Article(id=1325528772140880635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715443200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-12, revisedDate=1731600000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960286412, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1737734400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960286412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960286412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960286412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325528735126151362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2025', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='95', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1737734400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960277585, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960521174, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1325529757923951151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1325528735126151362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325528772333818620, articleId=1325528772140880635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Research on the triple spark plug ignition system and high thermal efficiency achievement for dedicated hybrid engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on a 3-cylinder 1.5L dedicated hybrid engine, the influence of three different ignition modes, using single spark plug, passive pre-chamber and triple spark plugs, on the engine combustion and emission characteristics was studied under lean-burn conditions. The test results at the speed of 2000r/min and the brake mean effective pressure of 0.8MPa show that under high-tumble intensity, the lean limit with passive pre-chamber ignition corresponded to an excess air ratio ϕa of approximately 1.70, which is slightly lower than that of single spark plug. In contrast, triple spark plug ignition can maintain stable combustion with a ϕa greater than 1.95, thereby improving the fuel consumption and raw NOx emissions. As the air dilution increases, the advantage of passive pre-chamber ignition in improving combustion phasing gradually weakens, while the corresponding ignition delay and combustion duration increase more obviously. Triple spark plug ignition can effectively accelerate the combustion rate, and this advantage becomes more significant especially when ϕa exceeds 1.70, the combustion duration could be shortened by nearly 4°CA compared to those of single spark plug and pre-chamber. When using triple spark plug ignition and a lean mixture with ϕa of 1.80, the engine achieved a highest brake thermal efficiency(BTE) of 45.06% with the fuel of 92 research octane number(RON). With RON100 fuel and further utilization of electronic supercharger, the highest BTE can be increased to 45.63% and 47.04% respectively.

, authors=Bowen Yan1, Waters Benjamin2, Tiegang Hu1, Wei Deng1, authorsList=Bowen Yan, Waters Benjamin, Tiegang Hu, Wei Deng, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325528776721060631, articleId=1325528772140880635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=混动发动机三火花塞点火系统及高热效率研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于一台3缸1.5L混动发动机,研究了单火花塞、被动预燃室及三火花塞3种不同点火方式对发动机稀燃工况下燃烧和排放特性的影响.通过2000r/min转速、0.8MPa平均有效压力下的测试表明:在高滚流下,采用被动预燃室点火能实现的稀燃极限对应过量空气系数ϕa约为1.70,相比单火花塞略低,采用三火花塞点火则可在ϕa>1.95的条件下稳定燃烧,进而改善燃油消耗率和NOx原始排放.随着空气稀释增加,采用被动预燃室点火对燃烧相位的改善效果逐渐减弱,且使得滞燃期和燃烧持续期增加明显.相比之下,三火花塞点火可有效加快燃烧速率,尤其在ϕa>1.70时优势显著,其燃烧持续期相比单火花塞和被动预燃室可缩短近4°CA.通过采用ϕa为1.80的稀混合气配合三火花塞点火,发动机在选用研究法辛烷值(RON)为92的燃油时可实现45.06%的最高有效热效率(BTE),选用RON100燃油及进一步采用电子增压器时,最高BTE可分别提升至45.63%和47.04%.

, authors=闫博文1, Waters Benjamin2, 胡铁刚1, 邓伟1, authorsList=闫博文, Waters Benjamin, 胡铁刚, 邓伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

闫博文,博士,高级工程师,.

