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Article(id=1205887682111144367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667577600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-05, revisedDate=1684252800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765435627724, onlineDateStr=2025-12-11, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765435627724, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765435627724, creator=system, updateTime=1765435627724, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=35, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205887682291499441, articleId=1205887682111144367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Emission Characteristics of DPF and CDPF Active Regeneration, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the external heating source regeneration bench and particle loading device，the emission characteristics of outlet gas and particle during active regeneration of diesel particulate filter(DPF)and catalytic DPF(CDPF)under different regeneration temperature and carbon(Printex-U，PU)loading were studied. The results show that the coating of catalyst(Pt)is conducive to the oxidation of PU. Under the same PU loading，CDPF is more likely to produce temperature peaks，and the regeneration efficiency is slightly higher than DPF. DPF regeneration process is accompanied by higher volume fraction CO emission，and a lower concentration nuclear mode particles emission window will appear in the heating stage，and there is almost no particle release in the subsequent regeneration stage. There is almost no CO generation in the regeneration process of CDPF，but a large number of small particles below 30nm will be released in the regeneration stage，and the particle concentration at the outlet of CDPF will gradually increase with the increase of regeneration temperature and PU loading. DPF and CDPF have different optimization windows during regeneration，which is conducive to reducing particulate emissions and maintaining high regeneration efficiency.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhongwei Meng, Bosong Zeng, Gemeng Ran, Zhao Chen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205887685458198991, articleId=1205887682111144367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=DPF和CDPF主动再生排放特性对比分析, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于外加热源再生台架和颗粒物加载装置，探究了不同再生温度和碳载量下柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和催化型DPF(CDPF)主动再生时出口气体和颗粒物排放特性．结果表明：催化剂铂(Pt)的涂敷有利于碳黑(PU)的氧化，在相同碳载量条件下，CDPF更易产生温度波峰，且再生效率略高于DPF；DPF再生过程中伴随着较高体积分数的CO排放，且升温阶段会出现一个低浓度的核模态颗粒排放窗口，后续再生阶段几乎无颗粒物释放；CDPF再生过程中几乎没有CO生成，但在再生阶段会伴随着大量的30nm以下的小颗粒释放，且随着再生温度和碳载量的升高，CDPF出口颗粒物浓度逐渐升高．DPF和CDPF再生时分别具有不同优化窗口，既有利于减少颗粒物排放同时又保持较高的再生效率．

, authors=

孟忠伟，博士，教授，E-mail：.

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孟忠伟，博士，教授，E-mail：.
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journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887682111144367, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical properties of PU

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参数数值
挥发物/%5
吸油量/(g·100g-1)460
灰质量分数/%0.02
比表面积/(m2·g-1)92
粒径/nm25
), ArticleFig(id=1205887690596221460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, articleId=1205887682111144367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PU主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
挥发物/%5
吸油量/(g·100g-1)460
灰质量分数/%0.02
比表面积/(m2·g-1)92
粒径/nm25
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Physical properties of DPF and CDPF

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载体类型材质孔径/μm孔密度/(孔·cm-2)孔隙率/%涂敷量/ (g·L-1)
DPF堇青石13.43154.06—
CDPF堇青石13.43154.060.177
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DPF和CDPF主要参数

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载体类型材质孔径/μm孔密度/(孔·cm-2)孔隙率/%涂敷量/ (g·L-1)
DPF堇青石13.43154.06—
CDPF堇青石13.43154.060.177
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Experimental conditions for regeneration tests

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工况载体再生温度/℃来流流量/ (g·s-1)碳载量/ (g·L-1)
1DPF47516.87.5
2DPF52516.87.5
3DPF57516.87.5
4DPF52516.85.0
5DPF52516.810.0
6CDPF47516.87.5
7CDPF52516.87.5
8CDPF57516.87.5
9CDPF52516.85.0
10CDPF52516.810.0
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再生试验工况

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工况载体再生温度/℃来流流量/ (g·s-1)碳载量/ (g·L-1)
1DPF47516.87.5
2DPF52516.87.5
3DPF57516.87.5
4DPF52516.85.0
5DPF52516.810.0
6CDPF47516.87.5
7CDPF52516.87.5
8CDPF57516.87.5
9CDPF52516.85.0
10CDPF52516.810.0
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DPF和CDPF主动再生排放特性对比分析
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孟忠伟 1, 2 , 曾渤淞 1 , 冉格萌 1, 2 , 陈钊 1
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 35-43
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 35 -43
DPF和CDPF主动再生排放特性对比分析
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孟忠伟1, 2 , 曾渤淞1, 冉格萌1, 2, 陈钊1
作者信息
  • 1.西华大学 流体及动力机械教育部重点实验室，四川 成都 610039
  • 2.西华大学 汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室，四川 成都 610039
通讯作者:
孟忠伟，博士，教授，E-mail：.
