Article(id=1205245993693470825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666454400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-23, revisedDate=1684425600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765282637275, onlineDateStr=2025-12-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765282637275, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765282637275, creator=system, updateTime=1765282637275, updator=system, issue=Issue{id=1205245992296767592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, year='2024', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1704816000000', pubDateStr='2024-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765282636938, creator='system', updateTime=1765529609876, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1206281871902700152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, issueId=1205245992296767592, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=26, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205245995027259499, articleId=1205245993693470825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=EN, title=Acoustic Field Excitation and Regulation Characteristics of Iso-Octane Combustion Process, columnId=null, journalTitle=Transactions of CSICE, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The regulation mechanism of ultrasound on iso-octane combustion was analyzed from the macro and micro levels. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of the original engine was calibrated using the bench test data. Based on the method of physically embedding the dynamic grid sound source surface in the combustion chamber,the ultrasonic with 20kHz frequency and 300μm amplitude was successfully fed into the combustion chamber. Taking the difference between the cylinder pressure with and without ultrasonic wave feeding into the combustion chamber as the ultrasonic radiation pressure disturbance,the effects of ultrasonic field excitation on the ignition delay period,intermediate reaction components and sensitivity analysis of iso-octane were studied. By comparing and analyzing the simulation results of three ultrasonic-fed schemes S1—S3 with no ultrasonic-fed scheme S0,the results show that the S1—S3 schemes can advance the combustion phase,and the peak mole fractions of C3H6,IC4H8 and C2H4 in S2 and S3 are increased by 42.1%,24.7%,27.5% and 21.5%,9.6%,5.3%,respectively and the iso-octane burnout time of both schemes are advanced by 0.18s. When the equivalence ratio is 1 and the initial temperature is 1300K and 1700K,the ignition delay period is shortened by 31.8% and 6.4%,respectively and both promote to produce a large number of OH radicals.

, authors=null, authorsList=Liming Di, Qiang Ouyang, Fuxiang Zhi, Cheng Shi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1205245997975855247, articleId=1205245993693470825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116786560364546, language=CN, title=异辛烷燃烧过程的声场激励调控特性, columnId=0, journalTitle=内燃机学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从宏观与微观层面分析了超声波对异辛烷燃烧的调控作用机理,利用发动机台架试验验证了原机三维燃烧数值模拟模型,基于燃烧室内物理嵌入动网格声源面方法,实现将20kHz振幅为300μm超声波成功馈入燃烧室.将有、无超声波馈入燃烧室的工作缸压差值作为超声辐射压力扰动,研究了超声场激励对异辛烷的着火延迟期、中间反应组分及敏感性的影响特性.通过对比分析超声馈入方案S1~S3及无超声馈入方案S0,结果表明:S1~S3方案均使燃烧相位得以提前,S2和S3中C3H6、IC4H8和C2H4的峰值摩尔分数分别提升42.1%、24.7%、27.5%和21.5%、9.6%、5.3%,且两者异辛烷燃尽时间均提前0.18s.当量比为1且初始温度分别为1300K和1700K时,着火延迟期分别缩短31.8%和6.4%,且均促进了OH自由基的大量生成.

, authors=

邸立明,博士,教授,E-mail:.

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Honda WH125-6 main technical parameters

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参数数值
型式单缸风冷四冲程
缸径/ mm52.4
活塞行程/ mm57.9
连杆长度/ mm100
压缩比9.0
排量/ mL124.8
最大功率/ kW6.6(7000r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)9.7(3500r/min)
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Honda WH125-6主要技术参数

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参数数值
型式单缸风冷四冲程
缸径/ mm52.4
活塞行程/ mm57.9
连杆长度/ mm100
压缩比9.0
排量/ mL124.8
最大功率/ kW6.6(7000r/min)
最大转矩/(N·m)9.7(3500r/min)
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Selection of computational model

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模型名称参数描述
湍流模型RNG κ-ε
蒸发模型Frossling
破碎模型KH-RT
拽力模型Dynamic Drop Drag
碰壁模型Wall Film-O’Rourke
燃烧模型SAGE
NOx模型Extended Zeldovich
碳烟模型Hiroyasu
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计算模型选取

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模型名称参数描述
湍流模型RNG κ-ε
蒸发模型Frossling
破碎模型KH-RT
拽力模型Dynamic Drop Drag
碰壁模型Wall Film-O’Rourke
燃烧模型SAGE
NOx模型Extended Zeldovich
碳烟模型Hiroyasu
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异辛烷燃烧过程的声场激励调控特性
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邸立明 1, 2 , 欧阳强 1 , 支富祥 1 , 史程 1
内燃机学报 | 2024,42(1): 26-34
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内燃机学报 | 2024 , 42 (1) : 26 -34
异辛烷燃烧过程的声场激励调控特性
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邸立明1, 2 , 欧阳强1, 支富祥1, 史程1
作者信息
  • 1.燕山大学 车辆与能源学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004
  • 2.燕山大学 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,河北 秦皇岛 066004
通讯作者:
邸立明,博士,教授,E-mail:.