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784405025619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2000r/min、BMEP=1.25MPa电子增压器功耗对有效热效率和泵气功影响, figureFileSmall=rkjJ1yBa5LL0R25luH4WKA==, figureFileBig=wr74BABFoXiIFuRfmlnJ0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325528784467940180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engine specifications

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
发动机型式直列3缸增压直喷
缸径/mm
活塞行程/mm
76
110
行程/缸径1.45
排量/L1.496
压缩比15
配气机构进/排气可变正时(DVVT)
最高燃油喷射压力/MPa35
最大转矩/(N·m)167(2500~3900 r/min)
标定功率/kW70(4000 r/min)
机油型号0W16
冷却水供给电子主水泵
), ArticleFig(id=1325528784535049045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发动机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
发动机型式直列3缸增压直喷
缸径/mm
活塞行程/mm
76
110
行程/缸径1.45
排量/L1.496
压缩比15
配气机构进/排气可变正时(DVVT)
最高燃油喷射压力/MPa35
最大转矩/(N·m)167(2500~3900 r/min)
标定功率/kW70(4000 r/min)
机油型号0W16
冷却水供给电子主水泵
), ArticleFig(id=1325528784610546518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Measured parameters and accuracies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试参数测试设备测试精度
转速AVL YNOFORCE ASM 600±1 r/min
转矩AVL YNOFORCE ASM 600±0.3 N·m
燃油流量AVL FuelExact PLU 740±0.1%
过量空气系数ES621+LSU4.9±2%
缸内压力Kisler 6115±1%
气体排放HORIBA MEXA-7100 DEGR±2%
), ArticleFig(id=1325528784694432599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要测试参数及精度

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测试参数测试设备测试精度
转速AVL YNOFORCE ASM 600±1 r/min
转矩AVL YNOFORCE ASM 600±0.3 N·m
燃油流量AVL FuelExact PLU 740±0.1%
过量空气系数ES621+LSU4.9±2%
缸内压力Kisler 6115±1%
气体排放HORIBA MEXA-7100 DEGR±2%
), ArticleFig(id=1325528784757347160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Testing boundary conditions

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参数数值
运行工况2000r/min,BMEP=0.8MPa
最高热效率
DVVT调整范围/(°)CA60
喷油相位/(°)CA ATDC-290
喷油压力/MPa35
循环波动边界/%3
燃烧相位最优目标/(°)CA ATDC7~9/爆震边界
RON92汽油低热值/(MJ·kg-1)42.5
RON100汽油低热值/(MJ·kg-1)42.13
水温/℃90
机油温度/℃90
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试验边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
运行工况2000r/min,BMEP=0.8MPa
最高热效率
DVVT调整范围/(°)CA60
喷油相位/(°)CA ATDC-290
喷油压力/MPa35
循环波动边界/%3
燃烧相位最优目标/(°)CA ATDC7~9/爆震边界
RON92汽油低热值/(MJ·kg-1)42.5
RON100汽油低热值/(MJ·kg-1)42.13
水温/℃90
机油温度/℃90
), ArticleFig(id=1325528784891564890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1325528772140880635, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Electronic supercharger specifications

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参数数值
稳态最大转矩/(N·m)0.35(0~72000r/min)
稳态最大功率/kW2.6(72000r/min)
瞬态最大转矩/(N·m)0.70(0~62000r/min)
瞬态最大功率/kW4.5(62000~72000r/min)
迟滞时间(0~90%最高转速)/ms550
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电子增压器参数

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参数数值
稳态最大转矩/(N·m)0.35(0~72000r/min)
稳态最大功率/kW2.6(72000r/min)
瞬态最大转矩/(N·m)0.70(0~62000r/min)
瞬态最大功率/kW4.5(62000~72000r/min)
迟滞时间(0~90%最高转速)/ms550
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混动发动机三火花塞点火系统及高热效率研究
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闫博文 1 , Waters Benjamin 2 , 胡铁刚 1 , 邓伟 1
内燃机学报 | 2025,43(1): 20-28
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内燃机学报 | 2025 , 43 (1) : 20 -28
混动发动机三火花塞点火系统及高热效率研究
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闫博文1 , Waters Benjamin2, 胡铁刚1, 邓伟1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆长安汽车股份有限公司,重庆 400000
  • 2.长安英国研究中心,伯明翰 B377YG,英国
作者简介:

闫博文,博士,高级工程师,.

Research on the triple spark plug ignition system and high thermal efficiency achievement for dedicated hybrid engine
Bowen Yan1 , Waters Benjamin2, Tiegang Hu1, Wei Deng1
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Limited,Chongqing 400000,China
  • 2.Changan UK R&D Centre Limited,Birmingham B377YG,UK
出版时间: 2025-01-25 doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501003
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基于一台3缸1.5L混动发动机,研究了单火花塞、被动预燃室及三火花塞3种不同点火方式对发动机稀燃工况下燃烧和排放特性的影响.通过2000r/min转速、0.8MPa平均有效压力下的测试表明:在高滚流下,采用被动预燃室点火能实现的稀燃极限对应过量空气系数ϕa约为1.70,相比单火花塞略低,采用三火花塞点火则可在ϕa>1.95的条件下稳定燃烧,进而改善燃油消耗率和NOx原始排放.随着空气稀释增加,采用被动预燃室点火对燃烧相位的改善效果逐渐减弱,且使得滞燃期和燃烧持续期增加明显.相比之下,三火花塞点火可有效加快燃烧速率,尤其在ϕa>1.70时优势显著,其燃烧持续期相比单火花塞和被动预燃室可缩短近4°CA.通过采用ϕa为1.80的稀混合气配合三火花塞点火,发动机在选用研究法辛烷值(RON)为92的燃油时可实现45.06%的最高有效热效率(BTE),选用RON100燃油及进一步采用电子增压器时,最高BTE可分别提升至45.63%和47.04%.

