Article(id=1325529204733010799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711296000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-25, revisedDate=1721491200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960389549, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960389549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960389549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960389549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529169907704394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='97', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960381247, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960495688, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529650201649217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325529169907704394, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529204934337392, articleId=1325529204733010799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Spray and ignition characteristics of HFO with different viscosities under high pressure and micro hole conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Four-stroke diesel engines burning heavy fuel oil(HFO) are often used as propulsion devices or power generators for ships. In order to improve the thermal efficiency and reduce emissions, increasing injection pressure and reducing nozzle hole diameter are the trends of injection conditions. The spray and ignition characteristics of HFO with different viscosities under high pressure and micro hole conditions were investigated. Large eddy simulation(LES) was used to solve the turbulent motion and chemical reaction kinetics were coupled. The results show that the liquid penetration length(LPL) of HFO is almost independent of the combustion, while the vapor penetration length(VPL) decreases due to combustion, and the decrease is inversely proportional to the viscosity of HFO. The spray morphology of low-viscosity HFO is similar to that of diesel, while the spray morphology of high-viscosity HFO is narrow and long, having a jagged gas-phase spray edge near the nozzle. The increase in viscosity causes the combustion phase to advance, the heat release rate to slow down and its peak to decrease, the flame lift-off length(FLOL) to shorten and the flame to appear trailing. The flame spread ability and fuel consumption rate during the steady-state combustion phase are independent of the viscosity of HFO. The Sauter mean diameter(SMD) is proportional to the viscosity of HFO, with a slight increase before ignition and a significant increase after end of injection. The decrease rate of the total surface area of droplets is higher than the decrease rate of the total volume of droplets, which is the fundamental reason for the slight increase in SMD after ignition.

, authors=Xiuwei Lu, Lijiang Wei, Wenqing Huang, authorsList=Xiuwei Lu, Lijiang Wei, Wenqing Huang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijiang Wei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529207522222987, articleId=1325529204733010799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=高压-微孔条件下不同黏度重质燃料油的喷雾与着火特性, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

燃用重质燃料油(HFO)的四冲程柴油机多被作为船舶的推进装置或发电原动机.为提高热效率、降低排放,提高喷射压力、缩小喷孔直径是喷射条件的发展趋势.采用大涡模拟(LES)求解湍流运动并耦合化学反应动力学,研究了高压-微孔条件下不同黏度HFO的喷雾与着火特性.结果表明:HFO的液相贯穿距离(LPL)几乎不受燃烧反应的影响,气相贯穿距离(VPL)因燃烧而降低,且降低幅度与HFO的黏度呈反比.低黏度HFO的喷雾形态与柴油类似,高黏度HFO的喷雾形态“窄而长”且靠近喷孔处的气相喷雾边缘呈“锯齿”状.黏度增加使燃烧相位提前,但放热率降低、放热峰值减小,火焰浮起长度(FLOL)缩短,火焰出现拖尾现象.稳态燃烧阶段的火焰扩散能力与燃料消耗速率和黏度无关.索特平均直径(SMD)与HFO的黏度呈正比,着火前SMD轻微上升,喷射结束后SMD显著上升.液滴总表面积的下降速率高于液滴总体积的下降速率是导致燃烧发生后SMD略有增加的根本原因.

, authors=路秀伟, 魏立江, 黄文庆, authorsList=路秀伟, 魏立江, 黄文庆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏立江, authorNote=

路秀伟,博士研究生,高级工程师,.

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏立江,博士,副教授,博士生导师,.
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路秀伟,博士研究生,高级工程师,.

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路秀伟,博士研究生,高级工程师,.

