Article(id=1325528735797240003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1726502400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960277746, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960277746, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960277746, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960277746, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=88, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528735965012164, articleId=1325528735797240003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Simulation and experimental investigation of canister purge control strategy of gasoline engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on Simulink platform, a gasoline canister purge control strategy model was built. The model included modules like target purge rate calculation, target purge flow calculation and solenoid valve flow characteristic calibration. Model accuracy and air-fuel ratio control performance were verified on a revolving drum test table with flow gauge. Further, the characteristic parameters of control strategy were optimized based on the built model in order to increase purge flow. It shows that the accumulative purge flow during whole cycle is 402.69L and 373.62L for experiment and simulation respectively with 7.78% deviation. Regular purge rate factor, solenoid valve opening speed, limitation of solenoid valve maximum opening and initial purge rate factor all have significant impacts to canister purge flow independently. After applying comprehensive optimization of characteristic parameters, accumulative purge flow rate increases from 373.62L to 499.61L with superior control performance of air-fuel ratio. This research enlightens control strategy design of the gasoline canister to increase purge flow under the premise of satisfied air-fuel ratio control.

, authors=Weiqiang Liu1, Xuetong Lian1, Zhenxiao Bai1, Liangwu Rao1, Jinke Gong2, authorsList=Weiqiang Liu, Xuetong Lian, Zhenxiao Bai, Liangwu Rao, Jinke Gong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528739450478807, articleId=1325528735797240003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略仿真与试验, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以某汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略为研究对象,基于Simulink平台以模块化建模思路搭建了包含目标冲洗率计算、目标冲洗流量计算和电磁阀流量特性标定模块的控制策略仿真模型.使用流量计实测车辆转毂循环工况冲洗流量,验证模型控制精度与空燃比控制效果,进而基于模型优化控制特征参数,探究提升冲洗流量途径.研究表明:模型仿真与实测累积冲洗流量分别为402.69L、373.62L,仿真误差为7.78%;常规冲洗率因子、电磁阀开启速度、电磁阀最大开度限制和初始冲洗率因子均对冲洗过程产生重要影响,且相互独立;基于模型综合优化控制策略特征参数,累积冲洗量由373.62L提升至499.61L,且空燃比控制效果良好.试验为在保持空燃比控制在当量比的前提下,尽可能提高汽油机碳罐冲洗流量的控制策略设计提供参考.

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刘伟强,工学博士,工程师,.

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Gasoline engine specifications

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参数数值
缸径/mm74
活塞行程/mm87
排量/L1.479
气缸数4
进气方式增压中冷
最大功率/kW140
碳罐体积/L2.1
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汽油机基本参数

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参数数值
缸径/mm74
活塞行程/mm87
排量/L1.479
气缸数4
进气方式增压中冷
最大功率/kW140
碳罐体积/L2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1325528747176386837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528735797240003, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimization results of accumulative purge flow

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优化类别累积冲洗流量/L
基础数据402.70
常规冲洗率因子412.40
电磁阀开启速度407.26
电磁阀最大开度427.50
初始冲洗率因子413.98
综合数据459.12
), ArticleFig(id=1325528747247690006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528735797240003, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

累积冲洗流量优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化类别累积冲洗流量/L
基础数据402.70
常规冲洗率因子412.40
电磁阀开启速度407.26
电磁阀最大开度427.50
初始冲洗率因子413.98
综合数据459.12
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汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略仿真与试验
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刘伟强 1 , 连学通 1 , 白振霄 1 , 饶良武 1 , 龚金科 2
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 88-95
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 88 -95
汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略仿真与试验
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刘伟强1 , 连学通1, 白振霄1, 饶良武1, 龚金科2
作者信息
  • 1.广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
  • 2.湖南大学车身先进制造与设计国家重点实验室,长沙 410082
作者简介:

刘伟强,工学博士,工程师,.