混动发动机  /  三火花塞点火  /  燃烧特性  /  热效率

Based on a 3-cylinder 1.5L dedicated hybrid engine, the influence of three different ignition modes, using single spark plug, passive pre-chamber and triple spark plugs, on the engine combustion and emission characteristics was studied under lean-burn conditions. The test results at the speed of 2000r/min and the brake mean effective pressure of 0.8MPa show that under high-tumble intensity, the lean limit with passive pre-chamber ignition corresponded to an excess air ratio ϕa of approximately 1.70, which is slightly lower than that of single spark plug. In contrast, triple spark plug ignition can maintain stable combustion with a ϕa greater than 1.95, thereby improving the fuel consumption and raw NOx emissions. As the air dilution increases, the advantage of passive pre-chamber ignition in improving combustion phasing gradually weakens, while the corresponding ignition delay and combustion duration increase more obviously. Triple spark plug ignition can effectively accelerate the combustion rate, and this advantage becomes more significant especially when ϕa exceeds 1.70, the combustion duration could be shortened by nearly 4°CA compared to those of single spark plug and pre-chamber. When using triple spark plug ignition and a lean mixture with ϕa of 1.80, the engine achieved a highest brake thermal efficiency(BTE) of 45.06% with the fuel of 92 research octane number(RON). With RON100 fuel and further utilization of electronic supercharger, the highest BTE can be increased to 45.63% and 47.04% respectively.

hybrid engine  /  triple spark plug ignition  /  combustion characteristics  /  thermal efficiency
闫博文, Waters Benjamin, 胡铁刚, 邓伟. 混动发动机三火花塞点火系统及高热效率研究. 内燃机学报, 2025 , 43 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501003
Bowen Yan, Waters Benjamin, Tiegang Hu, Wei Deng. Research on the triple spark plug ignition system and high thermal efficiency achievement for dedicated hybrid engine[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2025 , 43 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501003
近年来在“双碳”战略的驱动下,国内乘用车新能源市场正进一步加速向电动化转型,并取得了快速发展.在当前动力电池能量密度未有重大突破的情况下,插电式混合动力汽车由于可更好地解决续航里程焦虑和电池成本过高等突出问题[1],同时兼顾纯电动汽车的驾驶性体验及低用车成本,因而逐渐得到更多用户认可,其市场占有率相应出现了快速提升,并与纯电动汽车在不同细分市场形成了差异化竞争.
在混动系统中,通过电机调节可使发动机更多运行在高效区域,因而混动专用发动机的开发目标更加侧重于热效率的提升[2-4].目前已量产的混动汽油机压缩比已提升至14~16,且普遍采用深度米勒/阿特金森循环以及高比例冷却废气再循环(EGR)以抑制爆震;此外还采用电气化附件及低摩擦设计以降低机械损失,由此热效率已由最初的38%逐步提升至42%~44%[5-7].然而当前汽油机因受限于三元催化器高转化效率的需求,均采用当量燃烧方式.由于此种方式下混合气绝热指数低、爆震倾向和传热损失高[8],因而热效率进一步提升已十分困难.为实现45%以上热效率的突破,需进一步引入超稀薄燃烧技术[2].此前汽油机稀燃技术因受排放法规及后处理成本等因素限制始终未能广泛应用,但随着混动运行工况及使用场景的大幅改善,将有望同步驱动高效、低成本后处理技术取得突破.