Comparative Analysis of Emission Characteristics of DPF and CDPF Active Regeneration
Zhongwei Meng1, 2 , Bosong Zeng1, Gemeng Ran1, 2, Zhao Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery，Ministry of Education，Xihua University，Chengdu 610039，China
  • 2.Vehicle Measurement，Control and Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province，Xihua University，Chengdu 610039，China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401005
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摘要
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基于外加热源再生台架和颗粒物加载装置，探究了不同再生温度和碳载量下柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和催化型DPF(CDPF)主动再生时出口气体和颗粒物排放特性．结果表明：催化剂铂(Pt)的涂敷有利于碳黑(PU)的氧化，在相同碳载量条件下，CDPF更易产生温度波峰，且再生效率略高于DPF；DPF再生过程中伴随着较高体积分数的CO排放，且升温阶段会出现一个低浓度的核模态颗粒排放窗口，后续再生阶段几乎无颗粒物释放；CDPF再生过程中几乎没有CO生成，但在再生阶段会伴随着大量的30nm以下的小颗粒释放，且随着再生温度和碳载量的升高，CDPF出口颗粒物浓度逐渐升高．DPF和CDPF再生时分别具有不同优化窗口，既有利于减少颗粒物排放同时又保持较高的再生效率．

柴油机颗粒捕集器  /  主动再生  /  气体排放  /  颗粒物排放

Based on the external heating source regeneration bench and particle loading device，the emission characteristics of outlet gas and particle during active regeneration of diesel particulate filter(DPF)and catalytic DPF(CDPF)under different regeneration temperature and carbon(Printex-U，PU)loading were studied. The results show that the coating of catalyst(Pt)is conducive to the oxidation of PU. Under the same PU loading，CDPF is more likely to produce temperature peaks，and the regeneration efficiency is slightly higher than DPF. DPF regeneration process is accompanied by higher volume fraction CO emission，and a lower concentration nuclear mode particles emission window will appear in the heating stage，and there is almost no particle release in the subsequent regeneration stage. There is almost no CO generation in the regeneration process of CDPF，but a large number of small particles below 30nm will be released in the regeneration stage，and the particle concentration at the outlet of CDPF will gradually increase with the increase of regeneration temperature and PU loading. DPF and CDPF have different optimization windows during regeneration，which is conducive to reducing particulate emissions and maintaining high regeneration efficiency.