Simulation and experimental investigation of canister purge control strategy of gasoline engine
Weiqiang Liu1 , Xuetong Lian1, Zhenxiao Bai1, Liangwu Rao1, Jinke Gong2
Affiliations
  • 1.Research & Design Center,Guangzhou Automobile Group Company Limited,Guangzhou 511434,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501011
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以某汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略为研究对象,基于Simulink平台以模块化建模思路搭建了包含目标冲洗率计算、目标冲洗流量计算和电磁阀流量特性标定模块的控制策略仿真模型.使用流量计实测车辆转毂循环工况冲洗流量,验证模型控制精度与空燃比控制效果,进而基于模型优化控制特征参数,探究提升冲洗流量途径.研究表明:模型仿真与实测累积冲洗流量分别为402.69L、373.62L,仿真误差为7.78%;常规冲洗率因子、电磁阀开启速度、电磁阀最大开度限制和初始冲洗率因子均对冲洗过程产生重要影响,且相互独立;基于模型综合优化控制策略特征参数,累积冲洗量由373.62L提升至499.61L,且空燃比控制效果良好.试验为在保持空燃比控制在当量比的前提下,尽可能提高汽油机碳罐冲洗流量的控制策略设计提供参考.

汽油机  /  碳罐冲洗  /  控制策略  /  流量仿真  /  空燃比控制

Based on Simulink platform, a gasoline canister purge control strategy model was built. The model included modules like target purge rate calculation, target purge flow calculation and solenoid valve flow characteristic calibration. Model accuracy and air-fuel ratio control performance were verified on a revolving drum test table with flow gauge. Further, the characteristic parameters of control strategy were optimized based on the built model in order to increase purge flow. It shows that the accumulative purge flow during whole cycle is 402.69L and 373.62L for experiment and simulation respectively with 7.78% deviation. Regular purge rate factor, solenoid valve opening speed, limitation of solenoid valve maximum opening and initial purge rate factor all have significant impacts to canister purge flow independently. After applying comprehensive optimization of characteristic parameters, accumulative purge flow rate increases from 373.62L to 499.61L with superior control performance of air-fuel ratio. This research enlightens control strategy design of the gasoline canister to increase purge flow under the premise of satisfied air-fuel ratio control.

