为10%时,甲醇燃烧过程生成微量OH并且始终分布于甲醇喷雾轮廓处.从CH2O时空分布特征来看,随着氧体积分数的降低,CH2O生成的温度区间范围变窄、当量比区间范围变宽,CH2O的空间分布范围增大且质量分数分布更加均匀.由此可见,环境氧体积分数变化显著影响了甲醇喷雾着火特性,进而影响其关键自由基(CH2O、OH)的生成及分布.

甲醇  /  喷雾  /  环境氧体积分数  /  自着火

Based on the computational fluid dynamics software CONVERGE, a numerical simulation of the methanol spray auto-ignition process was carried out using the large eddy simulation method. The effect of ambient oxygen volume fraction on auto-ignition characteristics of the methanol spray was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb at an ambient temperature of 1200K and an ambient pressure of 7.77MPa. The results show that when the ambient oxygen volume fraction decreases from 21% to 15%, the ignition delay time(IDT) increases by 2.5%. When the ambient oxygen volume fraction further decreases to 10%, the IDT increases by 8.1%. At 10% ambient oxygen volume fraction, a tiny amount of OH is generated during methanol combustion and always distributed in the periphery of methanol spray. From the perspective of the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of CH2O, as the oxygen volume fraction decreases, the temperature range of CH2O generation narrows, the equivalence ratio range widens, and the spatial distribution range of CH2O increases and the concentration distribution becomes more uniform. It can be seen that the change of ambient oxygen volume fraction significantly affects the ignition characteristics of methanol spray, and then affects the generation and distribution of its key radicals (CH2O, OH).

methanol  /  spray  /  ambient oxygen volume fraction  /  auto-ignition
张祥杰, 王忠俊, 张尊华, 韦一. 不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火特性数值模拟. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (3) : 211 -221 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503025
Xiangjie Zhang, Zhongjun Wang, Zunhua Zhang, Yi Wei. Numerical simulation of auto-ignition characteristics of methanol spray under different ambient oxygen volume fraction[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (3) : 211 -221 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503025
目前,航运业面临的能源短缺问题日益突出,燃用传统化石燃料所带来的碳排放量不断增加,发展低碳替代燃料刻不容缓[1].甲醇具有清洁燃烧、来源广泛和制备成本低等优点,在缸内直喷压燃式发动机中具有良好的应用发展前景[2-4].缸内直喷压燃模式具有燃料与空气混合时间短、混合与燃烧同时进行等特点[5].其中,燃料的雾化和着火对发动机的燃烧和排放等特性有重要影响[6].因此,有必要对甲醇喷雾自着火特性开展研究.
近年来,已有部分学者开展了甲醇喷雾自着火特性研究[7-10].杨长林等[7]在定容弹中开展了不同温度条件下甲醇喷雾自着火试验表明,甲醇喷雾着火延迟时间随着环境温度的升高而降低,且放热率峰值也随着环境温度的升高而增加.Kumar等[8]在快速压缩机上开展了甲醇自着火过程的可视化研究,并通过数值模拟仿真手段解析了甲醇燃烧的化学动力学过程表明,甲醇着火延迟时间随着环境氧体积分数的升高而降低.Ming等[9]通过光学测量手段在定容燃烧弹中观测了甲醇喷雾火焰结构发现,喷油质量的减少会导致喷雾火焰面积的减少,从而降低喷雾火焰燃烧的不稳定性.此外,美国Sandia实验室近期开展了甲醇喷雾自着火特性试验,测量了不同环境温度、不同氧体积分数下的着火延迟时间和火焰浮起长度,并将试验数据发表于Engine Combustion Network(ECN)数据库中[10],为甲醇喷雾数值模拟工作提供了验证依据.Sandia试验结果表明,环境温度和环境氧体积分数对甲醇喷雾自着火特性均存在显著影响.