diesel particulate filter  /  active regeneration  /  gas emissions  /  particulate emissions
孟忠伟, 曾渤淞, 冉格萌, 陈钊. DPF和CDPF主动再生排放特性对比分析. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 35 -43 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401005
Zhongwei Meng, Bosong Zeng, Gemeng Ran, Zhao Chen. Comparative Analysis of Emission Characteristics of DPF and CDPF Active Regeneration[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 35 -43 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401005
正文
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柴油机具有可靠、高效、经济性好和动力强劲等优点，被广泛应用于各大、中型载货汽车和工程设备[1-2]．但近年来环境问题日益突出，人们越来越注重环境保护，与同排量的汽油机相比，柴油机的颗粒物排放是其30～80倍[3-4]，因而柴油机的颗粒物(PM)排放大大限制了柴油机的应用．加装柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)是目前机外降低PM排放最有效的手段之一，和没安装DPF的柴油机相比，其颗粒物排放最低可降至原来的5%以内[5-6]．欧洲各国从2013年开始就全面实施欧Ⅵ排放法规，强制要求柴油车加装壁流式DPF[7]，以降低颗粒物排放．中国从2020年开始正式实施国Ⅵ a阶段标准，而要求更高、检测更严的国Ⅵ b阶段标准也将于2023年开始实施，柴油车的国Ⅵ b阶段排放限值与国Ⅴ限值相比，PM限值降低了33%，且颗粒物数量浓度限制在6×1011个/km以内．虽然DPF能有效降低柴油机的颗粒物排放，但颗粒物在DPF内的沉积过多会造成发动机排气背压升高[8]，为确保发动机的良好运行，当DPF中颗粒物沉积过多时，需要加入能量脉冲使DPF内沉积颗粒氧化，实现DPF的再生[9]．DPF的再生主要有主动再生、被动再生和混合再生(主被动)3种方式．主动再生通常利用燃料燃烧器或电加热装置将DPF入口端排气温度提高至550℃或更高[10]，使DPF内沉积的颗粒物在高温下氧化燃烧，从而实现DPF的再生；被动再生需要预先在DPF通道壁面上涂覆可降低DPF再生时所需温度和能量的催化剂，使其仅在发动机尾气的加热下实现DPF的再生；若同时采用以上两种再生策略，即为混合再生[11]．
在DPF的实际应用中，受限于主动再生所需的额外燃料消耗和载体的寿命，绝大部分柴油车安装的颗粒捕集器均为涂有催化剂的催化型柴油机颗粒捕集器(CDPF)，以减少额外的燃料消耗和延长再生周期．虽然CDPF可有效延缓颗粒物在载体内部的积累，但当其长时间在被动再生平衡点温度以下工作后，CDPF仍需进行主动再生以清除所累积的颗粒物，降低发动机排气背压．针对DPF和CDPF的主动及被动再生，国内外学者已开展大量相关研究．Wu等[12]研究了进入实际DPF的废气流量分布，结果表明：在DPF的中心区域流量较大，因而DPF中心区域通常沉积更多的颗粒物．Meng等[13]研究了过渡段长度对DPF再生时的颗粒排放特性的影响，结果表明：与无过渡段时相比，当过渡段长度为50cm时，DPF出口颗粒物平均粒径及浓度均降低，原因是采用50cm过渡段时，碳黑在DPF内部能够实现均匀分布，而碳黑均匀分布时DPF内部不易产生温度波峰，碳黑氧化速率相对缓慢．Sarli等[14]研究了碳载量和催化剂活性对CDPF再生过程的综合影响，结果表明：在高碳载量条件下，碳烟燃烧更为剧烈，从而导致其短时间内快速再生，进而导致温度急剧升高．