gasoline engine  /  canister purge  /  control strategy  /  purge flow simulation  /  air-fuel ratio control
刘伟强, 连学通, 白振霄, 饶良武, 龚金科. 汽油机碳罐冲洗控制策略仿真与试验. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 88 -95 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501011
Weiqiang Liu, Xuetong Lian, Zhenxiao Bai, Liangwu Rao, Jinke Gong. Simulation and experimental investigation of canister purge control strategy of gasoline engine[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 88 -95 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501011
长久以来,汽车油箱碳氢化合物蒸发泄露被认为是重要的大气污染物来源之一[1].汽油由140多种混合物构成,其中的可挥发组分(VOC)时刻不停汽化,泄露至大气中,与臭氧层反应生成有机气溶胶,对大气环境与人体健康造成严重影响[2-3].因此,目前实施的国Ⅵ排放法规对汽油蒸发排放进行了严格的限制[4].为了应对日益严苛的排放法规,整机厂与设备制造商发展了多种解决应对方案,如气态燃油蒸发冷凝回收系统、高压油箱系统等,而碳罐作为油气吸附储存装置,是必不可少的组件之一[5],其原理在于:在油箱与进气歧管入口之间管路布置活性碳罐,将油箱内挥发油蒸气吸附至多孔碳粉结构中,防止直接泄露至大气,然而碳罐的吸附能力有限,在达到“饱和”状态后,油气仍会散逸,因而在合适的发动机工况下,打开碳罐与进气歧管之间电磁阀,利用节气门进气节流效应产生的真空度将碳罐内油蒸气抽至气缸内燃烧,以恢复碳罐吸附能力,这一过程被称为碳罐冲洗[6].因此,碳罐冲洗的整体控制原则是:在保持空燃比控制在合理范围内的前提下,尽可能大地提高碳罐冲洗流量,这有利于保持碳罐吸附能力的同时,避免对三效催化转化器转化效率造成劣化影响,增加发动机尾气排放[7-9].
目前,国内外对于碳罐的理论研究主要集中在基于数学推导、数值模拟以及经验模型研究吸脱附过程中传热、传质现象,以分析工况特征、优化设计参数.Bai等[10]使用Dubinin-Polanyi吸附模型,对正丁烷在不同浓度与初始平衡状态下的吸附特征进行了研究,得到了吸附击穿曲线、脱附曲线等.Lin等[11]基于固定床假设,建立了碳罐瞬态传热传质模型,分析浓度、温度和压力对吸脱附过程的影响.Frosina等[2]使用MATLAB求解了碳罐零维简化模型,并试验验证了其吸附质量预测能力.Kumar等[12]在OpenFOAM环境下,基于气-固不平衡与局部孔隙率分布,对碳罐在不同工况下的温度场、流场特征进行了数值仿真,对多孔介质布置形式、进/出口形状进行了优化.卢衍波等[13]使用商用计算流体力学求解器Fluent建立了三维非稳态碳罐数值模型,以穿透时间与温度为特征标准,对腔体体积比和进/出口直径进行了初步设计优化.Mellios等[14]使用一阶指数经验公式拟合碳罐脱附与吸附过程,取得了满意效果.而对碳罐冲洗控制算法的研究工作较少有文献涉及,Grieve等[15]基于现有汽油机硬件与传感器开发了一种碳罐冲洗气流浓度估计算法,以平衡低排放、高冲洗量和精准空燃比控制的需求.Sultan等[16]开发了一套完整的碳罐冲洗闭环控制系统,该系统以冲洗气流浓度传感器为基础,通过喷油补偿额外进入气缸的冲洗进气,以达到精确控制空燃比,降低排放的目的,经实车验证,主要排放物均有所降低的同时,冲洗流量得到大幅提升.Yoon[17]设计了基于观测器的冲洗流量估计空燃比控制系统,利用已有传感器信号估计冲洗流量与油气浓度表明,该控制器使得激进的碳罐冲洗控制策略成为可能,并进一步降低油气泄露.总体来看,对于碳罐冲洗控制策略的理论、仿真与试验仍旧十分匮乏,如何设计合理的控制策略来保证在精确控制空燃比的前提下,尽可能提高冲洗流量成为亟待深入的研究热点.
笔者基于Simulink平台,搭建了碳罐冲洗流量控制策略模型,基于该模型研究了全球统一轻型车辆测试循环(WLTC)下累积冲洗流量的主要影响因素,并对比流量计实测结果,验证了模型的实际控制精度以及空燃比控制情况,为碳罐控制系统设计与优化提供参考.
搭建的碳罐冲洗控制策略在一台增压中冷汽油机上验证其控制效果,该汽油机为4缸4冲程,总排量为1.497L,最大净功率为140kW,配备吸附体积为2.1L碳罐,具体参数配置如表1所示.