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Keyword(id=1325529209661318057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=大涡模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1325529212664439756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=412, pageEnd=419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=潘业俊, 刘灿旭, 刘红, journalName=内燃机学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘业俊,刘灿旭,刘红,等. 船用低速柴油机喷嘴内流及初次破碎机理研究[J]. 内燃机学报,2022,40(5):412-419., articleTitle=船用低速柴油机喷嘴内流及初次破碎机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325529212752520141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=1241, pageEnd=1268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Lu X, Geng P, Chen Y, journalName=Journal of Thermal Science, refType=null, 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Ambient and injection conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数工况1工况2工况3工况4
环境温度/K900440900900
环境压力/MPa6.052.932.045.92
环境密度/(kg·m-3)22.822.87.622.8
O2体积分数/%00015
N2体积分数/%89.71100.0089.7175.15
CO2体积分数/%6.5206.526.22
H2O体积分数/%3.7703.773.62
), ArticleFig(id=1325529212010128325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环境工况和喷射条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数工况1工况2工况3工况4
环境温度/K900440900900
环境压力/MPa6.052.932.045.92
环境密度/(kg·m-3)22.822.87.622.8
O2体积分数/%00015
N2体积分数/%89.71100.0089.7175.15
CO2体积分数/%6.5206.526.22
H2O体积分数/%3.7703.773.62
), ArticleFig(id=1325529212089820102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid setting and refinement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况基础网格/mm固定加密自适应加密
速度梯度/(m·s-1)温度梯度/K
18√0.052.5
28√0.052.5
38√0.052.5
48√0.502.5
), ArticleFig(id=1325529212182094791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格设定与加密

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况基础网格/mm固定加密自适应加密
速度梯度/(m·s-1)温度梯度/K
18√0.052.5
28√0.052.5
38√0.052.5
48√0.502.5
), ArticleFig(id=1325529212274369480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fuel properties,initial and injection conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数A0/A15B0/B15C0/C15
环境温度/K900900900
环境压力/MPa5.925.925.92
环境密度/(kg·m-3)22.822.822.8
O2体积分数/%0,150,150,15
N2体积分数/%89.71,75.1589.71,75.1589.71,75.15
CO2体积分数/%6.52,6.226.52,6.226.52,6.22
H2O体积分数/%3.77,3.623.77,3.623.77,3.62
黏度/(mm·s-2)(50℃)2.53161.67366.03
密度/(kg·m-3)(20℃)854.6972.1961.4
硫质量分数/%0.050.442.90
喷射质量/mg3.844.114.08
), ArticleFig(id=1325529212354061257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325529204733010799, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

燃料的性质、初始和喷射条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数A0/A15B0/B15C0/C15
环境温度/K900900900
环境压力/MPa5.925.925.92
环境密度/(kg·m-3)22.822.822.8
O2体积分数/%0,150,150,15
N2体积分数/%89.71,75.1589.71,75.1589.71,75.15
CO2体积分数/%6.52,6.226.52,6.226.52,6.22
H2O体积分数/%3.77,3.623.77,3.623.77,3.62
黏度/(mm·s-2)(50℃)2.53161.67366.03
密度/(kg·m-3)(20℃)854.6972.1961.4
硫质量分数/%0.050.442.90
喷射质量/mg3.844.114.08
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高压-微孔条件下不同黏度重质燃料油的喷雾与着火特性
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路秀伟 , 魏立江 , 黄文庆
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(2): 107-116
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (2) : 107 -116
高压-微孔条件下不同黏度重质燃料油的喷雾与着火特性
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路秀伟 , 魏立江 , 黄文庆
作者信息
  • 上海海事大学商船学院,上海 201306
通讯作者:
魏立江,博士,副教授,博士生导师,.
作者简介:

路秀伟,博士研究生,高级工程师,.

Spray and ignition characteristics of HFO with different viscosities under high pressure and micro hole conditions
Xiuwei Lu , Lijiang Wei , Wenqing Huang
Affiliations
  • Merchant Marine College,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502013
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燃用重质燃料油(HFO)的四冲程柴油机多被作为船舶的推进装置或发电原动机.为提高热效率、降低排放,提高喷射压力、缩小喷孔直径是喷射条件的发展趋势.采用大涡模拟(LES)求解湍流运动并耦合化学反应动力学,研究了高压-微孔条件下不同黏度HFO的喷雾与着火特性.结果表明:HFO的液相贯穿距离(LPL)几乎不受燃烧反应的影响,气相贯穿距离(VPL)因燃烧而降低,且降低幅度与HFO的黏度呈反比.低黏度HFO的喷雾形态与柴油类似,高黏度HFO的喷雾形态“窄而长”且靠近喷孔处的气相喷雾边缘呈“锯齿”状.黏度增加使燃烧相位提前,但放热率降低、放热峰值减小,火焰浮起长度(FLOL)缩短,火焰出现拖尾现象.稳态燃烧阶段的火焰扩散能力与燃料消耗速率和黏度无关.索特平均直径(SMD)与HFO的黏度呈正比,着火前SMD轻微上升,喷射结束后SMD显著上升.液滴总表面积的下降速率高于液滴总体积的下降速率是导致燃烧发生后SMD略有增加的根本原因.

