Article(id=1325529203789287732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1724256000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960389324, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960389324, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960389324, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960389324, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=127, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529203961254197, articleId=1325529203789287732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic performance and exergy analysis of a two-stage turbocharged Miller-cycle diesel engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fourth stage of China’s fuel consumption limits for heavy-duty commercial vehicles has set higher requirements for the brake thermal efficiency(BTE). Based on a 7.7L diesel engine, a one-dimensional simulation was firstly conducted with experimental verification, and the mechanism of the influence of Miller-cycle coupling compression ratio on the BTE was explored through exergy analysis. The results indicate that the irreversible combustion loss and exhaust loss decrease with the increase of Miller degree. Under the equal torque conditions, an increase in the compression ratio can reduce the exhaust loss. The use of two-stage turbochargers increases the intake flow rate and total heat capacity in the cylinder, which helps to reduce the heat transfer loss and the exhaust loss. Under high combustion pressure targets, compared to the late intake valve closing strategy, the early intake valve closing scheme increases the heat transfer loss and exhaust loss. Then, an actual engine development plan was completed based on the above calculation results. Engine test was run under the speed of 1200r/min and the torque of 1200N·m. The BTE increases by 4.0% and the brake specific fuel consumption rate(BSFC) decreases by 16g/(kW·h), when the intake valve closing angle is delayed by 40°CA, the compression ratio is increased from 17.2 to 20.5 and the peak combustion pressure is increased from 16.5MPa to 25.0MPa.

, authors=Yi Wang1, Guanzhang He2, Tiejian Lin2, Haozhong Huang1, Xiaoyu Guo1, Kongzhao Xing1, authorsList=Yi Wang, Guanzhang He, Tiejian Lin, Haozhong Huang, Xiaoyu Guo, Kongzhao Xing, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haozhong Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529206549139790, articleId=1325529203789287732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=两级增压米勒循环柴油机的热力学性能及㶲分析, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四阶段《重型商用车辆燃料消耗量限值》对柴油机有效热效率(BTE)提出了更高的要求.基于一台7.7L柴油机进行了一维仿真和试验验证,并通过㶲分析探讨了米勒循环耦合压缩比对有效热效率的影响机制.结果表明:随着米勒度的增加,不可逆燃烧损失和排出损失降低.在等转矩条件下,压缩比的提高可以减小排出损失.两级增压器的使用提高了进气流量,缸内总热容增大,有利于降低传热损失和排出损失.在高爆压目标下,相比晚关策略,进气门早关方案的传热损失和排出损失增加.根据计算结果完成了实际方案开发,在转速为1200r/min、转矩为1200N·m工况下,当进气门关闭角延后40°CA、压缩比由17.2提高至20.5且爆压由16.5MPa提升至25.0MPa时,有效热效率提升了4.0%,燃油消耗率(BSFC)降低了16g/(kW·h).

, authors=王毅1, 何冠璋2, 林铁坚2, 黄豪中1, 郭晓宇1, 邢孔钊1, authorsList=王毅, 何冠璋, 林铁坚, 黄豪中, 郭晓宇, 邢孔钊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄豪中, authorNote=

王毅,博士研究生,.

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黄豪中,博士,教授,.