Acoustic Field Excitation and Regulation Characteristics of Iso-Octane Combustion Process
Liming Di1, 2 , Qiang Ouyang1, Fuxiang Zhi1, Cheng Shi1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Vehicle and Energy,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Special Delivery Equipment,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,China
doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401004
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从宏观与微观层面分析了超声波对异辛烷燃烧的调控作用机理,利用发动机台架试验验证了原机三维燃烧数值模拟模型,基于燃烧室内物理嵌入动网格声源面方法,实现将20kHz振幅为300μm超声波成功馈入燃烧室.将有、无超声波馈入燃烧室的工作缸压差值作为超声辐射压力扰动,研究了超声场激励对异辛烷的着火延迟期、中间反应组分及敏感性的影响特性.通过对比分析超声馈入方案S1~S3及无超声馈入方案S0,结果表明:S1~S3方案均使燃烧相位得以提前,S2和S3中C3H6、IC4H8和C2H4的峰值摩尔分数分别提升42.1%、24.7%、27.5%和21.5%、9.6%、5.3%,且两者异辛烷燃尽时间均提前0.18s.当量比为1且初始温度分别为1300K和1700K时,着火延迟期分别缩短31.8%和6.4%,且均促进了OH自由基的大量生成.

异辛烷  /  燃烧特性  /  燃烧调控  /  超声场激励  /  着火延迟期

The regulation mechanism of ultrasound on iso-octane combustion was analyzed from the macro and micro levels. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of the original engine was calibrated using the bench test data. Based on the method of physically embedding the dynamic grid sound source surface in the combustion chamber,the ultrasonic with 20kHz frequency and 300μm amplitude was successfully fed into the combustion chamber. Taking the difference between the cylinder pressure with and without ultrasonic wave feeding into the combustion chamber as the ultrasonic radiation pressure disturbance,the effects of ultrasonic field excitation on the ignition delay period,intermediate reaction components and sensitivity analysis of iso-octane were studied. By comparing and analyzing the simulation results of three ultrasonic-fed schemes S1—S3 with no ultrasonic-fed scheme S0,the results show that the S1—S3 schemes can advance the combustion phase,and the peak mole fractions of C3H6,IC4H8 and C2H4 in S2 and S3 are increased by 42.1%,24.7%,27.5% and 21.5%,9.6%,5.3%,respectively and the iso-octane burnout time of both schemes are advanced by 0.18s. When the equivalence ratio is 1 and the initial temperature is 1300K and 1700K,the ignition delay period is shortened by 31.8% and 6.4%,respectively and both promote to produce a large number of OH radicals.