柴油机  /  重质燃料油  /  黏度  /  喷雾  /  着火  /  大涡模拟

Four-stroke diesel engines burning heavy fuel oil(HFO) are often used as propulsion devices or power generators for ships. In order to improve the thermal efficiency and reduce emissions, increasing injection pressure and reducing nozzle hole diameter are the trends of injection conditions. The spray and ignition characteristics of HFO with different viscosities under high pressure and micro hole conditions were investigated. Large eddy simulation(LES) was used to solve the turbulent motion and chemical reaction kinetics were coupled. The results show that the liquid penetration length(LPL) of HFO is almost independent of the combustion, while the vapor penetration length(VPL) decreases due to combustion, and the decrease is inversely proportional to the viscosity of HFO. The spray morphology of low-viscosity HFO is similar to that of diesel, while the spray morphology of high-viscosity HFO is narrow and long, having a jagged gas-phase spray edge near the nozzle. The increase in viscosity causes the combustion phase to advance, the heat release rate to slow down and its peak to decrease, the flame lift-off length(FLOL) to shorten and the flame to appear trailing. The flame spread ability and fuel consumption rate during the steady-state combustion phase are independent of the viscosity of HFO. The Sauter mean diameter(SMD) is proportional to the viscosity of HFO, with a slight increase before ignition and a significant increase after end of injection. The decrease rate of the total surface area of droplets is higher than the decrease rate of the total volume of droplets, which is the fundamental reason for the slight increase in SMD after ignition.