目前,汽油机稀燃多采用均质混合气燃烧[9-10],主要是为了避免产生局部高温区域,进而实现超低氮氧化物(NOx)排放.相比分层稀燃技术,均质稀燃为有效拓展稀燃极限将更依赖于缸内气流运动的强化,如采用高滚流进气道及长冲程设计等,同时也更依赖于点火能量的提高,如采用冠状点火、预燃室[11-13]及多火花塞[5, 7, 14-15]等.此外部分研究也提出采用压燃着火方式[16-18],但由于此种方式对边界条件十分敏感,且难以实时判定缸内燃烧状态,容易造成爆发压力过高或燃烧稳定恶化等问题,因而工程化应用十分困难.尽管当前采用稀燃方式所能实现的热效率已达到或突破45%[19-20],但多数研究仍停留在单缸机测试或采用电子增压器等方式,与实际工程化应用仍有一定差距.
对于稀燃技术,实现极稀混合气的稳定燃烧是热效率突破的关键因素.笔者在综合评估了上述技术路线后,最终选取了多火花塞点火方案,主要由于其对边界条件敏感性更低,燃烧过程更加可控.此外,相比其他技术方案,多火花塞设计具有更好的成本优势和工程化应用前景,尤其在零部件成熟度、额外能量损耗及控制复杂度等方面.此前针对双火花塞方案已有较多研究[5, 7, 14-15]表明,采用双火花塞可有效加快燃烧速率,提高燃烧稳定性,相应的在采用EGR情况下可承受更高EGR率,由此对燃油消耗率改善效果显著.此外采用双火花塞还可实现更低的HC和CO排放.Lee等[5]在一台采用阿特金森循环和压缩比为14的2.0L 4缸自然吸气发动机上进行了双火花塞设计,其可承受的最大EGR率达到35%,最高有效热效率达到42.2%.在后续研究中借助48V电子增压器和超宽进气凸轮型线设计,热效率进一步提升至44%[7].相比之下,更多火花塞的设计方案在车用发动机中鲜见报道,仅在转子发动机或摩托车搭载的小型单缸汽油机中有所尝试[21-22].Dubey等[21]选取了一台具有三火花塞的单缸四冲程汽油机进行了测试,并与另外两台分别采用单火花塞和双火花塞设计的单缸机进行了热效率和排放的对比表明,三火花塞设计可明显加快燃烧速率,热效率与双火花塞和单火花塞相比可分别提升5.1%和13.0%,未燃HC和CO排放也明显较低.
笔者提出了在多缸机中进行三火花塞点火系统设计的理念和方案,并进行了样机试制及台架测试.相比双火花塞,三火花塞设计方案由于着火点更多因而整体点火能量更高,因此,可进一步强化在提升高稀释率条件下燃烧速率及稳定性方面的优势.同时此方案相比双火花塞设计可更好地利用燃烧室底面布置空间,保留较大气门直径进而实现更高的充气效率、减小换气损失及更高有效热效率.另外,在新一轮混动专用发动机开发过程中,被动预燃室由于结构简单,且通过火焰射流的形式可有效加快燃烧速率,降低爆震倾向,因而在行业内受到了广泛关注.此前针对被动预燃室方案已进行了加工和优化测试.为探究更加适用于稀燃极限拓展的点火系统设计,笔者在一台1.5L 3缸混动专用发动机上对单火花塞、被动预燃室和三火花塞3种不同点火方式所能实现的稀燃性能进行了对比测试,并基于最优方案进一步探究了发动机所能达成的最高热效率.
表1为混动专用发动机主要技术参数.为实现缸内高湍流强度以提升高稀释率条件下的火焰传播速率,该发动机在机体结构方面设计了1.45的超高行程缸径比.在此基础上为进一步抑制爆震和优化燃烧过程,该发动机还采用了深度米勒循环、35MPa燃油喷射压力、强化冷却水套及三火花塞点火系统等.为了兼顾提升进气流量以尽可能增加空气稀释能力,开发过程中针对进气道形状和气门升程高度进行了多轮迭代优化,同时还针对增压器进行了多轮匹配,并对压缩比影响进行了研究.此外,为降低摩擦损失,发动机采用了0W16机油和电子主水泵.