iso-octane  /  combustion characteristics  /  combustion regulation  /  ultrasonic field excitation  /  ignition delay period
邸立明, 欧阳强, 支富祥, 史程. 异辛烷燃烧过程的声场激励调控特性. 内燃机学报, 2024 , 42 (1) : 26 -34 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401004
Liming Di, Qiang Ouyang, Fuxiang Zhi, Cheng Shi. Acoustic Field Excitation and Regulation Characteristics of Iso-Octane Combustion Process[J]. Transactions of CSICE, 2024 , 42 (1) : 26 -34 . DOI: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401004
燃烧作为一种剧烈的化学反应过程,其中一般伴随着不同程度的燃烧噪声现象,通过主动控制声波能量馈入燃烧过程,能实现燃烧特性的微观调控[1];而燃烧过程精细化控制已成为实现高效清洁燃烧的有效途径[2].均质压燃(HCCI)、反应活化控制压燃(RCCI)和预混压燃(PCCI)等内燃机先进燃烧技术,其燃烧速率、点火时刻因缺乏对缸内瞬变极端环境的精细调控技术而难以准确控制[3],进而限制了其技术应用工况和产品综合性能.超声波激励能实现从微观到宏观尺度的连续介入,并量化调控缸内辐射区域的燃烧环境,进而满足上述先进燃烧技术对燃烧环境的动态调控需求.目前,关于声波的应用主要集中于超声清洗、材料加工、化工过程、工业除尘和医疗等领域,而针对超声波激励主动调控燃烧过程的研究和应用十分匮乏.
Ivi等[4]通过开展超声波对燃气燃烧器火焰声激励试验表明,超声激励可使CO和NOx排放下降25.0%,燃烧效率从94.0%提高到96.0%,同时火焰温度分布更均匀.这一结论与Deng等[5]通过对声激励下甲烷层流部分预混火焰的NOx排放研究结果相一致.许伟龙等[6]研究声波作用下煤粉的传热特性得出,当声波频率大于5kHz时,时间-空间平均努塞尔数最大差值比为2.8%,是无声波作用的1.7倍.王灜洲等[7]通过研究声波下的煤粉燃烧特性表明,声波作用可使煤粉燃尽效率提高9.1%,并提升锅炉燃烧效率.沈国清等[8]利用声波激励对煤粉燃烧生成NOx的研究表明,强声波作用能大幅降低NOx生成.计算流体动力学(CFD)和化学动力学已成为内燃机燃烧模拟的主流方法,分别从宏观和微观层面描述其燃烧过程[9-10],Di等[11]利用CONVERGE研究了超声波激励对单缸内燃机燃烧与排放的影响,发现超声波激励使得缸内的平均湍动能和缸压峰值提升的同时,CO和碳烟排放分别降低了6.5%和6.1%.
通过向Honda WH125-6汽油机燃烧数值模型物理嵌入声源面,实现将超声波馈入燃烧室,基于3种不同超声馈入区间方案,笔者利用超声波激励分别对异辛烷燃烧过程中的关键组分开展演化历程分析、敏感性分析和反应路径分析,并探究超声波激励对异辛烷着火延迟期的影响规律,为HCCI等内燃机新型高效燃烧技术的实用化探究新的研究途径与方向.
为探究超声波激励对内燃机缸内燃烧过程的调控规律,采用CONVERGE和CHEMKIN软件耦合燃烧数值模拟方法,分析异辛烷可燃混合气在超声波作用下的燃烧特性.相比传统内燃机燃烧数值模拟软件,CONVERGE具有高效准确的网格处理能力和自适应网格加密功能,而CHEMKIN已被广泛应用于模拟燃料在快速压缩机、激波管和射流搅拌反应器中的氧化、热解等过程.
将Honda WH125-6的化油器式供油系统改造为歧管电喷式供油系统,原机主要参数如表1所示.改造后开展2000~6000r/min、间隔为500r/min的外特性台架试验,选取其3000r/min全负荷工况对标开展仿真模拟研究.
利用原机部件特征点云数据,逆向建模得到三维曲面模型,基于STL格式转换导入三维燃烧数值模拟环境.CONVERGE计算模型的选取如表2所示,图1示出3000r/min全负荷工况下对标台架试验数据优化得到的三维燃烧数值模拟和试验缸内压力.两者最大相对误差小于5%,所建原机三维燃烧数值模拟模型,可用于进一步改造得到超声波馈入燃烧室的燃烧数值模拟模型.
在原机燃烧数值模拟模型的燃烧室中,添加图2所示的超声波馈入声源面结构,并使火花塞电极间隙中点在如图3所示声源面的中轴线上,并在中心线上等间距设置15个数据监测点.
根据文献[11]将声波馈入燃烧场的方法表明,超声波激励可由声源面做固定频率的简谐振动产生,其振动方程如式(1)所示.利用CONVERGE的动网格设置功能,可实现声源面产生所需要的简谐振动.
y=Asin(2πft)
式中:A为振幅;f为频率;t为时间;yt时刻的位置.