diesel engine  /  heavy fuel oil  /  viscosity  /  spray  /  ignition  /  large eddy simulation
路秀伟, 魏立江, 黄文庆. 高压-微孔条件下不同黏度重质燃料油的喷雾与着火特性. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (2) : 107 -116 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502013
Xiuwei Lu, Lijiang Wei, Wenqing Huang. Spray and ignition characteristics of HFO with different viscosities under high pressure and micro hole conditions[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (2) : 107 -116 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502013
当前,90%以上的商用船舶都以柴油机作为推进装置或发电原动机[1-2].重质燃料油(HFO)因其较高热值和低廉的价格,成为船用柴油机的主要燃料[2],其成分极为复杂,主要由烷烃、芳香烃、沥青质及少量的金属和硫化物组成[2-3].燃用HFO带来经济效益的同时也造成大量的污染物排放[1-4].为减少硫氧化物排放,HFO中的含硫量被严格限制,全球范围内应使用硫质量分数低于0.5%的HFO,特殊海域中则应低于0.1%.低硫HFO在生产中受原料产地、生产技术影响,其理化性质存在较大差别,这些差别将对燃料喷雾、燃烧过程及污染物形成产生重要影响[5-6].
HFO是对温度极为敏感的黏性燃料[3-4,7].Park等[6]研究发现,HFO的喷雾特性对发动机的性能和排放影响显著,喷雾贯穿距离与HFO的温度呈反比.Jasuja[8]和Najafi等[9]分别使用试验和仿真手段研究了压力旋流喷油器雾化HFO.Jasuja[8]探究了低温条件下煤油和HFO混合物的雾化特性,降低HFO占比、提高燃料温度对降低索特平均直径(SMD)、改善雾化效果较好.Najafi等[9]则侧重于中等孔径(0.25mm)和超低喷射压力(4MPa)条件对HFO喷雾的影响.向压力旋流喷油器中添加脉冲射流有助于改善HFO的雾化效果,使SMD降低、破碎长度缩短.Kyriakides等[10]将HFO视为不同比例的轻质和重质组分的混合物,并进行仿真,针对不同的喷孔直径(0.90mm和0.37mm),需使用不同的喷雾模型参数.陈锐等[11]和Wei等[12]分析了不同的燃料射流和涡流夹角对HFO喷雾贯穿距离、形态及污染物形成的影响.逆向涡流对喷雾的阻碍作用导致贯穿距离和液滴直径降低.同时,逆涡流作用也使碳烟排放降低而NOx排放增加.Bolla等[13]验证了HFO喷雾贯穿距离模型,并开展了喷孔直径为0.875mm的单孔喷油器对HFO和柴油喷雾形态影响的仿真.可知,以单组分表征HFO,使用Shell/CTC或SAGE燃烧模型在定容燃烧弹(CVCC)和二冲程发动机上的仿真工作都取得了成功.Yi等[14-15]在喷孔直径为0.27 mm的单孔喷油器上,以喷射压力为100MPa分别开展HFO和柴油喷雾的研究,结果表明:HFO的粒径分布范围为5~15μm,且SMD远高于柴油.
船用二冲程柴油机广泛使用HFO作为燃料.四冲程柴油机常被用于中小型船舶的推进装置或大型船舶的发电原动机.为了节约燃料成本,这类四冲程柴油机也常以HFO作为燃料.与大型二冲程柴油机不同,四冲程柴油机的喷油器喷孔直径较小、喷射压力较高,且四冲程柴油机通常是基于燃用柴油而设计.近年来,学者们[16-20]认为改变喷射条件能提高热效率、降低排放,喷射条件持续向高压-微孔发展.高压-微孔条件下HFO的喷雾与着火特性需引起关注,而当前大多数研究侧重于分析HFO对发动机性能和排放的影响,对HFO的喷雾和燃烧特性则鲜见报道;现有研究主要集中在HFO的喷雾而忽略了着火和燃烧过程,并且HFO可能具有不同的物性.