Smith等[15]研究了两款重型柴油车辆的主动和被动再生过程中的实时PM排放，结果表明：再生颗粒物排放主要由粒径小于100nm的颗粒物构成，且大多数颗粒物的粒径小于50nm，强制主动再生可减少颗粒物质量排放，但不会减少颗粒物数量排放；被动再生过程中，实时PM排放率较低，这表明被动再生技术可以减少道路颗粒物和超细颗粒物的总排放量．Rothe等[16]利用带碳氢燃料喷射系统的重型柴油机研究了DPF的主动再生对颗粒物排放的影响，结果表明：无催化剂涂层的DPF在主动再生时，出口颗粒物数量浓度增幅并不明显，但CO和HC浓度非常高．
以上研究为探索DPF和CDPF的主动再生排放特性奠定了良好的基础，但上述研究未对DPF和CDPF在实际应用中的优缺点进行分析，也没有对二者主动再生时的颗粒物排放特性进行对比，此外二者再生时排放颗粒物来源也尚不明确，有必要深入研究有/无催化条件时(DPF和CDPF)再生的颗粒排放特性，揭示再生颗粒排放机理，为厘清再生排放颗粒来源奠定基础．因此，笔者通过颗粒物加载装置和外加热源再生台架，在无来流颗粒物条件下，综合探究DPF和CDPF主动再生时的排放特性差异，分析了两者主动再生时的颗粒物排放特性和气体排放特性，揭示主动再生时的颗粒排放来源．同时深度剖析两种载体再生的优缺点，为后处理系统的优化和进一步控制DPF主动再生时的颗粒排放进而实现柴油机“近零排放”提供试验参考．
1　试验装置与方法
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1.1　试验材料
试验采用商用碳黑(PU)颗粒模拟真实柴油机颗粒，PU具有较高的碳元素含量(≥98%)，是一种常用的模拟柴油机排放颗粒的商用碳黑[17]，其物性主要参数如表1所示．
试验用DPF和CDPF载体材质均为堇青石，其长度为151.2mm，直径为144.1mm，CDPF所涂催化剂为铂(Pt)，主要详细参数如表2所示．
1.2　颗粒物加载装置
图1所示颗粒物加载装置由颗粒物发生器、主体段和吸尘器构成．经空气压缩机压缩后的高压空气通过调压阀进入颗粒物发生器，将预先放置在颗粒物发生器内的颗粒物扬起，形成气溶胶．在工业吸尘器的抽吸作用下，气溶胶进入颗粒物加载装置主体段，气溶胶通过DPF载体的同时颗粒物在DPF内沉积，实现颗粒物的加载，图2为DPF加载前、后对比．
1.3　外加热源再生台架
图3为外加热源再生台架示意，主要由流量控制器(莱峰LF400)、电加热器(Leister 10000DF)、压力传感器(Omega PX409)、再生主体段和数据采集装置组成．
空压机产生的高压空气经过滤器过滤后通过流量控制器，在流量控制器的控制下以试验设定流量进入电加热器被加热至温控仪设定的再生温度，加热器后端插有热电偶对再生温度实时监测并反馈给温控仪，进而维持再生温度的稳定．随后高温气体进入再生主体段加热DPF，使DPF内沉积的碳黑颗粒氧化燃烧，实现DPF的再生．DPF再生时的温度场和压降变化数据通过K型热电偶和压力传感器测量，由LabVIEW采集程序进行采集和控制，并实时显示和存储．采用发动机排气颗粒物粒径谱仪(EEPS—美国TSI)和气体分析仪(FGA10—德国SENSORS AMB Ⅱ)分别测量排气出口处的颗粒物排放数据和气体排放数据．
1.4　数据处理
在载体内部共设置了14个温度测点，其中直径为35mm处沿轴向均匀分布有5个测点，直径为72、95和120mm分别有3个轴向均匀分布的测点，具体分布如图4所示．
Tmax为再生过程中载体内部出现的最高温度，通过K型热电偶测量得到，(dT/dx)max为载体内部最大温度梯度，由不同位置温度测点所测得温度数据计算得出．通过再生效率衡量再生的完成情况，若DPF完全再生，则再生效率为100%，用η表示再生过程的再生效率，则
η=[(M1−M2)/(M1−M0)]×100%
式中：M0、M1和M2分别表示DPF载体加载前、加载后和再生后的质量．
试验选取的试验工况如表3所示．选取了再生温度分别为475、525和575℃、碳载量分别为5.0、7.5和10.0g/L进行试验．