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language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=压缩比), Keyword(id=1325529209137025404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=㶲分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1325529212119175583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=53, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Mokkapati V, Lin C S, journalName=International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mokkapati V,Lin C S. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529211217400212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, label=图12, caption=最终方案的计算值和试验值对比, figureFileSmall=WiNxXSbBh7ALK4N1pjBZVQ==, figureFileBig=sYVDWpDP0bJNwUHOb1uF3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325529211288703381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engine specifications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
缸径/mm110
活塞行程/mm135
排量/L7.7
压缩比17.2
燃烧室ω型
标定转速/(r·min-1)2200
进气门最大升程/mm12.00
排气门最大升程/mm12.94
进气门开启时刻/(°)CA348
进气门关闭时刻/(°)CA559
排气门开启时刻/(°)CA126.5
排气门关闭时刻/(°)CA376.5
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211376783766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发动机主要技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
缸径/mm110
活塞行程/mm135
排量/L7.7
压缩比17.2
燃烧室ω型
标定转速/(r·min-1)2200
进气门最大升程/mm12.00
排气门最大升程/mm12.94
进气门开启时刻/(°)CA348
进气门关闭时刻/(°)CA559
排气门开启时刻/(°)CA126.5
排气门关闭时刻/(°)CA376.5
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211452281239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of calculation and experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数计算值试验值误差/%
转矩/(N·m)1200.01200.5<1
进气压力/kPa241.4241.6<1
进气温度/℃35350
排气背压/kPa12.913.0<1
左涡前压力/kPa257.9257.3<1
右涡前压力/kPa252.4252.3<1
爆发压力/MPa16.6116.51<1
EGR率/%4.815.00<1
BSFC/(g·kW-1·h-1)192.6192.5<1
BTE/%43.5343.55<1
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211531973016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算值与试验值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数计算值试验值误差/%
转矩/(N·m)1200.01200.5<1
进气压力/kPa241.4241.6<1
进气温度/℃35350
排气背压/kPa12.913.0<1
左涡前压力/kPa257.9257.3<1
右涡前压力/kPa252.4252.3<1
爆发压力/MPa16.6116.51<1
EGR率/%4.815.00<1
BSFC/(g·kW-1·h-1)192.6192.5<1
BTE/%43.5343.55<1
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211607470489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Research schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数计算范围步长数量
压缩比17~2115
EIVC/(°)CA0~4059
LIVC/(°)CA0~4059
爆压/MPa17~25403
增压系统单级增压系统,两级增压系统
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211674579354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数计算范围步长数量
压缩比17~2115
EIVC/(°)CA0~4059
LIVC/(°)CA0~4059
爆压/MPa17~25403
增压系统单级增压系统,两级增压系统
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211750076827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of calculation and experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数原始计算值试验值
BSFC/(g·kW-1·h-1)179.7176.6
BTE/%46.747.5
Ebw/%43.7144.78
Epw/%0.660.19
Efw/%1.632.10
Eht/%12.1010.87
Eib/%15.8216.86
Eex/%24.1823.30
), ArticleFig(id=1325529211833962908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529203789287732, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

计算值与试验值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数原始计算值试验值
BSFC/(g·kW-1·h-1)179.7176.6
BTE/%46.747.5
Ebw/%43.7144.78
Epw/%0.660.19
Efw/%1.632.10
Eht/%12.1010.87
Eib/%15.8216.86
Eex/%24.1823.30
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两级增压米勒循环柴油机的热力学性能及㶲分析
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王毅 1 , 何冠璋 2 , 林铁坚 2 , 黄豪中 1 , 郭晓宇 1 , 邢孔钊 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 127-135
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 127 -135
两级增压米勒循环柴油机的热力学性能及㶲分析
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王毅1 , 何冠璋2, 林铁坚2, 黄豪中1 , 郭晓宇1, 邢孔钊1
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学机械工程学院,南宁 530004
  • 2.广西玉柴机器集团有限公司,玉林 537000
通讯作者:
黄豪中,博士,教授,.
作者简介:

王毅,博士研究生,.

Thermodynamic performance and exergy analysis of a two-stage turbocharged Miller-cycle diesel engine
Yi Wang1 , Guanzhang He2, Tiejian Lin2, Haozhong Huang1 , Xiaoyu Guo1, Kongzhao Xing1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Guangxi University,Nanning 530004,China
  • 2.Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited,Yulin 537000,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502015
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四阶段《重型商用车辆燃料消耗量限值》对柴油机有效热效率(BTE)提出了更高的要求.基于一台7.7L柴油机进行了一维仿真和试验验证,并通过㶲分析探讨了米勒循环耦合压缩比对有效热效率的影响机制.结果表明:随着米勒度的增加,不可逆燃烧损失和排出损失降低.在等转矩条件下,压缩比的提高可以减小排出损失.两级增压器的使用提高了进气流量,缸内总热容增大,有利于降低传热损失和排出损失.在高爆压目标下,相比晚关策略,进气门早关方案的传热损失和排出损失增加.根据计算结果完成了实际方案开发,在转速为1200r/min、转矩为1200N·m工况下,当进气门关闭角延后40°CA、压缩比由17.2提高至20.5且爆压由16.5MPa提升至25.0MPa时,有效热效率提升了4.0%,燃油消耗率(BSFC)降低了16g/(kW·h).

