Article(id=1251457738623103761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=1745942400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300375847, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300375847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300375847, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300375847, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251457733048877664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300374519, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776311882923, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251506002898661500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251506002898661501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251457738920899354, articleId=1251457738623103761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, language=EN, title=Bipartite consensus of multi-agent systems subject to sequential scaling attacks, columnId=1251457734063895255, journalTitle=Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), columnName=Computer and Automation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study investigates the bipartite consensus of linear multi-agent systems under sequential scaling attacks based on observers. First, since the attack degree of the sequential scaling attack is unknown, observers are designed to estimate the real states of the agents to reduce the impact on the stability of the error system. Second, the attack signals are injected into all controller-to-actuator channels throughout the network. and a distributed controller based on observer's state-estimates is proposed for the linear multi-agent system, which can effectively avoid the use of information from the system itself. Finally, the Lyapunov function proves that the designed controller can enable the linear multi-agent system subject to sequential scaling attacks to achieve bipartite consensus. And numerical simulations validate the theoretical results.

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研究基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的二分一致性。首先,考虑到序列缩放攻击的攻击程度未知,设计了观测器来估计智能体的真实状态,以减少对误差系统稳定性的影响。其次,攻击信号被注入到整个网络的所有控制器到执行器的通道中,针对线性多智能体系统,提出基于观测器估计状态的分布式控制器,可以有效避免使用系统本身的信息。最后,利用Lyapunov函数证明受序列缩放攻击的线性多智能体系统在所设计的控制器下可以实现二分一致性,通过数值仿真验证理论结果的有效性。

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王正新,男,博士,副教授,

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序列缩放攻击下多智能体系统的二分一致性
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王正新 1, 2 , 陶怡梅 1 , 蒋国平 2, 3 , 冯元珍 1
南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 计算机与自动控制 2025,45(5): 94-101
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南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 计算机与自动控制 2025, 45(5): 94-101
序列缩放攻击下多智能体系统的二分一致性
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王正新1, 2 , 陶怡梅1, 蒋国平2, 3, 冯元珍1
作者信息
  • 1.南京邮电大学 理学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京邮电大学 江苏省物联网智能机器人工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.南京邮电大学 自动化学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 王正新,男,博士,副教授,

Bipartite consensus of multi-agent systems subject to sequential scaling attacks
Zhengxin WANG1, 2 , Yimei TAO1, Guoping JIANG2, 3, Yuanzhen FENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for IoT Intelligent Robots, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3.School of Automation, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
doi: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.011
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研究基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的二分一致性。首先,考虑到序列缩放攻击的攻击程度未知,设计了观测器来估计智能体的真实状态,以减少对误差系统稳定性的影响。其次,攻击信号被注入到整个网络的所有控制器到执行器的通道中,针对线性多智能体系统,提出基于观测器估计状态的分布式控制器,可以有效避免使用系统本身的信息。最后,利用Lyapunov函数证明受序列缩放攻击的线性多智能体系统在所设计的控制器下可以实现二分一致性,通过数值仿真验证理论结果的有效性。

线性多智能体系统  /  序列缩放攻击  /  分布式控制  /  二分一致性

The study investigates the bipartite consensus of linear multi-agent systems under sequential scaling attacks based on observers. First, since the attack degree of the sequential scaling attack is unknown, observers are designed to estimate the real states of the agents to reduce the impact on the stability of the error system. Second, the attack signals are injected into all controller-to-actuator channels throughout the network. and a distributed controller based on observer's state-estimates is proposed for the linear multi-agent system, which can effectively avoid the use of information from the system itself. Finally, the Lyapunov function proves that the designed controller can enable the linear multi-agent system subject to sequential scaling attacks to achieve bipartite consensus. And numerical simulations validate the theoretical results.