碳罐冲洗控制策略试验测试装置如图1所示.嵌入式控制芯片采用博世UD8 Pro平台架构,控制策略使用Simulink平台搭建,自动生成可执行C代码,刷写至控制芯片.碳罐电磁阀与进气歧管间安装KOBOLD质量流量计,测量范围为0~100L/ min,以测量实际冲洗流量,数据采集设备基于INCA V7.2自动标定平台,以最小采集周期10ms自动记录模型输入信号与空燃比信息等.整个测试流程在车辆转毂上进行,历经法规规定的调整后WLTC循环,包含589s低速段、433s中速段及两段455s高速段,另外各速度段之间共存在480s怠速段以及信号采集的提前与延迟时间,构成整个测试时长.
碳罐冲洗控制策略逻辑以功能模块的形式实现,每一个父模块下包含多个小模块,分别负责实现对应的细分功能,首先计算发动机各个工况下的目标冲洗率,其定义为
Rpurge=m˙purge/(m˙purge+m˙in)
式中:m˙purge为由碳罐冲洗进入进气歧管的油气质量流量;m˙in为由节气门进入进气歧管的空气质量流量;Rpurge为目标冲洗率,即为冲洗流量占整个进气量的比例,用以衡量碳罐冲洗对空燃比控制造成的冲击程度.
目标冲洗率计算公式为
Rpurge=∫0tfbas⋅freg⋅k⋅dt (Rpurge≤Rmax)
式中:fbas为基础冲洗率因子,由预定义的发动机转速与负荷MAP查表,然后经过特殊修正得到;freg为常规冲洗率因子,经由上一控制周期目标冲洗率查表得到;k为碳罐电磁阀开启速度;dt为积分时间步长,对应实际的芯片任务执行周期与Simulink模型仿真步长,为10ms;Rmax为最大目标冲洗率.式(2)物理意义在于:目标冲洗率在各项控制因子与电磁阀的开启速度综合作用下,逐渐达到最大值,防止对空燃比造成冲击.
基础冲洗率因子fbas为
fbas=20(f⋅finj−Rpurge⋅ftead)−fλ
式中:f为初始冲洗因子,由发动机转速与相对负荷查表得到;finj为喷油修正因子,设置的目的在于当缸内喷油接近最小脉宽,进入非线性区间时难以控制,需要减小碳罐冲洗量;ftead为碳罐冲洗气流油气浓度,又称碳罐负荷,根据空燃比闭环控制偏差动态积分修正得到;fλ为空燃比控制偏差因子,当空燃比控制出现较大偏差时,需要减小冲洗.
变量最大目标冲洗率Rmax表征对目标冲洗率的限制,主要包含发动机工况限制和碳罐电磁阀本身最大开度限制.工况限制具体指:初次开启碳罐,无法判断碳罐负荷大小而造成空燃比控制恶化.因此,从策略上选择根据累积冲洗流量,缓慢增大冲洗率.电磁阀最大开度限制表示发动机各个工况下根据空燃比的控制难度提前设定的电磁阀最大开度下的目标冲洗率,如式(4)表示.
Ro_max=δmax⋅m˙purge_ful⋅ϕa/(m˙purge+m˙in)
式中:Ro_max为最大电磁阀开度下的冲洗率;δmax为最大相对开度,由进气压比与转速查表得到;m˙purge_ful为电磁阀全开时的冲洗流量;ϕa表示目标过量空气系数.包含电磁阀最大开度限制与碳罐初次开启限制的最大目标冲洗率Rmax为
Rmax=min[max(Ro_max,Rpurge,t−1),    Rini_max]
式中:Rpurge,t−1表示上一控制周期目标冲洗率;Rini_max表示初次开启碳罐工况下最大目标冲洗率.
该功能模块使用目标冲洗率作为输入,输出目标冲洗流量,并将该目标冲洗流量转换为标准工况下的冲洗流量,标准工况是指临界压比以下(25℃,0.1MPa),目的在于方便电磁阀流量特性的标定.
电磁阀开度上限计算式为
δupper=min[Rpurgeϕa⋅(m˙purge+m˙in)m˙purge_ful,    δmax]
通过对目标冲洗率计算得到的开度上限与电磁阀本身工况限制的开度上限取小,得到最终的电磁阀开度上限δupper,由此可计算冲洗流量上限,即
m˙purge_upper=δupper⋅m˙purge_ful
目标冲洗流量计算式为
m˙purge=∫0tfpurge⋅(1−fλ)⋅m˙purge_ful⋅k⋅dt         (m˙purge≤m˙purge_upper)
式中:fpurge为基础冲洗积分因子,与上一个控制周期目标冲洗率正相关,目的在于当冲洗率较大时,加快积分速率,式(8)积分式的物理意义在于:目标冲洗流量以一定的积分速度增大直至上限值,其积分速度与基础冲洗率因子、空燃比控制偏差和电磁阀开启速度相关.如前所述,目标冲洗流量需要转换至标况(临界压比、室温和海平面)下的目标流量,即
m˙purge_nor=m˙purge⋅m˙purge_ful_nor/m˙purge_ful
式中:m˙purge_nor为标况下的目标流量;m˙purge_ful_nor为电磁阀全开标况下的冲洗流量.将目标冲洗流量进行上述转换,方便在标况下对碳罐电磁阀的流量特性进行标定,以使实际冲洗流量跟随目标冲洗流量.