柴油机  /  两级增压  /  米勒循环  /  压缩比  /  㶲分析

The fourth stage of China’s fuel consumption limits for heavy-duty commercial vehicles has set higher requirements for the brake thermal efficiency(BTE). Based on a 7.7L diesel engine, a one-dimensional simulation was firstly conducted with experimental verification, and the mechanism of the influence of Miller-cycle coupling compression ratio on the BTE was explored through exergy analysis. The results indicate that the irreversible combustion loss and exhaust loss decrease with the increase of Miller degree. Under the equal torque conditions, an increase in the compression ratio can reduce the exhaust loss. The use of two-stage turbochargers increases the intake flow rate and total heat capacity in the cylinder, which helps to reduce the heat transfer loss and the exhaust loss. Under high combustion pressure targets, compared to the late intake valve closing strategy, the early intake valve closing scheme increases the heat transfer loss and exhaust loss. Then, an actual engine development plan was completed based on the above calculation results. Engine test was run under the speed of 1200r/min and the torque of 1200N·m. The BTE increases by 4.0% and the brake specific fuel consumption rate(BSFC) decreases by 16g/(kW·h), when the intake valve closing angle is delayed by 40°CA, the compression ratio is increased from 17.2 to 20.5 and the peak combustion pressure is increased from 16.5MPa to 25.0MPa.

diesel engine  /  two-stage turbocharged  /  Miller cycle  /  compression ratio  /  exergy analysis
王毅, 何冠璋, 林铁坚, 黄豪中, 郭晓宇, 邢孔钊. 两级增压米勒循环柴油机的热力学性能及㶲分析. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 127 -135 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502015
Yi Wang, Guanzhang He, Tiejian Lin, Haozhong Huang, Xiaoyu Guo, Kongzhao Xing. Thermodynamic performance and exergy analysis of a two-stage turbocharged Miller-cycle diesel engine[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 127 -135 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502015
随着化石能源的枯竭以及人类对环境的重视,近年来各国颁布了更加严苛的法规,以限制发动机排放.2020年,中国提出“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,标志着中国能源产业进入低碳化发展阶段.轻型车辆的电气化被认为是大幅降低温室气体排放的主要途径,但实际上在船舶、陆地长途运输、工程机械和发电站等领域,柴油机的作用仍无可替代.
在柴油机中,CO2排放与燃油消耗率呈正比关系[1].目前,中国已全面实施三阶段《重型商用车辆燃料消耗量限值》[2],且在2022年提出了四阶段草案,要求重型商用车燃料消耗量在三阶段限值的基础上继续降低15%[3].因此,作为重型车辆的主要动力源,柴油机需要进一步优化,从而提高有效热效率(BTE)、降低燃油消耗率(BSFC)和碳排放.米勒循环[4]、高压缩比[5]和两级涡轮增压[6]等技术作为提高热效率的有效方式,也逐步应用在柴油机上.
米勒循环通过进气门关闭正时(IVC)的提前(EIVC)或推迟(LIVC),实现非对称循环,形成膨胀比大于压缩比的局面[7].采用米勒循环后发动机的有效压缩比(ECR)减小,从而降低了NOx排放[8].此外,米勒循环较长的膨胀行程也有利于CO的继续氧化[9],但米勒循环在实际应用中也存在一些不足.主国强等[10]研究表明,在发动机转速为1800r/min条件下,EIVC100造成进气量下降22.34%,导致功率输出降低.因此,在采用米勒循环时,一般会结合涡轮增压系统,以保证充足的进气流量.
两级涡轮增压系统由两台大小不等的增压器串联构成,可以实现全工况范围内增压器和柴油机的良好匹配.Lee等[11]采用一台带两级增压和废气再循环(EGR)系统的柴油机进行台架试验.在转速为1800r/min、有效功率为100kW工况且EGR阀完全打开时,发动机的进气压力和EGR率分别达到210kPa和25%.李先南等[12]在标定转速下进行试验,结果表明:相比单级增压系统,采用两级增压系统后整机功率提高了13.6%,燃油消耗率降低了11.6g/(kW·h),且NOx排放降低了11.8%.对于重型商用车,单级增压系统无法满足高原、高寒等复杂环境下的进气需求.随着油耗法规的日益严苛,两级增压系统将成为车用柴油机的主流.
尽管米勒循环有利于降低NOx排放,但米勒循环相比奥托循环没有明显的热效率提升.Rinaldini等[13]通过流体动力学(CFD)仿真探讨了米勒循环对直喷柴油机性能的影响,发现燃油效率恶化了2%.Miklanek等[14]认为采用米勒循环降低了ECR,使得压缩终了时刻缸内的温度下降,从而减缓了燃烧速度,热效率降低.为了保证米勒循环的优势,增大几何压缩比(GCR)是最直接有效的方法.赵自庆等[15]将压缩比从11.5提高至17.0,整机热效率提高了1%左右.李军成等[16]研究发现,采用压缩比为18.6的燃烧室时,BSFC和NOx排放分别降低了1.42%和4.58%.GCR的提高弥补了米勒循环造成的ECR降幅,且加强了缸内气流运动,有利于提高热效率;但随着GCR的不断增加,缸内燃烧愈加粗暴,NOx和碳烟排放将产生恶化[17].因此,压缩比和米勒循环的协调开发必不可少.