基于此,笔者以多种黏度和含硫量的HFO为对象,在高喷射压力、微孔喷射条件下对HFO的喷雾与着火特性开展研究.首先,基于光学试验数据建立并验证了多工况的CVCC模型;其次,以3种黏度极具代表性的HFO为研究对象分析了燃料物性对喷雾与着火特性的影响;同时,在不同环境条件下研究了氧化作用对喷雾发展的影响,以期为HFO在四冲程船舶柴油机上的高效清洁应用提供参考.
试验在ECN最新一代的CVCC上开展.该装置的环境条件覆盖了绝大多数的柴油机工况,环境温度为450~1300K、环境密度为3~60kg/m³且环境氧体积分数为0%~21%.CVCC的有效容积为1.15L,通过燃烧可燃混合气营造高温、高压的环境条件.喷射系统适用于多种燃料,最大喷射压力为150MPa,最大喷孔直径为0.5mm.试验的4种工况条件如表1所示[21-24],使用喷孔直径为0.09mm的单孔喷油器.喷射压力为150MPa,喷射持续期为1.54ms,单次喷射3.46mg的正十二烷.试验中针对不同工况采用了多种光学观测手段,获得液相喷雾贯穿距离(LPL)、气相喷雾贯穿距离(VPL)、火焰浮起长度(FLOL)、着火时刻(IT)和火焰形态等参数.
笔者建立CVCC模型,并使用Converge在4种工况下进行模型验证.基础网格尺寸为8mm,表2为网格设定与加密策略,进行网格加密后最小网格尺寸为0.0625mm.对喷孔附近进行7级固定加密,且根据速度和温度梯度施行7级自适应加密.图1为CVCC的几何模型尺寸及加密效果.使用163种组分和887个反应的详细化学反应机理结合SAGE化学动力学求解器描述燃料氧化、着火和燃烧过程中的化学反应[25].采用KH-RT描述燃料的破碎过程,其中模型常数B0和B1分别取值为0.61和50.大涡模拟(LES)和雷诺平均(RANS)都可以对喷雾过程中的湍流运动进行较为精确地描述,但在高喷射压力条件下,LES具有更好的瞬态精确度[20,26],因而笔者使用LES求解喷雾和燃烧过程中涉及的湍流运动.分别采用液体燃料质量分数为90%和气态燃料质量分数为0.1%作为计算LPL和VPL的阈值[21-24].研究中LPL使用ECN的推荐值,而VPL则根据密度梯度进行测算.对密度求导后得到密度梯度的切片,经图像处理与识别得到密度梯度图像边缘与喷嘴的最大垂直距离.使用密度梯度统计VPL的优势在于其与纹影技术原理更为接近.同时,可以避免因燃烧导致仿真计算中以质量分数阈值统计VPL产生的波动与错误.将燃烧化学发光强度最大值的一半所对应的时刻定义为IT[24,27-28].以OH*的化学荧光表示火焰的位置[28-30],火焰与喷嘴间的最短距离定义为FLOL.
VPL和LPL分别是对应阈值与喷孔的最大垂向距离,表征了燃料射流的穿透能力.试验中使用高速纹影法、扩散背景成像法和Mie散射法获得喷雾的VPL和LPL,仿真中使用质量分数法和密度梯度法获得VPL和LPL.图2为工况1、2和3下CVCC模型的验证.该模型能较好地描述非反应条件下燃料的喷射和雾化过程.
图3和图4为反应条件下(含氧)喷雾贯穿距离、燃烧参数和火焰形态的验证.图3中工况4的LPL验证结果较好.缸内压力、累积放热量和FLOL的吻合程度极佳.整个燃烧过程中定容燃烧弹弹体内的压力波动极小(0.02MPa),累积放热量约为75J.缸内压力、累积放热量和稳态FLOL(OH*质量分数阈值为0.03%)的变化趋势和误差都在可接受范围内.
图4为1600K以上区域表征燃烧火焰形态与自发光火焰图像的对比.可知,火焰的长度、宽度和面积以及火焰上游(靠近喷嘴)与喷嘴的距离都与试验有较好的相似度.然而图3(a)中VPL的验证结果表明,使用质量分数法和密度梯度法得到的VPL存在较大差异.高速纹影法和密度梯度法获得的VPL随时间增加,而使用质量分数法获得的VPL在燃烧发生后保持动态稳定,主要原因是火焰区域的气相燃料由于燃烧消耗导致质量分数低于阈值而未被统计.此外,氧化和裂解等作用使统计目标演化为其他组分而导致.
图5为质量分数法和密度梯度法得到的气相喷雾形态与试验纹影图像和自发光火焰图像对比.实际上在着火后喷雾仍继续向前贯穿,且贯穿速度与非燃烧喷雾接近.使用密度梯度法计算VPL比质量分数法更符合实际.综上所述,模型的有效性得到了良好的验证,可使用模型开展进一步的研究工作.