由上述分析可知,研究人员已开展部分甲醇喷雾自着火特性试验,证实了环境氧体积分数对甲醇燃烧过程具有显著影响[10].此外,有研究[11]表明,环境氧体积分数是代表废气再循环(EGR)水平的一个直接相关变量,在降低污染物排放方面具有重要研究意义.通过研究不同环境氧体积分数下喷雾着火微观动力学过程,可以深入了解氧体积分数的变化对甲醇喷雾着火中间产物及污染物生成、燃烧速率和燃烧机理的影响规律.然而现有研究主要关注初始条件对着火延迟时间、火焰浮起长度和火焰面积的影响,关于不同环境氧体积分数下喷雾着火微观动力学过程的研究仍存在不足.鉴于试验测量手段的局限性,无法有效获取喷雾着火微观动力学过程的相关信息.因而有必要采用数值模拟手段开展更加深入、全面的研究.因此,笔者基于ECN试验工况,在计算流体动力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE中利用大涡模拟方法(LES)探究不同环境氧体积分数(10%、15%和21%)对甲醇喷雾着火延迟时间、火焰浮起长度、放热率、关键自由基分布和温度分布的影响.旨在揭示不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火规律,为纯甲醇在压燃式发动机中的应用提供参考.
数值模拟计算采用的基本控制方程包括连续性方程、动量方程、组分方程和能量方程[12].
选用LES方法描述定容燃烧弹内的湍流流动.采用单方程大涡模拟中Dynamic Structure模型[13]表征亚网格应力张量.亚网格的动能输运方程[14-15]为
∂k∂t+u˜i∂k∂xi=−τij∂u˜i∂xj−ε+∂∂xi(vtσk⋅∂k∂xi)
k=12(uiuj˜−u˜iu˜j)
ε=Cεk1.5/Δ
式中:ui、vt分别为速度、湍流黏度;k为亚网格动能;ε为亚网格耗散率;Cε为模型常数,设置为1;Δ为网格尺寸.
研究使用Frössling模型[16]模拟液滴的蒸发,选用无时间计数器(NTC)模型[17]模拟液滴间的碰撞.选择KH-RT模型[18]模拟燃油液滴的破碎,该模型的作用机制为:在小于特征破碎长度Lb的液滴破碎仅由KH机理决定,在大于Lb部分的液滴破碎由KH机理和RT机理同时作用.在KH破碎模型中,破碎液滴半径r和特征破碎时间τKH由式(5)和式(6)定义.在RT破碎模型中,当RT波的传播时间超过RT破碎时间τRT,就会发生液滴破碎.
Lb=Cbld0ρl/ρg
r=B0Λ KH
τKH=3.726B1r/Λ KHΩ KH
τRT=Cτ/Ω RT
式中:ρl、ρg分别为离散项(液)和连续项(气)密度;Cbl为破碎长度常数;d0为喷孔直径;Λ KH、ΩKH分别为波长和增长最快的KH表面波增长率;Cτ为RT破碎时间常数,Cτ=1.0;ΩRT为增长率;参考Salehi等[19]的模型设置:KH模型常数B0为0.61,B1为5.
喷雾燃烧过程采用SAGE模型进行预测[20],该模型可耦合详细的化学反应动力学机理对化学反应过程进行求解,在喷雾燃烧领域具有广泛应用.
表1为模型验证所参考的试验工况.工况1为Wang等[21]研究中的无反应甲醇喷雾试验工况,用来验证喷雾模型.定容燃烧弹几何模型也参考Wang等的试验装置进行设计,如图1所示.工况2~4为美国Sandia实验室ECN数据库中的甲醇高压喷雾着火试验工况[10],其试验工况按照发动机实际工作工况制定,用来验证燃烧模型.开展不同氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾自着火数值模拟中的工况则参考Sandia实验室试验工况设定,甲醇以116.3MPa的高压直接喷射入定容燃烧弹中,随后经历雾化、蒸发、混合和着火等过程.环境中的氧体积分数分别设置为21%、15%和10%,其他环境气体组分体积分数按照ECN试验工况进行设置,其他参数保持一致,具体模拟工况设置如表1中工况2、表2中工况5和工况6所示.