目前,关于米勒循环的研究主要集中在发动机的燃烧和排放性能上,对米勒循环耦合高压缩比对柴油机热力学性能的分析较少.特别是在采用两级增压器的情况下,进气压力得到了保证,有必要将米勒循环和高压缩比结合起来,分析二者耦合作用对发动机热效率的影响.基于此,笔者前期采用AVL-Boost软件进行一维热力学仿真,在确定实施方案后进行了台架试验,以验证方案的可行性.针对研究结果,从㶲平衡的角度探讨各方案的差异,明确米勒循环和GCR对热效率的影响机理,以期为柴油机经济性优化提供参考.
原始机型为一台直列、6缸的7.7L单级增压柴油机,表1为发动机主要技术参数.
试验在AVL交流电力测功机台架上进行,采用进气空调系统将进气温度、湿度及压力分别维持为25±1℃、50%±3%和100±1kPa,以保证进气条件稳定.喷油参数通过INCA软件和电子控制单元(ECU)进行调整.在压气机、中冷器和涡轮机等部件的下游位置安装有压力和温度传感器,在进气管内设有气体流量计.气缸中安装有Kistler压力传感器,缸压信号经电荷放大器传输至计算机.燃油测控仪中具有高精度的燃油流量计,可以测得柴油流量并计算得到BSFC.
研究基于单级增压和两级增压进行.最终方案所采用的发动机由原始发动机改造而成,用两级增压系统取代了原始的单级增压系统,并替换了活塞和凸轮轴.图1为两级增压发动机试验系统.原始机型不具有增压器2和级间中冷器,空气经增压器1后直接进入中冷器,而排气支管则直接连通增压器1的涡轮机,废气在通过废气阀后流入排气管.
试验过程中转速稳定为1200r/min,保持60%负荷(转矩为1200N·m).原始方案的循环喷油量为136.8mg,喷油起始时刻(SOI)为-7.8°CA ATDC,喷油持续期为19°CA,轨压为103.9MPa.试验进行300次循环,然后将最终收集的数据进行集合平均,以保证数据精度.此外还进行了倒拖试验,以得到摩擦平均有效压力.
根据所用试验系统,利用AVL-boost[18]建立了整机一维热力学计算模型.该模型包含进/排气系统、增压系统、EGR系统、控制系统、气缸和中冷器.在单级增压模式的基础上,引入了一个额外的涡轮增压器,并配备了级间中冷器,与原有增压器串联形成两级增压系统.
各部分结构参数、环境参数、增压进气压力及喷油量等条件根据实际情况进行设置,增压器的性能Map由制造商提供.缸内燃烧和放热模式分别采用AVL MCC模型、AVL 2000传热模型[18-19].最终,通过调节缸内燃烧过程、增压压力和缸内传热损失系数完成计算模型的校准.表2为部分主要参数的试验值和计算值对比,两者间的最大误差(以试验值为基准)小于3%.
图2为缸内压力和放热率(HRR)的试验值和仿真值.可知,二者之间的偏差不超过5%,证明该模型的精度较高,可以准确预测发动机的热力学性能.
研究中同时进行了进气门早关和晚关的计算.以活塞压缩行程上止点为0点,则试验发动机的IVC=559°CA,即下止点后19°CA,将原始气门型线命名为IVC559.40°CA的IVC提前、延后分别命名为EIVC40、LIVC40.图3为不同米勒循环策略的气门升程.其中,LIVC型线的最大升程与原始型线保持不变,按IVC晚关角将下降沿整体延后;而EIVC型线由boost设计得到,在提前IVC的同时将下降沿前移并降低气门升程.LIVC40(优化)是最终确定的方案,并不参与前期计算过程.
压缩比和IVC的改变会影响到燃烧性能,因而笔者对缸内爆压(峰值燃烧压力(PCP))进行了控制.表3为整体研究方案,在不同增压方式、爆压条件下分别进行了GCR耦合米勒循环的全因子计算.后续过程中,以两级E40+G21.0+P25.0表示两级增压模式、EIVC40、GCR=21.0且爆压为25.0MPa的方案.以表1中试验发动机参数为原方案,根据命名规则,原方案为E0+G17.2+P16.9.在计算过程中,保持喷油压力不变,AVL-boost软件会自动控制喷油量和SOI,以保证和爆压达到设定的目标值,并考虑爆压对摩擦功的影响.