获取变量y相对时间t的数据点(ty),同时采用式(2)和式(3)将时间t转化为对应3000r/min的曲轴转角tCA,可得声波馈入时间对应的曲轴转角数据,最终得到数据点(tCAy).这样在汽油机缸内燃烧循环数值模拟中,可利用曲轴转角tCA参量同步控制声波馈入起止时刻,以便开展声场耦合燃烧过程的调控特性研究.
tCA=tTTCA+a
TCA=n602π1f=πn30f
式中:n为发动机转速;TCA为对应声波频率和发动机转速下的曲轴转角周期;T为声波振动周期;tCA为对应于时间t的曲轴转角;a为声波开始馈入时刻对应的曲轴转角.
设动网格振幅为300μm,频率为20kHz.首先分析超声波馈入区间为-134° CA BTDC~120° CA ATDC内发动机纯压缩空气循环工况,通过关闭火花塞模型,得出馈入超声波激励对缸内压力的作用效果.
连续均匀的传声介质可看作为紧密相连微小单元体dv组成的物质系统,在时间t内,平衡状态的任意一个单元体内的流入质量等于流出质量.在有声波激励下的传声介质会在自身无规则运动基础上附加一个有规律的简谐振动,即声波激励使单元体内部介质产生稠密和稀疏的交替变化,该过程可用体积元内压强、密度、温度及质点速度的变化来描述[12].姜根山等[13]通过研究强声波激励在锅炉燃烧器中的传播特性得出,强声波在传播过程会不断产生畸变,进而产生压力冲击波,图3中声源面和监测点1的压力波动周期与相位如图4所示,图中超声波激励下的压力波形与文献[11]中的压力冲击波波形相似.大量研究人员使用如式(4)所示的声压模型[14]来研究超声波对传热传质过程的影响,Abolhasani等[15]利用这种方法模拟了高频超声波对传热速率的影响,其结果与试验吻合较好.因此,选择压力波代替声波介入燃烧场开展耦合调控特性分析具有合理性.
p=pAcos[2πf(t+ZC1)]
式中:pA为声压振幅;Z为空间坐标;C1为声波在介质中的传播速度.
一般冲击波具有辐射压力、空化和声流等多方面次级效应,在物质发生化学反应过程中往往具有特殊激励作用.根据文献[13]中声波作用最佳距离的判定依据,选取图3中2号监测点缸内压力数据作为压力波数据获取来源,并将有、无超声波馈入下2号监测点的缸内压力差值作为基础压力波数据.因主要探究辐射压力对燃烧过程的调控特性分析,所以采用压力波代替声波激励馈入燃烧室,再将压力波数据导入完全搅拌反应器(PSR)模型中进行数值仿真计算,以便开展超声波对异辛烷燃烧过程重要中间产物的影响特性分析.
燃烧模拟选用美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室(LLNL)开发的异辛烷详细反应机理[16],其包含874种组分、3796个反应,能够在较宽温度和压力范围内准确预测关键中间组分的摩尔分数、点火延迟期以及污染物的排放等.
PSR模型中的物料以稳定流量进入反应器后,瞬间就在整个反应器内分散均匀并与原存留物料完全混合,因而反应物转化为生成物是由化学反应速率控制而非混合过程.喷射流搅拌器是与PSR对应的试验装置,通常被用于测定燃料氧化过程的重要中间组分及浓度变化趋势[17].为验证PSR模型参数的准确性,需将详细机理导入CHEMKIN开展仿真分析.Dagaut等[18]利用喷射流搅拌器进行试验,研究了0.1%异辛烷从低温到高温氧化过程的重要中间产物浓度变化.当初始压力和温度分别为1.01MPa和550K,反应停留时间为τ=1s及当量比f=1.0时,试验值与模拟值的对比结果如图5所示.f=1.0时的异辛烷重要中间产物摩尔分数变化趋势与试验值吻合较好,证明通过合理设置PSR参数,能实现异辛烷氧化过程中重要组分摩尔分数变化的准确预测.