研究中网格无关性验证方法参见文献[6,22-23],首先选用4、3、2和1mm基础网格尺寸进行基础网格无关性验证.另外,无反应工况1下的气态贯穿距将作为验证喷雾网格无关性的代表性参数,气态贯穿距的定义为喷嘴轴线上甲醇气相质量分数达到0.1%的点到达喷嘴的轴线距离[10].基础网格无关性验证结果如图2(a)所示,基础网格尺寸为2mm与1mm得出的喷雾气态贯穿距预测结果较为接近,综合考虑计算成本和计算精度等要求,选取2mm的基础网格尺寸.在此基础上,分别进行了自适应网格尺寸为0.500、0.250、0.125和0.095mm的自适应网格(AMR)无关性验证见图2(b),从其模拟结果可以看出,自适应加密网格尺寸为0.125mm和0.095mm得出的喷雾气态贯穿距预测结果较为接近,综合考虑计算成本和计算精度,选取自适应网格尺寸为0.125mm.
在计算域内的网格划分如图3所示,采用2mm基础网格大小,在较高速度梯度和温度梯度的区域采用自适应网格加密技术,自适应加密等级设置为4级,最小网格为0.125mm.此外,有研究[24]表明,喷雾近喷嘴区域的发展会显著影响后续燃料的混合、破碎和蒸发等过程.为了提高模拟计算的精度,笔者模拟研究在喷雾近喷嘴区域采用4级固定加密,近喷嘴区域的最小网格大小为0.125mm.
此外,该模拟方法基于压力隐式算子分割算法求解输运方程.时间步长设置参考Wei等[23]的工作,其可变范围为10-8~10-7s,每个计算循环的时间步长基于库朗数求得.模型中最大对流库朗数、最大扩散库朗数和最大马赫库朗数分别设置为1.0、2.0和50.0.
规模适度、预测准确的化学反应动力学机理对于喷雾火焰数值计算至关重要.笔者首先选取3种被广泛应用的甲醇简化机理.其中Li机理[25]是以分层的方式开发,更新了Held等[26]的详细CH3OH氧化机理,包括21个组分、93步反应.Liang机理[27]是在AramcoMech 3.0[28]详细的化学反应机理的基础上简化而来,包括20个组分、74步反应.Lindstedt简化机理[29]是在总结先前已有的甲醇氧化机理的基础上开发而来,包括32个组分、167步反应.随后,通过由激波管测量的甲醇着火延迟时间数据[30]来验证并筛选出较为合适的机理.
对于着火延迟时间的0-D计算,其定义为温度对时间的一阶导数最大值对应的时刻.0-D计算结果如图4所示,3种化学反应机理中,Li机理和Liang机理的预测结果与试验结果最为接近,而Lindstedt机理对于着火延迟时间的预测存在较大偏差.
此外,为了进一步筛选出适用于甲醇喷雾燃烧的化学反应动力学机理,通过LES湍流模型耦合3种化学反应动力学机理,模拟甲醇喷雾自着火过程.着火延迟时间(IDT)和火焰浮起长度(FLOL)作为喷雾燃烧特性的代表性参数,其预测结果的准确性对喷雾火焰后续的发展有重要影响[31].为此,在工况2下进行了3种简化机理的IDT和FLOL模拟结果与试验值比较,以初步选出最优的机理.参考ECN推荐的喷雾燃烧数值模拟IDT和FLOL定义方法[10],其方法是:(1)IDT定义为OH质量分数首次达到稳定火焰形成后最大值OH质量分数的2%所对应的时间;(2)FLOL定义为喷雾轴向OH质量分数达到稳定火焰形成后OH质量分数最大值的2%处与喷嘴之间长度.