图1为三火花塞燃烧室设计以及试验台架的外围点火线圈布置.缸盖燃烧室底面在保留传统火花塞直径为12mm(M12)中心火花塞的情况下,增加了两只火花塞直径为10mm(M10)侧置火花塞布置.该侧置火花塞是为了满足相邻两缸之间点火线圈布置空间要求而单独开发,其结构与M12火花塞一致.试验前在点火性能台架对三只火花塞塞充磁时间及相应点火能量进行标定与测试,确保每支火花塞在试验工况下的点火能量均可达到(120±2)mJ.
为了使用现有零部件进行样机测试,在点火线圈与火花塞之间临时采用了低电阻高压引线连接,并开发了外接控制模块和程序,以实现每一火花塞点火使能和点火时刻的独立控制.前期试验表明,三火花塞点火时刻设置相同时发动机性能最优,这与文献[15]中结论基本一致,因而所展示的均为相同点火时刻得到的结果.此外,该缸盖燃烧室设计可兼容被动预燃室和单火花塞点火方案,从而可方便地对比测试.
研究中采用的被动预燃室如图2所示,其周向均匀分布了6个射流火焰喷孔.基于其他相关研究结果[23-25],被动预燃室容积设计为活塞上止点气缸容积的2%左右.在之前的研究中,针对喷孔角度(喷孔中心线与火花塞轴线之间的夹角)和喷孔直径两个关键参数已进行了优化试验验证,其中喷孔角度优化范围为60°~70°,喷孔直径优化范围为0.8~1.2mm.研究延续了该优化试验所确定的最优设计方案,并以此与三火花塞方案进行了对比测试.
图3为发动机台架布置,其在排气管路中采用了背压阀代替三元催化器,以灵活满足不同背压需求.表2为试验主要测试参数及精度.试验中发动机燃油消耗量通过AVL740瞬态油耗仪测量,缸内压力通过Kisler6115型传感器测量,缸压监测和燃烧数据计算使用AVL Indicom燃烧分析仪处理,发动机气体原始排放通过HORIBA MEXA-7100 DEGR测量.此外试验采用0.2°CA分辨率的曲轴位置传感器保证点火时刻精度,采用宽域氧传感器实现空燃比闭环控制.台架测试中采用燃烧分析仪实时监测缸内压力信号波动最大幅值,并结合爆震音箱采集的声音进行爆震判别.当缸内压力最大波动幅值突然频繁出现脉冲式上升且明显高于其他循环时,认为此时发生爆震.另外,试验最终记录数据是200个循环采集数据平均值,从而较好地保证了数据准确性.
重点对比了单火花塞、被动预燃室和三火花塞不同点火方式对发动机稀燃性能的影响,具体边界如表3所示.所测试的3种点火方式均是基于三火花塞缸盖设计实现的,如图4所示.
首先选取转速为2000r/min、平均有效压力(BMEP)为0.8MPa的特征工况点进行了对比测试.选取该特征工况点主要是基于前期匹配计算结果确认其为常用工况点之一,且此前测试结果表明,该工况点在各点火模式下与最高热效率点较为接近,因此,可作为高热效率区域典型代表工况较好地对比各点火模式所能实现的发动机性能.试验中每组测试方案的气门可变正时(VVT)位置主要是基于此前多轮优化结果进行选取,其在抑制爆震的同时将尽可能提高充气效率,以增加最大空气稀释程度.测试时过量空气系数ϕa从1.00开始以0.05为间隔逐渐增加,直到增压器旁通阀关死或发动机出现频繁失火而无法稳定运行.在每一ϕa条件下,点火角逐渐提前,使燃烧相位(CA50)向7°~9°CA ATDC的最优区间逼近,直至出现轻微爆震.
随后基于三火花塞点火方式,进一步探究了该混动专用发动机所能达到的最高有效热效率.在此过程中除正常边界下的测试外,还进一步采用了研究法辛烷值(RON)为100的燃油和48V电子增压器两种方案.其中所选用的48V电子增压器具体参数如表4所示,在台架中的布置如图5所示.可以看到该电子增压器串联在原压气机后并设有分流支路,以满足不同增压压力需求.
由于采用电子增压器将额外消耗电能,因而除通过试验直接测得的热效率外,还可通过式(1)~(3)得到计及电耗时发动机的等效热效率.