PSR燃烧模型参数设置与文献[18]中一致,并制定S1~S3仅超声馈入区间不同的3种方案.方案S1馈入PSR模型的区间为0~1s,S2为1~2s,而S3则为覆盖S1、S2馈入区间的0~2s.摩尔分数最大时生成速率系数SP和消耗速率系数SC(生成为正,消耗为负)计算式为
S=Vi/VT
式中:S为速率系数;Vi为第i个反应速率;VT为总反应速率.
不同方案对异辛烷燃烧过程的影响如图6a所示,S0为无声波馈入方案,声波馈入区间最大的方案S3的作用效果最为显著,其燃尽时刻提前了0.18s,明显加速了燃烧进程.对比方案S1与S2可知,馈入区间滞后的方案S2作用效果更佳.尽管方案S2t=1s时刻才开始馈入,但在t=1s之后的区间对燃烧进程的加速效果与方案S3基本一致.各超声波馈入方案均显著加速了异辛烷氧化反应速率,其反应加速区间与声波馈入区间相对应,且滞后馈入区间的加速效应强于早期馈入区间.
Curran等[19]研究得出C3H6是异辛烷氧化过程中的主要组分.将C3H6的生成与消耗作为关键反应途径开展不同方案对比分析,以探究超声波激励对异辛烷氧化过程的调控规律.在图6b所示的方案S1~S3中,C3H6的生成和消耗均被不同程度加速.其中,方案S2和S3的加速效果更为显著,峰值摩尔分数分别提高42.1%和21.5%.由图7速率系数分析可知,C3H6的生成主要由反应R1057:IC4H9⇔C3H6+CH3、R1234:IC4H8+H⇔C3H6+CH3和R3787:C3H5-A+ CH2O⇔C3H6+HCO生成,且基元反应R1234和R3787的生成速率系数在方案S2中最大,导致其峰值也最大.反应R449:IC3H7⇔H+C3H6的速率系数在方案S2中为正数,使得R449对C3H6摩尔分数的贡献度增加,而其他方案中R449表现为消耗C3H6,因此,在t=1s时刻,方案S2中C3H6中摩尔分数急剧上升且峰值高于方案S3.反应R716:SC4H C3H6+CH3的速率系数在S2和S3中表现为负数,使得C3H6的消耗速率比S0和S1快.方案S0和S1中C3H6的速率系数大小基本一致,所以方案S1对C3H6的影响较小.
C2H4与C3H4-P是形成碳烟前驱物C2H2的主要来源[20],研究不同声波馈入方案对C2H4生成规律的影响,对基于燃烧过程抑制碳烟排放具有指导意义.图8为各方案下的C2H4的生成和消耗曲线,其中方案S2和S3使得C2H4的峰值摩尔分数分别提升27.5%和5.3%,且峰值时刻燃烧相位分别提前0.16s和0.18s.图9为C2H4的生成与消耗速率系数.由图8图9分析可知,方案S2和S3的主要基元反应R184:C2H5+O2⇔C2H4+HO2、R480:C3H6+H⇔ C2H4+CH3均发生快速正向反应,且反应R480生成速率系数在方案S2中最大,表明方案S2对反应R480的正向加速作用更强,最终导致S2的峰值摩尔分数高于S3.消耗C2H4的4个主要反应为R251:C2H4+ OH⇔C2H3+H2O、R250:C2H4+O⇔CH2CHO+H、R249:C2H4+O⇔CH3+HCO和R163:C2H4+ H(+M)⇔C2H5(+M),随着超声波馈入时间的增加,反应R163的消耗速率系数增大、R251的消耗速率系数减小,表明超声波能对C2H4的消耗进行干涉.由反应R251生成的C2H3会转化成C2H2,所以调控C2H4的生成和消耗能间接影响碳烟前驱物C2H2生成,进而实现碳烟排放的定向调控作用.