按照是否发生燃烧将喷雾分成无氧条件下非反应喷雾及含氧条件下的反应喷雾.笔者使用的燃料性质、CVCC内的初始条件及喷射条件见表3.研究中使用3种硫质量分数、密度和黏度极具代表性的HFO.燃料的黏度和密度随硫质量分数波动,其中密度最大差异为12.1%,黏度相差144倍.按照黏度(硫质量分数)升序对HFO从燃料A~C编号.
根据试验获得的黏度-温度特性曲线,设置HFO温度以保证HFO与nC12H26的黏度一致.喷孔直径、喷射压力和喷射持续期维持不变(分别为0.09mm、150MPa和1.54ms),调整喷射质量以消除因密度差异引起的喷射特性改变.为探究化学反应对喷雾发展过程的影响,在不同环境条件进行喷雾的试验和仿真研究.调整组分占比获得相同初始条件(温度、压力和密度)下0%和15%的环境氧体积分数.以燃料和氧体积分数对算例进行命名,A0代表燃料A和环境氧体积分数为0%的组合.
燃料在离开喷嘴后经历的一系列复杂的物理和化学过程共同决定着喷雾的发展.图6为不同环境条件(氧体积分数为0%和15%)下喷雾的发展.LPL和VPL在离开喷嘴后迅速分离.LPL短时间内达到稳定并停止贯穿直到喷射结束,VPL在整个喷射过程中持续向前贯穿.低黏度燃料的VPL偏低,高黏度燃料的LPL偏高,VPL的差异因燃烧而增大.在氧化作用存在的条件下,低黏度HFO的贯穿能力明显减弱.喷射速率等于蒸发速率、燃烧速率等于混合速率是液体燃料射流和燃烧的两个准稳态阶段.这两个准稳态阶段受燃料性质和环境条件的共同影响导致了LPL和VPL的差异.反应与非反应条件的喷雾贯穿距离之比如图6(c)和图6(d)所示,燃烧对喷雾发展的影响显著.反应条件与非反应条件的LPL之比越接近1,表明氧化作用对喷雾发展影响越小.氧化作用对LPL和VPL都存在影响但程度有所区别.在点火前LPL不受氧化作用影响,在喷射结束前燃烧会弱化液滴的轴向贯穿能力.相比于LPL,氧化对VPL的影响异常明显,特别是在着火发生之后.随着燃烧的不断进行,VPL受氧化反应的影响愈加强烈,且HFO的黏度越低所受的影响越大.高黏度HFO的气相贯穿能力更强,在着火后轻微下降并迅速恢复.低黏度HFO在着火后贯穿能力显著下降.说明高黏度HFO的蒸发、扩散和混合较差.
高黏度燃料的液滴稳定性增加、破碎难度增加,破碎后的液滴直径增加、雾化质量变差[3-4,9].SMD是评价雾化质量的重要指标,能体现燃料的破碎与蒸发特性[7-8,28,31].SMD越小说明雾化程度越好.图7为不同燃料的液相喷雾参数.图7(a)中,SMD的变化与黏度呈正比,且最大差异超过85%.喷雾初期,SMD与是否发生氧化反应无关,着火前SMD有轻微的上升趋势,喷射结束后SMD显著上升.为了极大程度地降低计算时间、节约计算资源,Converge在求解喷雾的过程中引入了粒子包(parcel)的概念.粒子包是由一系列半径、速度和温度等相同的燃料液滴组成,因而粒子包的数量与喷雾场中液滴直径的种类相同,如喷雾场中有x个粒子包,就会有x种液滴直径.图7(b)为燃料黏度对粒子包数量的影响.根据粒子包与粒子直径的对应关系,可知,液滴直径种类与HFO的黏度无关,但直径种类都因燃烧而降低.同时,液滴表面积的下降速度大于液相体积的下降速度,使SMD上升,因而粒径种类降低说明氧化与燃烧促进大直径液滴的破碎与小直径液滴的蒸发.液相体积与表面积变化趋势说明在着火前低黏度对液滴破碎有利.燃料B和燃料C的液滴表面积和SMD接近,但液相体积相差较大,而二者的粒径种类相差超过70%,因而可以推断燃料C喷雾的大直径液滴占比更多.同时,更大的液滴表面积强化了液滴与环境的相互作用,蒸发与卷吸效果增强.燃料黏度、雾化和蒸发等过程都会影响液滴直径的分布规律.图8为0.1ms和0.9ms时刻喷雾场内的液滴分布和液相形态.液相喷雾在径向的扩散能力与黏度呈正比.黏度增加,液滴的分布形态变得中部宽而头尾窄,液相喷雾的最大宽度增加.液滴分布也反映出黏度越低,大直径液滴占比越低,液相喷雾前端的分散度越好.着火与燃烧加速了小直径液滴蒸发,SMD减小,喷雾体积降低,证明了燃料C的液相喷雾中大直径液滴占比更多的推断.