PE-SCreq=PE-SC/ηconv
m˙total =bi⋅PE-SCreq+m˙fuel
ηe corr=Pe/(m˙total⋅Hu)
式中:PE-SCreq为电子增压器消耗功率;PE-SC为电子增压器实际输出功率;η conv为发动机燃烧做功到电子增压器做功的转化效率;m˙total为折算后所需的燃油质量流量;bi为发动机净指示燃油消耗率;m˙fuel为测得的燃油质量流量;ηe corr为计及电耗时的发动机有效热效率;Pe为发动机功率;Hu为燃油低热值.
图6示出转速为2000r/min、BMEP=0.8MPa工况下不同点火方式对应的燃油消耗率和燃烧循环波动随ϕa的变化.在ϕa达到1.40之前,不同点火方式下的燃油消耗率差异并不明显.随着ϕa进一步增加,采用被动预燃室点火对应的燃油消耗率变化趋势与单火花塞基本一致,但其达到稀燃极限时对应的ϕa仅约为1.70,相比单火花塞略低,由此导致被动预燃室所能实现的最低燃油消耗率略有增加.相比之下,采用三火花塞点火时可显著拓展稀燃极限,其ϕa最大可增加至1.95,且燃烧循环波动可始终维持在3%以下,此时ϕa难以进一步增加,主要是受到增压能力的限制.可以看到采用三火花塞点火可使最低燃油消耗率相比单火花塞降低5g/(kW·h),对应热效率绝对值提升约1%.
从上述分析可以看到,此次测试中采用被动预燃室点火对稀燃极限的拓展作用并不明显.这主要是由于通过采用1.45的高行程与缸径比以及强滚流进气道等设计,压缩上止点附近的缸内湍流强度大幅提升,由此使得被动预燃室通过火焰射流生成并强化局部湍流的优势不再明显.另一方面,缸内较强的气流运动使得点火时刻被动预燃室火花塞周围的气流运动速度以及被动预燃室高温壳体与周围稀混合气的对流换热作用进一步增加,这将不利于火核形成初期的热量积聚,由此使得被动预燃室在高空气稀释率条件下的着火稳定性反而有所下降.相比之下直接采用火花塞点火时,上止点附近的高湍流强度可使燃烧稳定性得到显著提升[9].在此优势基础上,采用三火花塞点火还可通过增加的侧置火花塞进一步提升末端稀混合气的点火能量及着火稳定性,因而其对稀燃极限拓展作用更为显著.
图7示出不同点火方式下燃烧特性随ϕa增加的变化.图7(a)中,在ϕa达到1.40之前,采用被动预燃室点火可在爆震限制条件下实现更为提前的燃烧相位.主要是由于在较浓混合气条件下,被动预燃室射流火焰具有较高的点火能量及相应较强的引燃能力,由此形成的多点着火可显著加快混合气燃烧速率.特别是在燃烧初期射流火焰将首先到达燃烧室周边易发生爆震区域,进而快速消耗末端混合气,有效降低爆震倾向[26].
随着ϕa进一步增加,采用被动预燃室点火对燃烧相位的改善效果逐渐减弱,且从图7(b)和图7(c)中可以看到,在此过程中其所对应的滞燃期和燃烧持续期增加也更为明显.这主要是由于随着ϕa增加,不仅缸内高滚流强度设计不利于被动预燃室内初期火核的形成,而且空气稀释程度增加将使得射流火焰温度及混合气反应活性迅速降低,进而导致射流火焰的引燃能力下降.两方面因素共同作用使得被动预燃室点火在较稀混合气条件下所能实现的着火和燃烧过程明显变差,由此也使得末端混合气在燃烧初期的消耗速率下降,进而降低了爆震抑制能力.相比之下,采用单火花塞点火时,缸内逐渐增加的进气量结合高滚流设计将进一步提升上止点附近的湍流强度,进而有效增加预混火焰传播时火焰前锋面的面积以及涡团破碎作用,由此使得在ϕa大于1.70的极稀混合气条件下发动机燃烧稳定性更优且燃烧速率更快.在此基础上,采用三火花塞点火则可进一步缩短平均火焰传播距离,提高末端混合气的点火能量,从而进一步改善燃烧特性.
基于上述分析,可以看到当ϕa增加至稀燃极限或最大值时,采用被动预燃室点火所能实现的燃烧持续期相比当量燃烧时将增加9°CA,而采用三火花塞点火时的燃烧持续期相比单火花塞和被动预燃室将缩短近4° CA,且相比当量燃烧仅增加约2°CA.另外,三火花塞点火对应的滞燃期也相比单火花塞更短,主要是由于在燃烧初期各火花塞点火后将首先消耗其周边混合气,此时彼此间的相互作用较小,因而着火点数量越多,滞燃期越短.