图10为各个方案对CH4和CH2O发展历程的影响曲线,其中CH2O是低温反应标志性产物,也是CHO形成的主要来源,同时CHO还是火焰区域热释放的标志物[20].因此,探究CH2O发展历程对燃烧过程的放热控制有重要意义.方案S1、S2和S3均在t=0.5s开始生成CH2O,并分别在t为1.22、1.11和1.06s达到峰值.因各方案在CH2O达到峰值前的反应温度较低,其生成占主导地位,而当到达峰值时,CH2O消耗和生成速率达到平衡,峰值之后因温度升高,低温标志性产物CH2O消耗加剧.方案S3中出现两个CH2O峰值是因为CH4在1.06~1.08s氧化生成CH2O的速率较小,导致CH2O的生成量无法弥补其消耗量,致使其摩尔分数下降.而CH2O生成量在1.08s后又再度增加,并在1.11s时达到第二个峰值,低于第一峰值是因此时OH大量生成,促进了R100:CH4+OH⇔CH3+H2O反应的进行,使CH4转化为CH2O的量进一步减少.方案S1最早对CH2O的生成产生影响,且在各个方案中的峰值摩尔分数最大,是因S1方案中OH自由基数量少,致使CH4被消耗氧化成CH2O的量增多,而低温标志物CH2O的生成大于消耗并快速达到峰值,且峰值高于方案S2和S3
图11图12分别为CH4和CH2O的生成与消耗速率系数.分析可知,方案S0~S3中R100、R110、R46和R63、R43、R44和R72等各反应的速率系数相差不大,故可得出超声波对CH4、CH2O峰值摩尔分数的速率系数影响较小.
在汽油机内,燃烧过程中IC4H8主要消耗OH和H自由基生成不活泼的H2O、CH3和C3H4或者H2、CH3和C3H4自由基[21],所以IC4H8对异辛烷的氧化起阻碍作用.图13为IC4H8摩尔分数随时间变化.可知,方案S2和S3分别使其峰值摩尔分数升高24.7%和9.6%,且两方案开始生成时刻相同,方案S1中IC4H8的生成时刻提前,是因在初始时刻基元反应R1058:TC4H9⇔H+IC4H8快速反应,由图14中IC4H8的生成与消耗速率系数分析可知,R1058的生成速率系数与S3相反,促进了该反应速率,使得初始时刻IC4H8摩尔分数更大.在方案S2和S3中,基元反应R2555:YC7H15⇔IC3H7+IC4H8的生成速率系数大于其余方案,该反应促进了IC4H8摩尔分数达到峰值且大于方案S0和S1.在方案S3和S2中基元反应R1389:BC5H11⇔IC4H8+CH3的消耗速率系数大于方案S0、S1,表明方案S3和S2能够促进IC4H8的消耗,使其达到峰值后又迅速减小.
图15为4种方案下异辛烷消耗速率最大时刻的反应路径分析,图中占比表示该组分对目标产物生成的贡献比例,占比颜色分别与各方案图例颜色对应.异辛烷首先脱H生成异辛烷基(AC8H17为其中一种),或直接裂解成IC4H9,同时生成CH3自由基和CH4,与方案S0对比分析可知,方案S2促进了IC8H18对CH3自由基生成,CH3不仅能促进层流火焰传播速度,还有利于增加分子间的有效碰撞概率,使得异辛烷氧化速率加快.在超声激励作用下,由C3H6转化为CH4的路径占比大幅度减小,而CH4的消耗主要与OH自由基反应生成较为不活泼CH3和H2O,CH4生成量的减少会导致剩余更多的OH自由基,而OH自由基对燃料的点火和燃烧具有重要的促进作用.由CH3转化为C2H6的路径占比明显下降,而C2H6经CH4最终转化为CH3,这表明超声激励能对反应路径产生一定的调控作用,使一部分CH3绕过C2H6直接反应生成CH3O,有利于加快化学反应速率.此外,超声激励还能使CH3转化为甲醛前驱物CH3O的路径占比降低,而甲醛的消耗是由活性的OH自由基氧化其生成HCO和H2O,再一次减少了OH自由基的消耗和促进点火燃烧过程.
通过对重要中间产物C2H4、CH2O、IC4H8、CH4和C3H6摩尔分数最大时刻敏感性分析得出:5种重要中间产物敏感性系数较大的反应都与活性自由基HO2参与密切相关,尤其基元反应R9:H+ O2(+M)⇔HO2(+M)、R109:CH3+HO2⇔CH3O+OH和R110:CH3+HO2⇔CH4+O2,这些反应对中间产物的敏感性系数影响显著.上述分析表明,超声波具有对燃烧过程进行调控的能力.