2　试验结果与讨论
收起
2.1　DPF/CDPF主动再生时的气体排放特性
2.1.1　再生温度对DPF/CDPF气体排放特性的影响
在不同再生温度下对DPF进行再生，其碳载量和来流流量分别为7.5g/L和16.8g/s，利用K型热电偶和气体分析仪分别记录DPF再生过程中的温度场数据和气体排放数据，结果如图5a所示．随着再生温度的升高，DPF出口CO和CO2体积分数均升高．当再生温度为575℃时，DPF内部出现温度波峰，峰值温度超过700℃，与此同时CO体积分数先迅速升高至4.5×10-3左右后又迅速降低至2.0×10-3左右；而当温度波峰出现时，CO2体积分数仅为1.674×10-3，远低于CO体积分数．
这是因为DPF再生时，再生温度越高，PU氧化速率也越快，释放的能量也越多．当短时间内PU氧化量超过一定量时，气流无法及时将这部分热量带走，此时DPF内部容易形成局部热点(通常出现在DPF中心末端)，而热点区域温度通常远高于其他区域，导致该区域碳黑氧化速率更快、氧含量迅速降低，进而产生大量的CO．
在不同再生温度下对CDPF进行再生，其催化剂Pt涂敷量为0.177g/L，碳载量和来流流量分别为7.5g/L和16.8g/s，CDPF内部最高温度和出口气体排放数据如图5b所示．和DPF再生时一样，CDPF在475℃下再生也没有温度波峰产生，但当再生温度为525℃和575℃时，再生过程中出现明显的温度波峰，其峰值温度分别为916℃和1100℃．观察其气体体积分数曲线发现，无论再生温度如何变化，再生过程中均无CO释放，所有的CO均在催化剂的作用下被氧化成了CO2，因而其CO2峰值浓度最高可达9.447×10-3(575℃)．
由图5可知，未涂敷催化剂时，DPF再生时很难形成温度波峰，仅在再生温度为575℃时出现一个较小的温度波峰．而当DPF载体涂敷上0.177g/L的催化剂Pt时，不仅在525℃时便出现温度波峰，且峰值温度远高于未涂敷时．除此之外，高体积分数的CO排放一直是DPF主动再生过程中的一个难以避免的问题，但在CDPF中，CO在催化剂的作用下被继续氧化成CO2，整个再生过程几乎无CO排放．这是因为Pt有利于降低PU和CO氧化所需活化能，使其在更低的温度下反应，有利于热量的累积．同时，根据碳黑氧化的热化学方程式为
C+12O2=CO      （ΔH=−110.5 kJ）
CO+12O2=CO2       （ΔH=−283.0 kJ）
式中：ΔH为反应焓值差．显然CO氧化成CO2时释放的能量远高于C氧化成CO时释放的能量．因此，CO在催化剂Pt的作用下氧化生成CO2的同时，热量迅速在CDPF内部累积，形成温度波峰．
不同再生温度下DPF和CDPF的再生效率和最大温度梯度如图6所示．当再生温度为475℃时，DPF和CDPF再生效率非常接近，均不超过15%．当再生温度为525℃时，CDPF再生效率为54.08%，而此温度下DPF再生效率仅为38.07%．当再生温度为575℃时，DPF和CDPF再生效率差距减小，此时ηCDPF仅比ηDPF高7.3%．以上结果表明，催化剂Pt在温度较低(475℃)且无NOx的情况下，对碳黑颗粒氧化的促进作用并不明显，当再生温度升高至525℃时，由于催化剂的促进作用，使热量在CDPF内部迅速累积，形成温度波峰，更多的碳黑颗粒在温度波峰的作用下氧化，再生效率高于DPF．当再生温度为575℃时，即使在没有催化剂的情况下，DPF内部也出现了温度波峰，这导致CDPF原本的优势减弱，且此温度下CDPF再生效率已经非常接近100%，难以继续提升，而DPF再生效率离100%尚有一段距离，还有提升的空间．因此，二者在575℃下再生效率差距相对525℃缩小，此时剩余碳黑主要分布在DPF边缘温度较低的区域．