结合上述燃烧特性分析及图6(a)所示的燃油消耗率对比结果可知,尽管在ϕa达到1.40之前,采用被动预燃室及三火花塞点火时对应的燃烧相位或燃烧速率相比单火花塞明显更优,但其燃油消耗率改善效果并不显著.这主要是由于燃烧相位提前及燃烧速率的提升将同时使得缸内燃烧温度增加,进而导致传热损失增大,由此抵消了燃烧等容度提高所带来的收益[27].随着ϕa增大,空气稀释程度增加将使燃烧温度逐渐下降,进而使得传热损失的影响逐渐减小.此时采用三火花塞点火时因其燃烧特性改善带来的燃油消耗率收益开始显现.然而采用被动预燃室时,由于壳体设计将导致燃烧室面容比增大,同时被动预燃室自身容积将使得实际压缩比略有减小,其相对单火花塞的燃油消耗率改善仍不是十分明显[26].
图8~图10示出转速为2000r/min、BMEP=0.8MPa工况下不同点火方式对应的原始气体排放随ϕa增加的变化.为更清晰地展示不同点火方式对较稀混合气燃烧产生的排放改善效果,图中主要给出ϕa为1.50以上的测试结果.从图8和图9中可以看到,采用三火花塞点火时,由于其最大ϕa可达到1.95,因而NOx原始排放可降低至65×10-6,相比同配置下采用纯当量燃烧时减少约98.4%,这与三元催化器的平均转化效率基本相当.相比之下采用被动预燃室点火在稀燃极限时的NOx原始排放将达到200×10-6以上,其相比纯当量燃烧模式仅减少约92.3%.此外,在被动预燃室壳体内混合气点燃后产生高温射流火焰的过程中,容易在壳体及射流火焰附近形成局部高温区,因此,即便在图8所示较稀混合气条件下,其NOx排放仍相比略高.
尽管当前混动系统可大幅简化发动机运行工况区域,并使其更多在稳态工况下运行,但在实际工程应用时,发动机仍存在部分瞬态工况及当量燃烧区域,如起停工况及大负荷工况等.因而仅依靠机内净化、NOx排放或将难以满足现有排放法规要求,仍需依赖稀燃后处理装置,如选择性催化还原(SCR)装置、稀燃NOx捕集(LNT)装置等[28-29].然而混动专用发动机更加稳定的运行工况和更强的稀燃能力将使得NOx原始排放水平大幅降低,这将有利于减小后处理系统体积、提高系统集成度并减少催化剂用量等,进而有效降低稀燃后处理的制造和使用成本.
图10为不同点火方式对应的CO和未燃碳氢(HC)原始排放随ϕa的变化.采用被动预燃室点火相比单火花塞点火可实现更低的CO和HC原始排放,这主要是由于被动预燃室产生的射流火焰可在燃烧初期到达活塞与气缸之间的狭隙,进而减少由于不完全燃烧产生的气体排放.采用三火花塞时,两侧置火花塞点火也可起到类似作用.然而采用被动预燃室点火时的稀燃极限较低,在ϕa大于1.70时由于不稳定燃烧将导致CO和HC原始排放迅速增加.相比之下,采用三火花塞点火可始终保持较低排放水平.
通过上述测试结果可以看到,三火花塞点火在稀燃条件下具有明显更优的燃油消耗率和排放表现,因而基于三火花塞点火进一步探究了发动机所能实现的最高热效率.在此过程中除在正常边界下的测试外,还尝试采用了RON100燃油和电子增压器两种方案,得到的结果如图11~图13所示.热效率优化过程的主要思想是在充分利用增压系统能力基础上,配合VVT相位、点火时刻及工况点调节,平衡空气稀释率、燃烧相位以及机械损失占比等关键因素,以实现系统最优.