由于燃烧过程中产生的不可逆损失在第一定律中无法体现,因而使用热力学第二定律对燃烧过程进行分析.第二定律分析的关键是㶲,一般也称作可用性.通过对㶲的分析,研究每个能量流产生功的能力,可以明确发动机能量损失的主要来源.以柴油机从进气到排气的整个开口系统作为研究对象,进入柴油机的能量项目包含进气焓和燃油化学能,由此建立能量平衡方程,即
Ein+Ef=Ebw+Eml+Eht+Eex+Eib+Erel
式中:E为㶲值;下标f为燃油,bw、ml分别为输出功、机械损失,ht为传热,in、ex分别为进/排气,ib为燃烧不可逆性,rel为剩余能量.燃油㶲[19]的计算式为
Ef=mfef
ef=LHV[1.04+0.17MHbMCa+0.04MOcMCa+  0.22MSdMCa(1−2.06MHbMCa)]
式中:mf为喷油量;LHV为燃油的低热值;ef为燃料化学㶲.化学式为CaHbOcSd的一般液体燃料可通过式(3)进行计算,MHb/MCa为H和C的摩尔质量之比.由于式(3)未考虑其他化学特性,仅与LHV和化学式有关;而正庚烷和柴油的LHV非常接近,因而使用正庚烷的化学式C7H16和柴油的LHV为42.8MJ/kg来计算ef.
机械损失主要考虑泵气功Epw和摩擦功Efw,并直接以做功公式进行计算,即
Ebw=2πn60⋅10−3⋅Ttq⋅3 600
Eml=Efw+Epw
Epw=∫ 180°  CA IVCpcy ldV
Efw=∮pcy ldV−Ebw
式中:n为转速;Ttq为转矩;pcyl和V分别为瞬时缸内压力和气缸容积.
Eht主要与燃烧时向壁面的传热量有关[18-19],即
Eht=fc⋅Aw⋅aw⋅(Tcyl−Tw)(1−T0/Tcyl)
式中:fc、aw分别为缸内传热因子、对流换热系数;Aw为缸套传热面积;Tw为壁面温度;Tcyl、T0分别为瞬时缸内温度和下止点温度.进/排气的热机械㶲根据流量m¯、比焓h和比熵s计算[19],有
Ex=m¯x⋅[(hx−h0)−T0(sx−s0)]
式中:下标x为进气或排气,其中Ein很小,可以忽略.根据相关研究[20],超过90%的不可逆损失是由燃烧引起的,燃烧不可逆性[19]可表示为
dEibdφ=−T0Tcyl∑jμjdmjdφ
式中:φ为曲轴转角;下标j为所有的反应物和生成物;µj为比热力学能,对于燃油,有µj=ef.
其余损失都归入到剩余能量中,即
Erel=Ef−(Eht+Ebw+Epw+Efw+Eib+Eex)
每一项㶲的占比为
ηi=Ei/Ef
图4为不同工况下单个工作循环的进/排气道流量.可知,当进气门提前关闭时,由于气门升程的降低,进气过程中瞬时流量减少;而随着IVC的推迟,进气出现明显的回流现象.根据计算结果,相比原方案,采用E40和L40分别使发动机进气流量减少了25.70%和4.95%.在采用两级增压器后,发动机的进气压力提升,进气流量曲线上移,最大瞬时进气流量相比原方案提升了33.50%.此外,较大的进气压力也减弱了气门升程的影响,两级增压模式下E40方案的进气流量仅比L40小5.70%.
在整个循环过程中,进气流量曲线的波动较小,而排气流量曲线存在明显波动.排气压力波在排气系统中以纵波的形态进行传播,受到排气系统结构的影响产生反射[19].因此,在反射形成的负波影响下,排气流量曲线呈压力波形态,在排气行程中期有短时间波动,之后趋于平稳.在膨胀行程下止点后(图4中200°~210°CA范围内),排气道压力高于缸内压力,导致气缸重新吸气[20],该时段排气流量为负.两级增压系统的应用使得缸内气体工质增加,排气道压力和流量均有一定提升.相比原方案,两级增压L40方案的涡轮入口压力提高了101kPa.