从图6中还可以发现，当再生温度为525℃和575℃时，CDPF内部最大温度梯度远大于DPF．575℃时，CDPF内部最大温度梯度超过142.2℃/cm，而此时DPF内部最大温度梯度仅为41.7℃/cm，这是因为载体内部温度波峰仅在载体中心末端出现，此时载体内部温度分布不均匀，峰值温度越高，其局部热点处与其他位置温差越大，温度梯度也越大．由此可见，主动再生时，催化剂的涂敷虽然在一定程度上可以提高再生效率，但同时也会导致CDPF内部出现剧烈的温度波峰，使CDPF内部产生较大的温度梯度，载体有损坏的风险．相对于CDPF，DPF可在相同碳载量条件下采用更高的再生温度进行再生，以获得更高的再生效率．
2.1.2　碳载量对DPF/CDPF气体排放特性的影响
在不同碳载量下对DPF进行再生，其再生温度和来流流量分别为525℃和16.8g/s，DPF内部最高温度和出口气体排放数据如图7a所示．随着碳载量的增加，CO和CO2体积分数均有所增加，但即使是碳载量为10.0g/L时，CO和CO2最大体积分数也不到1.3×10-3．3种碳载量条件下，DPF内部均无温度波峰出现，说明在无催化剂的情况下，碳载量的增加(低于10.0g/L时)不会使DPF内部形成局部热点．观察其最高温度曲线发现，3种碳载量条件下的温度曲线几乎完全重合，说明碳载量的增加对DPF载体升温速率的影响较小．3种碳载量下，碳黑氧化速率相同但绝对氧化量不同，因而碳黑氧化所释放的热量也不相同，但均被来流完全带走，未对其温度曲线造成影响．
在不同碳载量下对CDPF进行再生，其再生温度和来流流量分别为525℃和16.8g/s，CDPF内部最高温度和出口气体排放数据如图7b所示．当碳载量为5.0g/L时，其最高温度曲线出现了一个600℃左右的温度波峰，当碳载量达到7.5g/L和10.0g/L时，CDPF内部最高温度迅速升高，分别为916.4℃和1080.2℃．同样地，温度波峰的出现伴随着高体积分数CO2的释放，碳载量越大其CO2峰值浓度越大，且3种碳载量条件下均无CO产生．由此可见，CDPF再生时的能量来源除了加热器外，还可以有效利用CDPF内部碳黑颗粒氧化燃烧放热，使热量在载体内部累积，形成温度波峰，进而促进再生．而DPF再生时，由于没有催化剂的作用，内部碳黑氧化速率过慢和氧化不完全都使热量不能在DPF内部有效累积，无法形成温度波峰．
不同碳载量下DPF和CDPF的再生效率和最大温度梯度如图8所示．随着碳载量的增加，DPF的再生效率和内部最大温度梯度几乎没有变化，CDPF的再生效率随着碳载量的增加有小幅升高，但同时CDPF内部最大温度梯度随着碳载量的增加急剧增大，当碳载量为10.0g/L时，其内部最大温度梯度高达140.6℃/cm．碳载量为5.0g/L时，DPF和CDPF的再生效率分别为37.4%和49.8%，而当碳载量为10.0g/L时，两者再生效率分别为36.7%和66.0%．由此可见，催化剂的涂敷在高碳载量条件下对DPF再生的促进作用更强．原因是在催化剂的作用下，CO完全氧化生成CO2，使CDPF内部温度高于DPF，有利于温度波峰的产生，在短时间内大量热量累积在CDPF内部，有利于碳黑颗粒的氧化燃烧．同时，过高的碳载量也会使CDPF在再生时有损坏的风险，而碳载量的增加虽然不能使DPF的再生效率明显提升，但其内部温度梯度也相对较低，因而DPF的抗风险能力强于CDPF，更适合在高再生温度和高碳载量条件下再生．换句话说，在不考虑CDPF的被动再生时，DPF的主动再生周期可以更长一些．
2.2　DPF/CDPF主动再生时的颗粒物排放特性
2.2.1　再生温度对DPF/CDPF颗粒物排放特性的影响
在不同再生温度条件下对DPF进行再生，碳载量和来流流量分别为7.5g/L和16.8g/s，采用发动机排放颗粒物粒径谱仪(EEPS)记录再生过程颗粒物排放数据，结果如图9所示．在DPF升温阶段，所有温度条件下均出现一个30nm以下的小颗粒释放窗口，颗粒物数量浓度约为5×106个/cm3，持续30～50s，结合图5a可知，此时DPF温度约为400℃．当再生温度为475℃和525℃时，再生阶段几乎无颗粒物释放(小于5×104个/cm3)，当再生温度为575℃时，440s时出现一个非常短暂的颗粒物释放窗口，持续时间不超过10s．