由图11可知,各测试方案下优化得到的最高热效率点转速均在2000r/min左右,这相比目前量产的传统增压发动机高效区转速降低约1000r/min,主要由于发动机采用三火花塞点火所能实现的高空气稀释率有效抑制了低速大负荷区域的爆震倾向.高效区转速降低将对整车匹配时的振动噪声(NVH)改善十分有利.此外3种测试方案下得到的最高热效率点对应稀混合气ϕa均为1.80±0.01.从图12中可以看到,采用RON92燃油时,发动机所能实现的最高有效热效率为45.02%.值得注意的是,该测试结果是在一台采用涡轮增压的多缸机上,仅通过机体结构和燃烧系统优化后所得到的,因而具有较高的工程化价值.
由图12还可知,改用RON100燃油时发动机最高有效热效率可提升至45.63%,当进一步采用电子增压器时,则可提升至47.04%.但是采用电子增压器对发动机燃烧过程改善并不明显,此时热效率提升的主要因素在于泵气正功的增加,如图13所示.此外,由于电子增压器将消耗额外电能,在计及电耗的情况下,发动机有效热效率相比不采用电子增压器时反而有所降低.这主要是由于计算过程中假定了电子增压器电耗均由发动机燃料燃烧供给,尽管最终所获取泵气正功有所增加,但将不可避免造成电子压气机电能转化为机械能的损失,以及燃料化学能转化为电子压气机电能的损失,进而导致最终折算后的热效率明显降低.图12所示即便发动机所做的功可完全转化为电子增压器最终的输出功,但最高有效热效率也仅达到42.95%.
为更好地说明电子增压器使用对发动机有效热效率的影响,图13展示了热效率摸底测试过程中在相同工况及边界条件下通过逐渐增加电子增压器功耗得到的一组测试结果.此时运行工况是转速为2000r/min、BMEP=1.25MPa及ϕa约为1.79.随着电子增压器功耗增加,泵气正功逐渐增大.因此,不计电耗时测得的有效热效率逐渐增加;而计及电耗时有效热效率则表现出持续下降的趋势.
(1) 采用三火花塞点火方式可显著拓展稀燃极限,在转速为2000r/min、BMEP=0.8MPa特征工况点,其稳定燃烧时对应的ϕa最大可达到1.95,由此使得最低燃油消耗率相比单火花塞降低5g/(kW·h),热效率绝对值提升约1%,此时ϕa难以进一步增加主要受增压能力限制;相比之下受缸内高滚流强度设计影响,仅采用被动预燃室点火时的稀燃极限对应ϕa仅约为1.70,与单火花塞相比略有降低,相应最低燃油消耗率略有增加;此外,采用三火花塞点火达到最低燃油消耗率时对应的NOx原始排放可降低至65×10-6,相比同配置下采用纯当量燃烧方式下降约98.4%,采用被动预燃室点火时的最低NOx原始排放将达到200×10-6以上,相比纯当量燃烧仅下降约92.3%.
(2) 随着ϕa增加,采用被动预燃室点火对燃烧相位的改善效果逐渐减弱,且使得滞燃期和燃烧持续期相比单火花塞增加更为明显;采用三火花塞点火可有效加快燃烧速率,尤其在ϕa大于1.70的极稀混合气条件下优势更为显著;在转速为2000r/min和BMEP=0.8MPa工况下,采用三火花塞点火时最大ϕa对应的燃烧持续期相比单火花塞和被动预燃室缩短近4°CA,相比当量燃烧仅增加约2°CA.
(3) 通过采用ϕa为1.80的稀混合气配合三火花塞点火,发动机在选用RON92燃油时可实现45.06%的最高有效热效率,当采用RON100燃油以及进一步采用电子增压器时,最高有效热效率可分别提升至45.63%和47.04%.
(4) 相同工况条件下,采用电子增压器时随着其功耗增加,泵气正功逐渐增加,由此使得不计电耗时的有效热效率逐渐提升,但相应计及电耗时的有效热效率则逐渐下降;所使用的发动机测试结果表明,计及电耗时的最高有效热效率极限将不高于42.95%.
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项资助项目(cstc2020jscx-dxwtBX0024)
  • 中国内燃机学会青年人才托举计划资助项目
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2025年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202501003
  • 接收时间:2024-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-12
  • 修回日期:2024-11-15
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重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项资助项目(cstc2020jscx-dxwtBX0024)
中国内燃机学会青年人才托举计划资助项目
作者信息
    1.重庆长安汽车股份有限公司,重庆 400000
    2.长安英国研究中心,伯明翰 B377YG,英国
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