图5示出目标爆压为17.0MPa时不同方案的SOI.可以发现,SOI随着GCR的增加而延后,L0+G21.0的SOI为-2.4°CA ATDC.GCR增大会提高压缩阶段的压力和温度,影响燃油蒸发速率ve[18],即
ve=0.703 53⋅{Tc/[pc⋅exp(4  159/Tc)]}
式中:Tc、pc分别为喷油时的缸内温度和压力.在高压缩比条件下,保持相同的SOI,Tc升高有助于燃油的蒸发,使得燃烧速率加快并导致爆压提升.因此,为了达到17.0MPa的目标值,软件控制SOI延后以推迟燃烧的发生.LIVC的应用减少了缸内工质,pc和Tc降低,则需提前喷油以达到目标爆压.
图6为BTE随EIVC和压缩比的变化.图6(a)中,压缩比与BTE之间呈良好的正向关系,而热效率随EIVC的变化趋势则受到爆压的影响.若爆压控制为17.0MPa,进气门提前关闭有助于提高BTE;而在21.0MPa的爆压目标下,BTE则随IVC的提前呈先轻微增加后减小的趋势.此外,高压缩比的应用可以减弱EIVC对BTE的影响.在G21.0+P21.0条件下,IVC提前20°CA仅使得BTE增加了0.1%,继续提前20°CA则导致BTE降低0.4%.在低压缩比条件下,过度的进气门早关将造成BTE急剧减小,E40+G17.0+P25.0工况的BTE降低至39.2%,相比原方案下降4.3%.
图6(b)中,采用两级增压系统后进气压力显著上升,低压级和高压级压气机的耦合增压比大于2.8,使得压缩压力显著提升,部分工况的压缩压力已超过17.0MPa,无法实现设定的低爆压目标.在E0+G21.0工况,可达到的最低爆压约为20.0MPa.
此外,在两级增压模式下,BTE和压缩比间也呈良好的正向关系,但与单级增压模式不同,此时热效率随IVC的提前而增大.在G21.0+P21.0条件下,IVC提前40°CA使BTE增加了1.1%.爆压控制为25.0MPa,E30+G21.0方案使BTE提高至46.4%.
图7为采用不同增压模式时LIVC对BTE的影响.对比图7和图6可知,BTE随LIVC的变化趋势与EIVC相似.单级增压模式下,若爆压保持为17.0MPa,LIVC的增加有助于热效率提升;若爆压为25.0MPa,LIVC会对热效率产生不良影响.相同条件下采用进气门晚关策略更有利于提升热效率,该现象在低压缩比工况表现得十分明显.在G17.0+P25.0条件下,L40方案的BTE相比E40方案提升了1.3%.单级增压模式下,LIVC可实现的最大热效率为45.0%,与进气门早关方案相当.
两级增压模式下,BTE随进气门晚关角的增加而增大.在爆压为17.0MPa和21.0MPa时,LIVC对热效率的影响程度小于EIVC方式,相同工况的BTE也更低.当爆压为25.0MPa时,LIVC策略更为有利.根据计算结果,L40+G21.0+P25.0工况的热效率为46.8%,高于EIVC方式的最大BTE.
原方案为E0+G17.2+P16.9(工况1),为了明确米勒度和压缩比对BTE的影响机理,笔者选取了最大压缩比工况(单级E0+G21.0+P17.0,工况2)和最大米勒度工况(单级L40+G17.0+P17.0,工况3);选取不同模式的最大热效率工况:单级L30+G21.0+P21.0(工况4)和两级L40+G21.0+P25.0(工况5)以分析热效率提升的原因;选取两级E40+G21.0+P25.0(工况6)和工况5对比,分析LIVC和EIVC的区别.通过不同方案分析2.3节和2.4节中所述现象产生的原因.图8为不同工况的缸内压力和放热率,图9为相应的燃烧特征参数.
图8中,随压缩比增加,压缩压力明显增大.由于压缩比增大后,软件自动控制SOI延后以达到设定的目标爆压,造成放热率曲线整体后移[21].此时主体燃烧在活塞下行过程中进行,CA50(放热量达到50%对应的曲轴转角)相对滞后,燃烧等容度较小,但缸内压力下降的趋势也相对缓慢.当IVC早关角或晚关角较大时,软件也自动控制SOI提前使燃烧更早进行,因而CA50提前,燃烧持续期缩短(图9).
两级增压系统的应用可以改善因工质减少导致的压力损失,使得米勒循环方案的压缩终了温度提高,燃油更易受热蒸发,有利于缩短滞燃期.两级L40相比单级L40方案,CA50提前,并实现了更大的爆压目标,增强了做功能力,可获得更高的热效率.此外,由于E40方案的进气量少于L40方案,后者的压缩压力和温度较低.燃料燃烧前需要更长的物理准备时间,滞燃期延长,预混比例增加,且滞燃期内积累了更多的混合油、气,从而增大了初期燃烧速度和放热率峰值.