理论上流经碳罐电磁阀流量为
m˙purge={CDAep0ρ(pip0)1γ2γγ−1[1−(pip0)γ−1γ]                                             pip0>(2γ+1)γγ−1 CDAeγp0ρ(2γ+1)γ+12(γ−1)                                         pip0≤(2γ+1)γγ−1    
式中:CD为流量系数;Ae为电磁阀开度;p0为大气压力;pi为进气歧管压力;ρ为试验环境下的冲洗气流密度;γ为绝热指数.
由式(10)可知碳罐电磁阀流量与其两端压比(即进气歧管压力与大气压力之比)、阀开度关系密切.图2(a)为碳罐电磁阀流量与压比关系.固定开度下,随着压比逐渐降低,流量逐渐上升,直至临界压比(约为0.56),继续降低压比,流量保持不变.图2(b)为转毂台架上流量计测量得到的标准工况下质量流量与电磁阀相对开度关系,由离散的试验点线性插值得到给定m˙purge_nor下所需要的目标开度.具体试验操作是:首先保持发动机转速为1500r/min自怠速,目的在于控制压比小于临界压比0.56,随后将碳罐电磁阀由全闭按照一定间隔逐渐调增至100%开度,在每个开度下记录流量计实测体积流量,按照式(11)转换为标准状况下的质量流量填入流量特性曲线插值点即可.
m˙purge_nor=0.06V˙exp⋅ρ/μ
式中:V˙exp为流量计实测体积流量;μ为实际工况换算至标准工况下的温度、大气压力综合修正系数.
图3为控制策略框架与模型.图3(a)为控制策略整体逻辑框.程序开始,进入目标冲洗率计算模块,进行积分准备数据计算,包含电磁阀开启速度、基础冲洗率因子和常规冲洗率因子,对其乘积积分得到目标冲洗率,且积分上限由发动机工况与开度综合限制,目标冲洗流量计算模块接收目标冲洗率,计算目标冲洗流量上限,对目标冲洗流量进行积分限制,接下来目标冲洗流量被转换为标况下数值,输入给标定好的电磁阀流量特性曲线,得到目标开度,进而得到开度控制占空比,以使实际流量跟随目标流量,达到控制冲洗流量的目的.
基于Simulink平台搭建的碳罐冲洗控制策略模型如图3(b)所示.模型架构包含输入、逻辑主体和输出三部分,其中输入信号使用脚本将测量文件读入工作空间,逻辑主体如前理论所述,输出质量流量并转换为体积流量、并对其积分求累积体积流量,模型求解采用定步长,步长为10ms,使用ode45(Dormand-Prince)求解器.
首先对一组基础控制策略模型参数进行验证分析,对比仿真与试验结果,并检验空燃比控制效果.将流量计电压数据转换为体积流量,仿真质量流量转换为体积流量,默认冲洗气流密度为1.297kg/m3.图4(a)上部分为瞬时冲洗体积流量仿真与试验值对比,下部分为法规规定的调整后的WLTC循环车速信息,包含车速为零的提前采集、怠速和延迟采集段,速度段包含低速、中速以及两段高速.为了更加清晰地展示瞬态工况下的目标与实际冲洗流量跟随特性,将蓝色框部分进行局部放大,如图4(b)所示.在WLTC循环的大部分稳态工况中,仿真流量能够跟随实际测量流量曲线,然而在瞬态工况下,仿真曲线在电磁阀快速开闭的极短若干时刻,具有比实际测量值更大的峰值与更小的谷值,这是由于仿真模型计算周期为10ms,远小于流量计的数据采集周期1s,导致试验数据无法捕捉毫秒级别的目标流量变化;再次目标流量的建立具有一定的延迟时间,在极度瞬态的工况下,目标流量迅速变化,实际流量来不及跟随,因而实际流量天然比目标流量具有更小的变化率.
考虑到实际工程应用与排放法规中往往考察特定循环工况下的累积冲洗流量,将瞬时体积流量积分,得到累积冲洗流量曲线,如图5(a)所示.由于瞬态差异持续时间极短且峰值与谷值相互平衡抵消,累积冲洗流量仿真值在总体趋势上对比试验值,具有良好的跟随性,仅绝对值略微高于试验值,分别最终达到402.69L、373.62L,模型预测误差为7.78%,由此可以认为模型具有良好的控制与预测精度.图5(b)为过量空气系数曲线,上部分标识了过量空气系数尖峰,为断油工况,属正常控制需求,下部分表示了过量空气系数在1.00附近的变化情况,可知绝大部分数值处于0.85~1.15,满足空燃比控制需求.总体来看,模型精度在允许范围内,在该基础参数控制策略下,累积冲洗流量达到177.91Bv(Bv表示冲洗体积对碳罐体积的倍数),且空燃比控制效果良好.碳罐冲洗控制策略的原则在于保持空燃比在当量比的前提下,尽可能提高冲洗流量,将分析控制策略模型中特征参数的影响,以探究提高冲洗流量的可行途径.