着火延迟期是表征燃料着火能力的重要指标,与发动机的燃烧和排放特性密切相关[22].采用CHEMKIN中的均相反应器模型模拟计算方案S3的着火延迟期参数[23].无声波作用下的异辛烷着火延迟期来自Oehlschlaeger等[24]通过激波管试验获取的数据,其燃料为0.25%异辛烷,初始压力为0.14 MPa,当量比分别为0.5和1.0,将着火延迟期定义为从初始温度上升400K所需时间[25],对其预测效果如图16a所示,当量比为1.0时的预测效果与试验值吻合较好,但当量比为0.5时预测效果欠佳,这与文献[25]得出低当量比下预测精度低的结论相一致.由于着火延迟时间尺度小于14ms,所以选择全程超声馈入能覆盖着火延迟区间.
图16b为着火延迟期影响,相同当量比下的声场激励能明显缩短着火延迟期,且在当量比为0.5时的整个温度区间上效果更加显著,而当量比为1.0时,在低于1500K时缩短着火延迟期的效果更佳,与无声波方案相比,当温度接近1700K时,着火延迟期缩短6.4%,在接近1300K时,能缩短31.8%,得到超声波对着火延迟期的缩短区间为6.4%~31.8%.表明在超声波声场激励作用下,能加速异辛烷的低温氧化过程.
碳氢燃料在中、高温度的着火延迟期主要受H2O2的分解反应控制,在900~1000K时,发生基元反应R16:H2O2(+M)⇔OH+OH(+M),高温(大于1200K)着火延迟期主要由R1:H+O2⇔O+OH主导[26],所以将OH自由基作为影响着火延迟期的研究对象.图17为不同初始温度下发生高温着火时OH自由基的峰值摩尔分数,可见受超声波馈入的声场激励作用,OH自由基的峰值摩尔分数显著增加.
(1)在超声波馈入燃烧室的声场激励作用下,各声波馈入方案均显著加速了异辛烷氧化反应速率,其反应加速区间与声波馈入区间相对应,且滞后馈入区间方案的声波加速效应强于早期馈入区间;中间产物的演化进程也均得以提前,方案S2和S3使异辛烷的燃尽时刻均提前了0.18s,方案S2使关键中间产物C3H6和IC4H8的峰值摩尔分数分别提高42.1%和24.7%,S3使两者分别提高21.5%和9.6%.
(2)C2H4作为碳烟前驱物C2H2形成的主要来源,方案S2和S3使其峰值摩尔分数分别提高27.5%和5.3%,且峰值时刻燃烧相位分别提前0.16s和0.18s;表明通过馈入超声波激励来调控C2H4的生成和消耗,以间接控制碳烟前驱物C2H2的演化进程,进而实现碳烟排放的定向调控.
(3)超声波激励对CH2O、CH4峰值摩尔分数的速率系数影响较小,但对其他中间产物的速率系数影响较大;当量比为1时,超声激励方案与无声波方案相比,对低于1500K条件下着火延迟期的缩短效果更为显著,当温度接近1700K时,着火延迟期缩短6.4%,在接近1300K时,能缩短31.8%,得到超声波对着火延迟期的缩短区间为6.4%~31.8%;超声波的声场激励作用能大大促进OH自由基的生成,进而加速了低温反应速率.
  • 教育部“春晖计划”合作科研资助项目(HZKY20220239)
  • 河北省自然科学基金面上资助项目(E2020203127)
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究资助项目(QN2023224)
  • 燕山大学基础创新科研培育资助项目(2021LGZD014)
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doi: 10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.202401004
  • 接收时间:2022-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-09
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-23
  • 修回日期:2023-05-19
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教育部“春晖计划”合作科研资助项目(HZKY20220239)
河北省自然科学基金面上资助项目(E2020203127)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究资助项目(QN2023224)
燕山大学基础创新科研培育资助项目(2021LGZD014)
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    1.燕山大学 车辆与能源学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004
    2.燕山大学 河北省特种运载装备重点实验室,河北 秦皇岛 066004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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