出现上述现象主要是因为试验所用的PU碳黑含有5%的挥发物成分，主要为碳氢化合物，温度较低时吸附在碳黑颗粒表面，当温度升高时转化为气态逃逸出DPF[18]．当EEPS采样时，气态的挥发物成分在采样管道中再次冷凝形成小液滴，带上电荷后被EEPS误识别为小颗粒物．当再生温度为575℃时，440s左右出现颗粒物释放窗口的原因是：此时DPF内部出现了一个较低的温度波峰，而这时DPF内部温度场突变，使再生产生的部分小颗粒物穿透DPF，温度波峰消失后，DPF内部温度场趋于稳定，该窗口也随之消失．
在不同再生温度条件下对CDPF进行再生，碳载量和来流流量分别为7.5g/L和16.8g/s，结果如图10所示．当再生温度为475℃，整个再生过程中均未出现颗粒物释放窗口．当再生温度为525℃、再生进行至350s左右时，CDPF出口开始出现较高浓度的核模态颗粒(小于30nm)，颗粒物数量浓度逐渐升高至5×108个/cm3以上．随后，其颗粒物数量浓度先降低至8×107个/cm3后随着再生的进行而缓慢升高，1300s左右关闭加热器后，颗粒物浓度逐渐降低．当再生温度为575℃时，在400s后CDPF出口均有较高浓度的核膜态颗粒物释放．对比图9发现，CDPF再生时升温阶段未出现颗粒窗口，其颗粒物释放主要在温度波峰出现后，且一直持续至再生过程结束．
导致上述结果的原因是：当CDPF温度升高至400℃左右时，吸附在碳黑颗粒表面的挥发物成分蒸发为气态，与壁面上涂敷的Pt接触，在较低的温度下即被氧化，因而升温阶段不再出现颗粒物释放窗口．当再生温度为475℃时，即使是涂有催化剂的CDPF，其再生效率也非常低，因而几乎没有颗粒物释放．当再生温度达到525℃及以上时，温度波峰的出现使CDPF内部的碳黑颗粒层剧烈氧化、破裂，产生大量的核模态颗粒，且在CDPF再生时，碳黑颗粒层的氧化过程是“上下同时(top and bottom)[19]”进行的，产生的核模态颗粒容易穿透CDPF壁面，而DPF再生时，碳黑颗粒层的氧化过程是“自上而下(top to bottom)[19]”进行的，生成的核模态颗粒大部分在穿过碳黑颗粒层时被拦截，因而CDPF再生时出口颗粒物浓度远高于DPF．
2.2.2　碳载量对DPF/CDPF颗粒物排放特性的影响
在不同碳载量条件下对DPF进行再生，再生温度和来流流量分别为525℃和16.8g/s，如图11所示．与不同再生温度条件下试验结果基本一致，3种碳载量条件下在升温阶段均出现低浓度的核模态颗粒物释放窗口，且在后续的再生过程中几乎无颗粒物释放．当碳载量为10.0g/L时，再生即将结束时DPF出口再次出现低浓度小粒径颗粒物，颗粒物数量浓度约为5×105个/cm3，粒径均小于10nm，可能是长时间的高温使DPF内部少量碳黑起燃，形成小范围的高温区，使少量核模态颗粒物穿透DPF载体．结果表明，碳载量低于10.0g/L时，碳载量的变化几乎不会影响DPF再生时出口颗粒物排放特性，除了升温阶段出现的颗粒物释放窗口，大部分时间DPF出口的颗粒物数量浓度均低于5×104个/cm3．
在不同碳载量条件下对CDPF进行再生，再生温度和来流流量分别为525℃和16.8g/s，结果如图12所示．当碳载量为5.0g/L时，在400s左右时开始出现较高浓度的核模态颗粒，随后颗粒物数量浓度也是先降低后又逐渐升高，且由于其碳载量较低，整体浓度略低于碳载量为7.5g/L时．当碳载量为10.0g/L时，300s开始释放高浓度颗粒物，且其最大粒径超过50nm，其颗粒物数量浓度等高图呈两头大中间小的“哑铃型”．结合图10发现，碳载量的增加主要影响“哑铃”前端的颗粒物排放，即CDPF再生时温度波峰出现时刻的颗粒物数量浓度随碳载量的增加而增大，而“哑铃”后端的颗粒物浓度主要受再生温度的影响，即使是5.0g/L时，其最大颗粒物数量浓度也接近5×108个/cm3．
2.3　CDPF出口颗粒物来源分析
CDPF出口颗粒物质量浓度如图13所示，当再生温度为475℃时，再生过程所释放的颗粒物质量几乎可以忽略不计．随着再生温度和碳载量的增加，CDPF再生过程颗粒物质量浓度均增加，尤其是当碳载量为10.0g/L、再生温度为525℃时，其颗粒物质量浓度可达1700μg/m3以上，远高于其他试验条件，这是因为在碳载量为10.0g/L时，其400s左右时释放的颗粒物粒径向大粒径偏移，导致颗粒物质量排放陡增．当再生温度为575℃、碳载量为7.5g/L时，CDPF出口颗粒物质量浓度均保持在较高水平(200μg/m3左右)，仅在温度波峰结束后略微降低后又迅速回升．颗粒物质量浓度曲线在再生开始和结束时各出现一个颗粒物质量浓度波峰，这与图10和图12中的颗粒物数量浓度“哑铃型”分布相吻合．