3种简化机理下IDT和FLOL预测结果与试验值[10]对比如图5所示.Li机理相比于其他两种机理而言,对于甲醇喷雾燃烧特性预测最为准确.
综上所述,初步选择Li机理作为模拟研究的化学反应动力学机理,随后在模型验证部分将对该机理在其他工况下的预测效果进行验证.
图6为工况1甲醇喷雾气态贯穿距模拟与试验结果[21]比较,模拟值略大于试验值,这是由于试验中喷雾末端气态甲醇密度与定容燃烧弹内背景气体密度相近,试验测量的结果偏小.整体而言,气态贯穿距的模拟与试验结果差异较小,误差控制在10%以内且其发展趋势具有良好的一致性,所以此喷雾模型可以较好地预测甲醇喷雾的宏观特性.
选用工况2~4下甲醇着火延迟时间和火焰浮起长度来验证燃烧模型.着火延迟时间模拟结果[10]如图7(a)所示,工况2和工况3的着火延迟时间的预测偏小,在工况4下,对于着火延迟时间的预测则偏高.其主要原因是:ECN试验工况2~4中没有严格控制氧体积分数作为单一变量,且每组工况下的试验偏差较大,导致数值模拟与试验结果趋势存在一定差异,但整体上对于着火延迟时间的预测较为准确,预测结果在试验偏差范围之内.火焰浮起长度的模拟与试验结果[10]如图7(b)所示,火焰浮起长度的模拟与试验结果误差小于4.6%,呈现较好的一致性.因此,该燃烧模型可以准确地预测甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性.
参见文献[32-33]的基于开源软件Cantara方法对三维CFD模拟结果进行瞬时反应路径分析.该方法的步骤是:(1)三维CFD模拟结果、化学反应机理及热力学数据的导入;(2)计算各种组分的生成与消耗速率、每个反应的正向和逆向反应速率;(3)导出计算结果进行分析.
着火延迟时间作为喷雾燃烧特性的重要参数,影响着后续喷雾燃烧及污染物排放等特性[34].初始条件的变化又显著影响燃料的着火延迟时间.图8为甲醇喷雾着火延迟时间随环境氧体积分数变化情况.随着环境氧体积分数的降低,甲醇喷雾的着火延迟时间增加.其原因是:环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时氧含量较为充足,雾化后的甲醇与氧气混合程度增强,有利于达到其所需的着火条件,较早出现着火;而环境氧体积分数为10%时,氧含量较为贫乏,甲醇-空气混合物达到着火条件的时刻出现显著的推迟,减缓了燃烧反应的发生.另外,环境氧体积分数由21%降至15%后,相应的着火延迟时间增大了约2.5%.而随着氧体积分数的进一步减小,10%氧体积分数下的着火延迟时间相较于15%工况则显著增加了约8.1%.因此,环境氧体积分数降低造成的着火延迟时间增大在低氧体积分数环境中更为显著.而对比环境氧体积分数对柴油着火延迟时间的影响发现[35],在环境氧体积分数为10%~21%时,柴油着火延迟时间改变较小.
图9为不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾燃烧放热率随时间变化过程.环境氧体积分数从21%降至15%后,放热率峰值降低约55.56%,而10%环境氧体积分数与15%工况下的放热率峰值相比则降低了约37.5%.由此可见,放热率峰值随着氧体积分数的降低而减小,且随着氧体积分数的进一步降低受到的抑制作用逐渐减弱.此外,随着氧体积分数的降低,放热率峰值对应的时刻越靠后.放热率峰值对应的时刻与甲醇喷雾的着火延迟时间呈现相同的规律,即环境氧体积分数在15%和21%时,放热率峰值对应的时刻相差不大,而环境氧体积分数在10%时,放热率峰值对应时刻出现显著的滞后.从放热量的角度观察,甲醇燃烧的放热量随着环境氧体积分数的降低而减少.出现上述现象是由于在较高环境氧体积分数下,甲醇较早达到燃烧条件,且在富氧条件下形成的可燃混合气较多,燃烧也较充分,从而导致了放热率峰值出现时刻较早,放热率峰值较高、放热量较大的现象.此外,与柴油双峰放热率曲线相比,甲醇放热率第二个峰呈现缓而长的特点.这是由于甲醇燃烧速度较慢,放热过程不集中,放热过程持续时间长,并且这一现象随着氧体积分数的降低而加剧.