图10为不同方案下的缸内平均温度.可以发现,米勒循环和两级增压系统的使用降低了压缩行程前期的缸内温度,但最大降幅不超过20K.一方面,米勒循环减少了进气流量,使得膨胀行程增加,而空气在活塞下行期间预膨胀冷却,导致缸内温度降低;另一方面,采用两级增压模式后,压气机Map得到优化,且各方案均工作在高效区内.根据计算结果,两级L40方案的高、低压级压气机效率分别为80.5%和75.4%,而单级L40方案的压气机效率仅为72.9%,因而两级增压模式有效降低了进气温度.在压缩行程后期,高压缩比方案的缸内温度升高,在SOI时接近甚至超过了原方案.
燃烧重心越靠近上止点,燃烧等容度越大,在相同时间内可以释放更多的热量.单级增压模式下,L30+G21.0+P17.0方案的CA50最为提前,缸内平均燃烧温度明显高于其余方案,超过2100K.对比两级L40与单级L30方案可知,尽管前者的CA50更接近上止点,但其燃烧温度较低,其原因在于:根据热力学第一定律,燃烧过程中(闭口系)的温度变化∆T与放热量Qf、对外做功Qw、传热量Qht以及总热容∑mkCv, k有关[22],即
ΔT=Qf−Qw−Qht∑mkCv, k
式中:Cv, k为定容比热容,下标k为组分,包含空气、EGR和燃油等.在控输出转矩一致的前提下,热效率的增加代表Qf减少,且采用两级增压系统后进气流量增加,因而∆T减小.此外,由于燃烧放热主要集中在上止点附近,而总放热量降低,因而两级增压模式下燃烧中、后期的缸内温度显著减小.由计算结果可知,两级L40+G21.0+P25.0方案(工况5)的涡轮机前排气温度相比原方案降低了105K.
图11为不同方案的㶲值占比.根据式(2)和式(3)可知,燃油㶲值高于燃油能量,因而图12中输出功的㶲值占比小于热效率(能量占比),但仍可根据Ebw占比来分析BTE的变化原因.选取转速为1200r/min工况,由原方案结果可知,其机械损失占比小于2.0%,因而各方案的Eml占比变化不大,最大增幅不超过0.3%.其余损失Erel包含漏气损失、不完全燃烧损失等,其占比也小于2.0%.因此,Eml和Erel并不是影响BTE的主要因素.
燃烧温度的降低有利于减少传热损失,但图10显示压缩比对燃烧温度的影响较小,因而传热损失的变化并不明显.燃烧不可逆损失一般被认为是由反应气体向未燃区传热引起的[20].G21.0方案的燃烧持续期较长,燃烧反应速度较慢,向未燃区的传热量更多;但因为该方案的燃烧温度较低,其Eib相比原方案增幅仅为0.1%.随着压缩比的增加,膨胀行程中缸内压力有所增加,在输出功一致的前提下,有助于减小喷油量,即燃油㶲值减少,因而Ebw占比增加.喷油量减少后缸内放热量降低,单位气体的能量(比焓)减小,排气焓流降低,Eex相比原方案减小了0.54%.
随着IVC延后,燃烧温度提升明显,传热损失占比增加了1.2%,而不可逆燃烧损失表现出降低趋势.一方面,单级L40+G17.0方案的燃烧持续期缩短,燃料的快速燃烧有助于减少Eib;另一方面,进气回流导致缸内气体工质降低,由式(10)可知,反应物热力学能是不可逆燃烧损失的重要组分部分,因而两者相互作用下Eib降低了0.6%.此外,气体工质降低也使得排气流量减小,从而降低了排出损失.总体来看,单级L40+G17.0方案在17.0MPa的爆压目标下有助于增大输出功占比,尽管增幅并不明显.对于单级L30+G21.0+P21.0方案(工况4),尽管传热损失相比单级L40+G17.0+P17.0(工况3)进一步增加,但不可逆损失和排出损失有更大的降幅,从而获得更高的热效率.