根据DPF和CDPF特点，建立碳黑颗粒层氧化模型，如图14所示．CDPF再生时，接触到催化剂的PU颗粒首先被氧化、破碎，颗粒层上、下表面均有大量核模态颗粒物生成，而颗粒层下表面产生的颗粒物可直接进入CDPF壁面微孔，并在气流的吹扫作用下被吹出孔道；DPF再生时，碳黑颗粒层的上表面在高温来流的加热下优先氧化燃烧，燃烧时同样会生成大量核模态颗粒物，但这部分颗粒物大部分被颗粒层所拦截，无法穿透DPF载体．综上所述，CDPF主动再生时的颗粒物主要来源于颗粒层的破碎重组产生的游离碳黑颗粒，而DPF由于颗粒层的拦截作用，其再生时颗粒物排放较低．
3　结论
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基于外加热源再生台架，探究了催化剂对DPF出口气体和颗粒物排放特性的影响，结论如下：
（1）催化剂Pt的涂敷有利于PU的氧化，在相同碳载量条件下，CDPF更易产生温度波峰，再生效率略高于DPF，但同时也会产生较大的温度梯度，使载体有损坏的风险．
（2）CDPF再生时几乎没有CO生成，而DPF再生总是伴随着CO的生成，且CO体积分数随着再生温度和碳载量的升高而增加，当再生温度为575℃时，DPF出口最高CO体积分数超过4.0×10-3．
（3）DPF在升温阶段总会出现一个核模态颗粒物释放窗口，颗粒物数量浓度约为5×106个/cm3，可能是PU中的挥发性成分在采样管中冷凝成小粒径颗粒所致，而CDPF在升温阶段没有该窗口出现．
（4）当再生温度高于475℃时，CDPF再生阶段会释放大量30nm以下的核模态颗粒物，这是由于再生时PU颗粒层被氧化破碎，产生二次颗粒物穿透壁面；且颗粒浓度随再生温度和碳载量的升高而增加．
（5）在研究条件下，CDPF再生时再生温度和碳载量优化窗口分别为525～575℃和5.0～7.5g/L；而DPF可以在较高的再生温度(575℃)和碳载量(10.0g/L)下进行再生，且高碳载量再生有利于延长其再生周期、降低再生频率．
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076182)
  • 四川省科技厅科技资助项目(2019YJ0594)
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2024年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401005
  • 接收时间：2022-11-05
  • 首发时间：2025-12-11
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  • 收稿日期：2022-11-05
  • 修回日期：2023-05-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076182)
四川省科技厅科技资助项目(2019YJ0594)
作者信息
    1.西华大学 流体及动力机械教育部重点实验室，四川 成都 610039
    2.西华大学 汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室，四川 成都 610039

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孟忠伟，博士，教授，E-mail：.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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