图10为不同环境氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾燃烧场温度分布随时间变化过程.由于燃烧前期温度分布变化较为复杂,因而温度分布图像提取时刻从甲醇喷射后0.4ms开始,在0.4~0.7ms和1.0~2.5ms间提取的时间间隔分别设置为0.1ms和0.5ms.在不同环境氧体积分数条件下甲醇喷雾燃烧场温度分布呈现显著差异,即在环境氧体积分数分别为21%、15%和10%时,甲醇喷雾的高温区域分别达到2300~2600、2000~2300和1700~2000K.另外,甲醇喷雾高温区域分布位置的发展趋势也呈现较大差异.即环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,在燃烧前期(0.4~1.0ms)高温区域主要分布于喷雾轮廓处;而在燃烧后期(1.0~2.5ms)高温区域主要分布于喷雾头部.但环境氧体积分数为10%时,高温区域始终分布在喷雾轮廓处.结合图9分析造成喷雾燃烧场温度分布呈现差异性的原因是:在较高环境氧体积分数条件下,甲醇喷雾燃烧更充分,放出的热量更多且放热率较大,从而导致不同环境氧体积分数条件下温度分布出现较大差异.而在环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,喷雾轮廓处最早出现高温燃烧则是由于该区域首先达到甲醇燃烧条件,随着燃烧反应的进行,高温区域逐渐向喷雾头部发展.环境氧体积分数为10%时,高温区域始终分布于喷雾轮廓处则是由于环境氧体积分数过低,只有在喷雾轮廓处氧体积分数较高,燃烧相对更充分.
有研究[36]表明,甲醇发动机中非常规排放物CH2O显著多于传统柴油机.因此,为降低非常规排放物CH2O的生成,解析其时空分布特征受氧体积分数的影响规律十分必要.图11为不同环境氧体积分数下喷雾燃烧场中CH2O分布随时间的变化过程.由于在甲醇开始喷射0.25ms就已经出现了微量的CH2O,同时为了对比不同时刻下CH2O分布与温度分布之间的关系,因而对于CH2O分布图像的提取从0.25ms时刻开始,在0.40~0.70ms和1.00~2.50ms之间的时间间隔分别设置为0.10ms和0.50ms.
对比不同环境氧体积分数下CH2O分布可以发现,3种氧体积分数下CH2O分布呈现较大差异.在环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,CH2O质量分数在0.012以上的高浓度区域分布较多,而在环境氧体积分数为10%时,图11中只呈现出微量的红色斑点,表明此工况下高浓度CH2O分布较少.随着环境氧体积分数的减少,相同时刻下CH2O在喷雾径向上的分布范围逐渐变宽,而在喷雾轴向方向分布范围基本不变.这是由于在较低的环境氧体积分数下,靠近喷雾轮廓处氧含量相对较高,最终导致CH2O的生成逐渐向外围轮廓处发展.此外,还观察到CH2O的分布位置对应与图10中喷雾液核温度较低的区域.上述结果表明,随着环境氧体积分数的降低,CH2O的分布范围增大且分布更均匀.