米勒循环与两级增压结合使用,会导致排气温度降低而排气流量增大.计算模型在第1缸排气歧管处有测点,结果显示原方案(工况1)和两级L40+G21.0+P25.0方案(工况5)在测点处的排气焓分别为715.6kJ/kg和526.4kJ/kg,而单缸排气流量分别为117.5kg/h和122/h.相比原方案(工况1),两级L40+G21.0+P25.0方案(工况5)的排气焓大幅减少,Eex占比减小6.0%.考虑到燃烧中、后期阶段两级L40方案的缸内温度下降明显,且燃烧持续期缩短,已燃区向未燃区的传热量呈降低趋势,两级L40方案的Eib占比相比原方案降低了0.6%.此外,该方案的喷油量减少,整体放热量下降明显,从而降低了缸内燃烧过程中的焓和熵增,由此可知Eib和排气焓是降低的.对于E40方案,其燃烧温度相比L40方案更高,传热损失增加,而工质的减少使得不可逆燃烧损失降低.在高爆压目标下Eht的增幅较大,EIVC策略的热效率低于LIVC策略;而在低爆压目标下,燃烧温度差距减小,结果相反.
可知,米勒循环的采用降低了不可逆燃烧损失和排出损失,但使得传热损失增加.在低爆压条件下,传热损失的占比较小,Eht的增量小于Eib和Eex的总降幅,有利于热效率提升;而在高爆压条件下,传热损失的增量更高,导致热效率降低.采用两级增压器后,缸内燃烧温度低,米勒循环带来的传热损失增量较小,在最高爆压为25.0MPa的条件下仍有利于热效率提升.因此,图6和图7中显示单级增压模式下过大的爆压目标和米勒度会对热效率产生负面影响,而在双增压模式下则呈相反的趋势.
根据计算结果,笔者选取两级L40+G21.0+P25.0方案(工况5)进行发动机开发,以确定该方案的可行性.由于存在加工误差,实际发动机压缩比为20.5.为了减小凸轮轴落座加速度,笔者优化设计了气门型线,即图4中的LIVC40(优化).最终按照实际方案进行了重新计算,得到原始计算值,并根据试验结果重新标定模型得到标定计算值,如图12所示.可知,试验值与计算值的缸内压力表现出良好的一致性,且标定计算值的放热率与试验值基本一致.原始计算值的放热率峰值较大,但燃烧后期阶段的放热率较小,这可能是原始计算预混燃烧比例大、燃烧速率快所导致的.图12中,最大放热率的原始计算值与试验值差距约为11%,在可接受范围内,由此可以判定仿真计算过程是可靠的.
对于宏观性能,BTE试验值达到47.5%,相比优化前提高了4.0%.发动机燃油消耗率下降至176.6g/ (kW·h),相比原机降幅达16.0g/(kW·h).表4为原始计算值与试验值的性能和㶲值占比.试验值在泵气损失、传热和排出损失等方面均有所优化,而其摩擦功占比提升.可知,开发方案的效果十分优良,可以有效提高实际发动机的热效率.
(1) 当采用相同的增压模式时,随着IVC的延后,进气量减少,燃烧温度提升,导致传热损失占比增加,而不可逆燃烧损失和排出损失则表现出降低的趋势;在单级增压+G17.0+P17.0条件下,IVC延后40°CA仅使得BTE增加了0.4%.
(2) 在单级增压模式下,采用米勒循环后进气量不足,会导致压缩压力和温度降低,而采用高压缩比可以弥补上述参数的损失;在相同爆压条件下,GCR的提高有助于减小排出损失;此外,在输出功一致的前提下,爆压升高可以降低喷油量,进一步提升热效率;单级增压L30+G21.0+P21.0方案(工况5)的BTE可以达到45.0%.
(3) 将单级增压系统改造为两级增压系统,可降低排气温度和排出损失;两级L40+G21.0+P25.0方案(工况5)与原方案(工况1)相比,排气温度降低了105K,排出损失占比减小了6.0%;在爆压目标为25.0MPa下,相比L40方案,E40方案的传热损失占比增加了0.8%,故后者的热效率减小了0.5%.
(4) 根据计算结果和实际开发,最终优化方案采用两级增压模式,将IVC延后至599°CA,增大压缩比至20.5,并提高爆压至25.0MPa;台架试验结果显示两级增压方案效果显著,相比原机型的BTE提升了4.0%,BSFC降低了16g/(kW·h).
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52366007)
  • 广西科技重大专项资助项目(桂科AA23062012; 桂科AA23062090)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502015
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2024-08-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52366007)
广西科技重大专项资助项目(桂科AA23062012; 桂科AA23062090)
作者信息
    1.广西大学机械工程学院,南宁 530004
    2.广西玉柴机器集团有限公司,玉林 537000

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黄豪中,博士,教授,.
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