将从喷射始点(SOI)至IT的时间定义为着火延迟阶段(IDS).在IDS内发生的燃料破碎、蒸发、混合及低温氧化等过程为后续的高温燃烧提供基础.图9为不同黏度下HFO的放热率、IT(以3.5%累积放热量计)及FLOL.黏度提高,IDS变长(IT推迟),放热相位靠前,IDS内裂解、氧化的放热效果更为明显.然而,在燃烧发生后放热率和放热峰值随黏度的增加而降低.在着火后放热率提高、放热量增加,高温燃烧随之开始.IDS内形成的可燃混合气被消耗殆尽后扩散火焰在喷雾前端(远离喷嘴)形成.扩散燃烧是燃烧火焰保持相对稳定的阶段.气相燃料的贯穿能力越强(VPL越大),着火后的放热率越慢,放热峰值越低,火焰与喷孔的距离越短.
喷雾与燃烧、VPL与LPL都是气相与液相质量变化的间接反映.图10(a)为反应条件下液相质量ml与气相质量mv的变化规律.ml的变化趋势也表明了喷射速率与蒸发速率相等的准稳态过程使LPL稳定.蒸发速率越快,mv越高,蒸发速率与黏度呈反比,mv峰值受燃料性质影响超过30%.将气相质量分数小于0.1%的区域近似等价于喷雾的体积,图10(b)中,稳定燃烧阶段(扩散火焰)的喷雾体积约为非燃烧条件(无氧)的10%.燃料对环境空气的卷吸作用贯穿燃料的雾化、蒸发和燃烧过程.按燃料密度计算得到mv的体积与喷雾体积的差值即为燃料喷雾对环境空气的卷吸体积.非燃烧喷雾的体积变化规律表征了燃料对环境气体的卷吸能力.非燃烧喷雾体积随时间增加,不同燃料对空气的卷吸能力差异不大.燃烧条件下喷雾体积的变化趋势与mv高度相似,先增加后降低再保持稳定.mv和喷雾体积的下降都早于IT,且mv的下降稍提前于喷雾体积的下降.
试验中,笔者通过滤波片消除碳烟的辐射发光,定义火焰最大化学发光强度的一半所对应的时刻为IT[22-24].IT(0.44ms)与3.5%的累积放热量对应时刻一致,仿真中使用3.5%累积放热量作为IT,且在IT后能识别到极微弱的OH*自由基发光,根据OH*发光参数得到的稳态FLOL与试验值的误差低于5% (图3(b)).同时,不同环境条件下贯穿距离(VPL和LPL)、火焰形态和燃烧参数的匹配效果良好,因而在后续仿真计算中,使用3.5%的累积放热量作为计算IT的标准.然而,燃料物性不同导致燃烧速率和燃烧持续期不同,燃料可能未完全燃烧,累积放热量未达最大值,因而以3.5%的累积放热量计算点火时刻会存在偏差,IT要晚于mv和喷雾体积下降时刻.此外,在mv快速下降的阶段内,温度、压力和放热率未见明显变化,且使用同样方法获取的FLOL与IT的吻合度非常好(图3),因而mv在IT前减少、在点火后保持稳定是可以接受的.最为关键的是在mv下降后喷雾体积才开始减少,喷雾体积下降的始点与IT更为接近.
在IDS内,喷雾体积和VPL随mv的增加而增加.喷雾体积下降时刻<mv下降时刻<IT,而VPL在扩散火焰阶段才会缓慢增长或降低.燃烧喷雾ml的变化规律与LPL的变化高度一致且不受蒸发、卷吸和氧化作用的影响.在喷雾稳定发展阶段,ml和LPL保持动态稳定且与黏度呈正比.对比图10(a)和图10(b)可知,中、高黏度的喷雾体积接近而mv差异较大.高黏度燃料液滴的稳定性高,蒸发速率慢但空气卷吸能力强.喷雾贯穿、蒸发速率、空气卷吸和燃烧速率导致了mv、喷雾体积及VPL变化趋势的差异.燃料B的喷雾蒸发速率快而空气卷吸能力差导致了其气相喷雾更易在射流轴线上贯穿.中、高黏度HFO的气相喷雾密度接近,在相同环境密度和喷射压力下具有近似的气相喷雾贯穿能力.在喷射后期,喷雾体积有轻微的上升趋势,说明火焰传播与发展对空气卷吸有促进作用.
图11为燃烧中期(0.65ms)的喷雾和火焰形态.低黏度HFO的喷雾形态与柴油接近,黏度提高喷雾呈“窄而长”的形态.气相喷雾核心区的浓度随燃料黏度升高而降低,喷雾上游呈不规则的“锯齿”状.黏度增加使高浓度气相向喷雾边界移动,且气相燃料上游与喷嘴的距离也随黏度增加.火焰形态因黏度增加而延长,并伴有严重的火焰拖尾现象.高黏度HFO的喷雾体积、气相质量和放热率低,但火焰头部宽度增加,这与其空气卷吸能力强相关.高黏度燃料的火焰拖尾现象使得部分高温燃烧区域上移,火焰更靠近喷雾上游的高当量比区域.
图11中,火焰只存在于燃料质量分数较低的区域,而没有延伸到喷雾核心区.图12为当量比和温度分布的关系.在燃烧过程中的持续蒸发和卷吸导致当量比分布不均匀.高黏度HFO的喷雾主要沿轴向扩散,而低黏度HFO则主要向径向发展.低黏度燃料(燃料A)更易蒸发和混合,低当量比区域增多,与火焰重合区域增加.高黏度燃料稳定性好,蒸发和混合慢,低当量比区域更靠近喷雾下游.随着喷雾发展,火焰更容易延伸至喷雾轴向核心区.因此,黏度不同进而使火焰形态存在差异的原因是由喷雾的贯穿、蒸发和混合导致的.同时,当量比的分布也说明VPL的发展是由蒸发特性主导的(图6).