图12为不同环境氧体积分数下CH2O生成量随时间变化.CH2O在着火开始后快速生成,随后CH2O的量开始减少,并在喷油持续期内保持相对稳定.CH2O量的升高表明,在计算域内CH2O的生成速率大于消耗速率,随后大约在0.6ms时刻,喷雾场中出现了大量高温反应,促进了CH2O的消耗,CH2O量开始降低,最终CH2O生成速率与消耗速率持平,CH2O生成量在较小的波动下保持稳定.其中,在环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,CH2O的量降低较多,并最终分别保持在0.018mg和0.012mg左右,而在环境氧体积分数为10%时,CH2O的量降低较少,并保持在0.034mg左右.与21%环境氧体积分数下CH2O生成量相比,随着氧体积分数的降低,CH2O的量在保持稳定后分别增加了50%和183.3%.这是由于CH2O主要生成于低温工况范围内,结合图10甲醇喷雾温度场分布分析,喷雾燃烧场温度随着氧体积分数的减少而降低,从而CH2O的生成量也逐渐增多.以上研究结果表明,低环境氧体积分数对CH2O的生成具有显著促进作用.另外,环境氧体积分数对甲醇喷雾场中CH2O的开始生成时刻几乎无影响.但对比柴油CH2O生成曲线图[35]发现,氧体积分数降低则导致柴油喷雾场中CH2O开始生成时刻显著推迟.
图13为不同氧体积分数下CH2O质量分数的当量比与温度散点,散点图分别取着火开始时刻、喷油结束时刻及中间时刻,图中虚线代表理论化学计量比.CH2O主要生成于当量比为2.25(当量比ϕ定义如式(8)所示)、温度区间为1000~1500K,且这一规律不会随着燃烧反应的进行而改变.与之不同的是,柴油燃烧生成CH2O的主要分布区域随着燃烧进行由稀燃料区(ϕ<1)向富燃料区(ϕ>1)转移[37].此外,随着氧体积分数降低,CH2O生成的温度区间范围变窄、当量比区间范围变宽,在燃料更富集(ϕ>2.5)的区域开始出现CH2O的分布.
ϕ=(XM/Xa)re/(XM/Xa)st
式中:X为物质的摩尔分数;下标M、a、re和st分别为甲醇、空气、理论和实际.
为了从化学反应动力学的角度分析着火时刻下CH2O的生成过程,有必要开展甲醇喷雾着火过程中CH2O的生成路径研究.首先基于开源软件Cantera计算了全局中各物质的净生成速率与各反应的净反应速率,随后得出各反应生成各物质的比例.图14为不同环境氧体积分数下开始着火时刻(0.53、0.56和0.62ms)影响CH2O生成的关键反应.筛选出了着火时刻生成CH2O占比大于5%的反应,分别为反应R59:CH2OH+M=CH2O+H+M、R64:CH2OH+ O2=CH2O+HO2和R71:CH3O+M=CH2O+H+M.反应R64生成CH2O占比最大,随后依次是反应R71和R59.另外,反应R59生成CH2O的占比随着氧体积分数的降低而增多,反应R64生成CH2O的占比则随着环境氧体积分数的降低而减少,反应R71受环境氧体积分数的影响较小.由上述分析可知,随着氧体积分数的降低,生成CH2O的路径占比逐渐从反应R64向反应R59转移.
OH作为喷雾燃烧反应过程中的关键自由基,对于碳烟的生成有重要的影响[38].此外,OH的生成表征着高温着火过程[39],有必要了解甲醇喷雾温度场与OH分布之间的关系.图15为不同氧体积分数下甲醇喷雾OH质量分数分布随时间的变化过程.由于在甲醇喷射0.45ms才出现OH,同时为了厘清OH质量分数分布与温度分布之间的关系,对于甲醇喷雾OH质量分数分布图像的提取从0.45ms开始,0.50~0.70ms的时间间隔设为0.10ms,1.00~2.50ms的时间间隔设置为0.50ms.在环境氧体积分数为15%和21%时,喷油开始后0.45~1.50ms OH主要分布于喷雾轮廓处;在1.50~2.50ms OH主要分布于喷雾头部区域.而在环境氧体积分数为10%时,OH始终分布于喷雾轮廓处,这与图10中高温区域的分布规律一致.这是由于OH主要生成于高温燃烧反应区,因而只有在高温区域才有OH的大量分布.此外,对比不同环境氧体积分数下OH分布可知,随着环境氧体积分数的降低,OH生成的量也显著降低.结合图10温度分布分析,这是由于甲醇喷雾在低环境氧体积分数下不能完全燃烧,放热不充分,燃烧温度整体较低.