基于工程经验与理论分析,选取控制策略模型中易于标定且相对独立的特征参数,分析其影响,并优化数据,探究提高冲洗流量的可行路径,但基础控制特征参数基于碳罐冲洗的基本原则是:在满足燃烧稳定性、空燃比控制性能与噪声水平的前提下,尽可能提高冲洗流量,在转毂上经过初始标定得到,由于中、高转速与负荷下冲洗流量提升潜力已经有限,所以针对中、低转速与负荷工况下的特征参数优化.图6(a)为常规冲洗率因子freg数据优化前、后对比,在全范围内提高了常规冲洗率因子,增大目标冲洗率达到上限的积分速度.图6(b)为电磁阀开启速度k数据优化前、后对比,在中、低喷油量时略微提高了电磁阀开启速度,即达到开度上限的响应速度.图6(c)为电磁阀最大开度限制δmax数据优化前、后对比,灰色填充表面为基础数据,包络网格为优化后数据,在中、低转速与压比工况下适度放开最大开度限制.图6(d)为初始冲洗率因子f数据优化前、后对比,同样在中、低转速与负荷工况下提高了初始冲洗率因子,适度地减小对于燃烧稳定性与空燃比冲击的安全裕度,以提高此类工况下的冲洗流量.出于定量的表示特征参数优化程度的目的,图6中标注了所有优化后的插值断点具体数据.为了方便控制变量对比,分别仿真单独优化一项特征参数后,相对基础数据的冲洗量提升,最后保持单独优化后特征参数不变,统一优化所有特征参数,验证冲洗流量提升效果.
图7(a)为累积冲洗流量仿真优化结果,分别展示了单独优化一项特征参数以及综合优化所有特征参数的累积冲洗流量结果,为了更加清晰地展示结果,图7(b)为图7(a)虚线方框的局部放大.对比基础数据,各优化结果整体趋势大致相同,每项特征参数优化结果都有不同程度的冲洗流量提升,统一综合优化具有最大的累积冲洗流量.为了定量分析优化结果,将最终累积流量汇总如表2所示,电磁阀开启速度影响最小,最大开度限制流量提升最大,综合优化后累积冲洗流量由402.70L提升至459.12L,流量综合提升值为56.42L,近似于每项优化流量提升之和(50.34L),进一步验证了待优化参数之间相互独立的特征.
在转毂台架上实测更新综合优化数据后控制策略的冲洗流量,并验证其对空燃比控制造成的影响.图8为综合优化控制参数后瞬时冲洗实测结果,并对比了仿真与实测累积冲洗流量.总体趋势与优化前相近,瞬时幅值稍有提升,红色线表明:当循环工况结束时,实测累积冲洗流量达到499.61L,而仿真累积流量达到541.01L.在预测优化阶段,综合优化之后的累积冲洗流量仿真结果为459.12L,大幅度低于验证时的仿真结果,这是因为虽然两次仿真的模型输入都来自规定的WLTC循环采集信号,跟随相同的车速曲线,但车辆、发动机状态都发生了很大变化,驾驶员操作习惯也不尽相同,造成仿真结果产生较大差距.总的来看,实测冲洗流量在优化控制参数后,由373.62L增加到499.61L,达到237.91Bv,提升了33.7%,大大提升了碳罐再生吸附能力,从而降低燃油蒸发排放;然而在冲洗控制变得更为“激进”后,需要验证空燃比控制是否受到冲击,导致发动机尾排恶化.
图9为综合优化数据后过量空气系数曲线,除开上部分图中标识的断油工况,绝大部分工况的过量空气系数如下部分所示,控制在0.85~1.15,总体来看,控制参数综合优化后,不仅大幅提高了累积冲洗流量,而且空燃比控制效果良好.
(1) 基于Simulink平台的碳罐冲洗控制策略模型,包含目标冲洗率计算、目标冲洗流量计算和电磁阀流量特性标定模块化设计,瞬态冲洗流量在相对稳定工况下跟随实测结果,而瞬态变化工况下具有更大震荡幅值,仿真与实测累积冲洗流量分别为402.69L、373.62L,仿真精度达到7.78%,且除开断油工况,绝大部分工况过量空气系数控制在0.85~1.15当量比附近.
(2) 控制策略特征参数常规冲洗率因子、电磁阀开启速度、电磁阀最大开度限制和初始冲洗率因子均对冲洗过程产生重要影响,且相互独立,中、低转速与负荷下冲洗策略仍有一定的优化空间.
(3) 基于模型综合优化控制策略特征参数后,累积冲洗量由373.62L提升至499.61L,且在相对激进的控制策略下,空燃比控制效果仍然良好,除开断油工况,过量空气系数控制在0.85~1.15.
  • 广汽研究院创新基金资助项目(XGE-FD-3)
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501011
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
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广汽研究院创新基金资助项目(XGE-FD-3)
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    1.广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
    2.湖南大学车身先进制造与设计国家重点实验室,长沙 410082
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