燃料在IDS内因低温氧化而产生的极微弱、缓慢放热很难被观察到;此外,由燃烧带来的火焰传播、压力波动及喷雾场的浓度、温度和速度等梯度变化都会影响喷雾的发展.以1600K(环境初始温度为900K)以上的区域表征火焰形态,取相邻时刻的火焰形态并按式(1)计算火焰传播速度.将火焰区域等价于同面积的圆形,使用圆形半径的变化速率表征火焰的传播速率,如图13(a)所示.CVCC的有效容积较大、燃料质量较少(约为4mg),燃烧放热对环境温度的影响较小.燃烧过程中试验和仿真的弹体内平均温度低于930K.随着燃烧进行,放热率和放热量降低,火焰传播速度逐渐放缓.在燃烧中、后期火焰传播速度不因燃料性质变化而改变,但火焰形态存在差异(图11和图12),表明燃料黏度不会对稳态火焰的传播能力产生影响,是典型的扩散燃烧火焰,扩散火焰的燃烧速率由可燃混合气的形成速率决定[27-29].
L=(Stπ−St+△tπ)/Δt
式中:L为火焰传播速率;St和St+△t为t和t+Δt时刻的火焰面积.
CVCC内未燃的燃料质量是喷射质量mi与已燃燃料质量的差值,也是mv与ml的总和.式(2)为计算燃料消耗速率的方法,如图13(b)所示.燃料消耗速率的变化趋势与燃烧喷雾的mv和喷雾体积高度一致.燃料消耗始点与放热始点一致,并也在着火前快速攀升.放热开始后燃料消耗速率快速上升,卷吸大量空气、喷雾体积迅速升高,形成可燃混合气.在燃烧发生的初期,可燃混合物大量消耗,预混火焰的传播速度与燃料黏度呈反比.在着火后预混燃烧迅速消耗掉可燃混合气,燃烧进入扩散燃烧阶段.扩散燃烧阶段的燃料消耗速率趋于稳定,可燃混合气形成速率与燃料黏度无关.mv和ml、喷雾体积和燃烧速率的变化趋势都是喷雾过程中两个动态稳定阶段的体现.在燃烧进入扩散燃烧阶段后,火焰传播速度和燃料消耗速率不因黏度不同而变化.在IDS内,低温氧化导致的mv下降提前于IT,这与燃烧速率的变化趋势一致.
M=ΔmiΔt−ΔmvΔt−ΔmlΔt
(1) 反应与非反应喷雾的喷雾贯穿距离(LPL和VPL)不同;着火与燃烧对VPL的影响显著且影响效果与黏度呈反比,而对LPL的影响微乎其微,并几乎与黏度无关;高黏度HFO的喷雾形态“窄而长”且喷孔附近的喷雾边缘呈“锯齿”状.
(2) SMD和液滴直径分布受着火与燃烧作用的影响截然相反;液滴表面积的下降速率大于液相体积的下降速率,导致含氧条件SMD略有增加.
(3) HFO的黏度增加使IT推迟、燃烧相位提前,但着火后放热率变缓、峰值下降、火焰与喷嘴间的距离缩短;IDS内等体积的液滴束表面积差异较大,低黏度HFO液滴表面积波动,液滴稳定性差.
(4) HFO黏度增加则气相喷雾与喷嘴的距离增加,火焰的拖尾现象严重;火焰头部的宽度与HFO黏度呈反比,而与喷雾对环境空气的卷吸能力呈正比;HFO黏度不会对稳态燃烧的火焰扩散能力和燃料消耗速率产生影响.
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2025年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202502013
  • 接收时间:2024-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-25
  • 修回日期:2024-07-21
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB4301400)
上海市科技计划资助项目(20DZ2252300)
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    上海海事大学商船学院,上海 201306

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魏立江,博士,副教授,博士生导师,.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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