图16为不同氧体积分数下OH质量分数的当量比与温度散点分布,散点分别取着火开始时刻、喷油结束时刻和中间时刻.在燃烧开始时刻附近(即t=0.5ms),OH在稀燃料区和富燃料区域都有大量分布,随着燃烧反应的进行,OH的分布逐渐偏向于稀燃料区域,这与柴油燃烧过程中OH的发展趋势较为一致[37].另外,OH生成量随着环境氧体积分数的降低而减少的现象,是由于低氧体积分数下燃烧温度较低,从而抑制了OH的生成.
图17为不同环境氧体积分数下开始着火时刻(0.53、0.56和0.62ms)时影响OH生成的关键反应.图中筛选出了着火时刻下生成OH占比大于5%的反应,分别为反应R1:H+O2=O+OH、R4:O+H2O=OH+OH、R15:HO2+H=OH+OH和R20:H2O2(+M)=OH+OH(+M).着火时刻下主要有4个反应生成OH,按照反应生成OH占比从高到低排列依次为反应R20、R1、R15和R4.其中,反应R4和R1生成OH占比随着环境氧体积分数的降低而减少,而反应R15和R20生成OH占比则随着环境氧体积分数的降低而增多.由上述分析可知,环境氧体积分数变化不会导致OH生成路径发生变化,且随着环境氧体积分数的降低,生成OH的反应R1和R4逐渐减弱,反应R15和R20逐渐增强.
基于CFD软件CONVERGE,利用大涡模拟的方法对环境温度为1200K、环境压力为7.77MPa条件下定容燃烧弹中甲醇喷雾自着火过程开展了数值模拟,重点探究了不同环境氧体积分数(21%、15%和10%)对甲醇喷雾自着火特性(着火延迟时间、放热率、温度分布、CH2O分布和OH分布)的影响,并结合现有文献中柴油燃烧特性开展了对比研究.具体结论如下:
(1) 环境氧体积分数降低,甲醇喷雾着火受到抑制,着火延迟时间增大;环境氧体积分数降低造成的着火延迟时间增大在低氧体积分数环境中更为显著.
(2) 随着环境氧体积分数的降低,放热率峰值显著降低,放热量减少;与柴油的双峰放热率曲线相比,甲醇放热率第二个峰呈现缓而长的特点.
(3) 在环境氧体积分数为21%、15%和10%时,甲醇喷雾燃烧温度分别达到2300~2600、2000~2300和1700~2000K;甲醇的高温区域分布也呈现较大差别,在环境氧体积分数为21%和15%时,高温区域是从喷雾轮廓处向喷雾头部发展,而环境氧体积分数为10%时,高温区域始终分布于喷雾轮廓处.
(4) 环境氧体积分数降低对CH2O的生成具有显著的促进作用;对比柴油着火特性,环境氧体积分数对甲醇喷雾中CH2O开始生成时刻几乎无影响,而环境氧体积分数降低则导致柴油喷雾中CH2O开始生成时刻显著推迟;随着氧体积分数的降低,CH2O生成的温度区间范围变窄、当量比区间范围变宽.
(5) 环境氧体积分数为15%和10%时,甲醇燃烧过程生成微量OH并且始终分布于甲醇喷雾轮廓处.
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项资助项目(2022YFB4301403)
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2025年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202503025
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
  • 修回日期:2025-02-19
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国家重点研发计划重点专项资助项目(2022YFB4301403)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430070
    2.船舶运输控制系统国家工程研究中心,上海 200135

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张尊华,博士,教授,.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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