linear multi-agent system  /  sequential scaling attack  /  distributed control  /  bipartite consensus
王正新, 陶怡梅, 蒋国平, 冯元珍. 序列缩放攻击下多智能体系统的二分一致性. 南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2025 , 45 (5) : 94 -101 . DOI: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.011
Zhengxin WANG, Yimei TAO, Guoping JIANG, Yuanzhen FENG. Bipartite consensus of multi-agent systems subject to sequential scaling attacks[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), 2025 , 45 (5) : 94 -101 . DOI: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.011
近年来,多智能体系统的一致性控制受到广泛关注,其中多智能体系统的二分一致性控制也被广泛研究[1]。智能体之间的信息交换是实现多智能体系统二分一致性的关键。在过去的研究过程中,针对多智能体系统二分一致性的问题,研究者们讨论的多智能体系统包括:线性多智能体系统[2]、非线性多智能体系统[3]、单层多智能体系统[4]、多层多智能体系统[5]、同质多智能体系统[6]和异质多智能体系统[7]。文献[8]通过符号网络设计了分布式控制方案,研究了一类非线性多智能体系统的二分一致性问题。文献[9]设计了使用邻接状态的基于时变函数的控制器,研究了在预设时间内多智能体系统实现二分一致性跟踪。考虑到通讯会存在时滞、量化数据等一系列约束,文献[10]针对通讯受限的多智能体系统,设计了基于量化函数的控制器,实现了多智能体系统的二分实用一致性。文献[11]通过引用一个统一的混合模型,研究了通讯延迟的多智能体系统的采样数据无领导者和领导者-跟随者的二分一致性问题。本文考虑线性多智能体系统,探讨受网络攻击的多智能体系统的二分一致性问题。
由于信号是通过网络传输的,因此在网络系统通信中不可避免地出现网络攻击。常见的网络攻击有拒绝服务攻击[12],欺骗攻击[13]和序列缩放攻击[14]。拒绝服务攻击是指攻击者通过各种手段,使得用户无法正常使用网络服务,即试图阻止数据传输。欺骗攻击主要通过注入虚假数据来修改传输信号。序列缩放攻击可以视为拒绝服务攻击和欺骗攻击的结合:当缩放因子为0时,是拒绝服务攻击;而当缩放因子大于0时,是欺骗服务攻击。这些网络攻击对多智能体系统的稳定性有很大的影响。因此,针对网络攻击下的多智能体系统,研究者们进行了大量的控制器设计和稳定性研究。在文献[15]中,为了应对受拒绝服务攻击时实时信息对触发器不可用的情形,设计了一个分布式的事件触发方案,研究了受拒绝服务攻击下线性多智能体系统的二分一致性问题。文献[16]针对遭受不连续拒绝服务攻击的非线性多智能体系统,设计了自适应安全控制策略,保证了系统实现二分渐近一致性。文献[17]研究了具有时变时滞和切换符号网络的非线性多智能体系统的二分领导跟随一致性,并且运用所提出的理论构造了一个多智能体安全通信系统。文献[18]设计了基于观测器的分布式控制器,研究了受虚假数据攻击下的合作竞争多智能体系统的一致性问题。在文献[19]中,为了减少通讯资源的消耗,设计了分布式静态和动态控制协议,研究了受序列缩放攻击的线性多智能体系统的一致性问题。文献[20]研究了多链路序列缩放攻击,为了抵御多链路序列缩放攻击,设计了自适应跟踪控制方案,研究了受多链路序列缩放攻击下非线性多智能体系统的完全分布式控制。
在研究多智能体系统的二分一致性问题上,由于系统的准确状态很难获取,对误差系统的稳定性影响很大。因此,基于观测器估计状态的控制器可以避免利用系统本身的信息。文献[21]设计了利用相对信息的控制器,研究了基于观测器的广义多智能体系统的二分一致性。与文献[21]不同的是,文献[22]设计了动态事件触发控制方法,研究了基于观测器的离散多智能体系统的二分一致性。由于网络攻击无处不在,文献[23]研究了基于观测器的动态事件触发方案下,受拒绝服务攻击下的线性多智能体系统的二分一致性。考虑到节点动力学中有确定性扰动,文献[24]设计了基于观测器的控制器,研究了带有外部扰动的多智能体系统的二分一致性。基于观测器的多智能体系统二分一致性的问题已经被广泛研究,但很少有研究致力于序列缩放攻击下基于观测器多智能体系统安全二分一致性。因此,本文将针对序列攻击下基于观测器的线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性问题展开研究。
受上述讨论的启发,本文研究序列缩放攻击下基于观测器的线性多智能体系统的二分一致性问题。主要创新之处如下:首先,针对每条通讯链路的序列攻击程度都是未知的,攻击程度可以相同,也可以不同。其次,设计了基于观测器估计状态的分布式控制器,该控制器是基于被序列缩放攻击后的多智能体系统的局部信息和观测器的估计状态,不仅可以有效避免使用系统本身的信息,还能在多智能体系统被攻击后实现分布式控制。最后,本文研究合作竞争网络的二分一致性问题,一条边的权重可以是正的,也可以是负的。
Rn和RN×N表示n维向量空间和N×N维实矩阵空间。En表示n×n维单位阵。如果A是对称的,λmin表示其最小特征值,λmax表示其最大的特征值。矩阵AB的克罗内克积用AB表示。符号‖·‖表示欧几里得范数。sign(·)是符号函数,即
首先描述一个带符号图的无领导者多智能体系统:G=(Vε)表示一个符号图,其中V={1,2,…,N}为节点的集合,εV×V表示边的集合,设A=[aij ] ∈ RN×N为邻接矩阵。如果点对(ij)∈ ε,那么表明智能体i和智能体j可以接收到彼此传输的信息,即对于(ij)∈ ε来说,aij ≠ 0,否则aij=0。对于一个领导者和N个跟随者的多智能体系统,假设它的符号图为=(),用0代表领导者,={0,1,…,N}。设D=diag{d1d2,…,dN}表示领导者和跟随者之间的连接矩阵,如果di>0,则0能体i可以接收领导者的信息,否则,di=0。拉普拉斯矩阵L=[lij ] ∈ RN×N,其中lii=|aij|,lij=-aijij。定义矩阵H=L+D
如果集合V被划分为两个子集{V1V2},满足V1V2=VV1V2=∅,以及对∀ijVq (q ∈{1,2})有aij ≥ 0;对∀iVqjVmqm (qm ∈{1,2})有aij ≤ 0,那么就称图G为结构平衡的。
本文中G是无向的,因此aij=aji。如果每个跟随者智能体可以直接或间接地接收来自领导者智能体的信息,那么就称是连通的。本文假设是连通的,无向图G是结构平衡的。
引理1[25]对于任意两个向量xy
2xTyxTx+yTy
本文以一个单层网络来讨论序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性问题。该线性多智能体系统有N+1个节点,节点0代表领导者,节点1到节点N代表跟随者。
在本文线性多智能体系统中,第i个跟随者的动力学方程表示为
领导者动力学方程表示为
其中,xi (t) ∈ Rn为第i个跟随者的状态,x0(t) ∈ Rn为领导者的状态,yi (t) ∈ Rry0(t) ∈ Rr为第i个跟随者的输出和领导者的输出,ui (t) ∈ Rs为控制输入,i=1,2,…,NA ∈Rn×nB ∈Rn×sC ∈Rr×n为系统矩阵。
由于跟随者状态的真实值很难获取,为了有效估计系统的状态,本文设计了一个跟随者状态观测器,其动力学方程表示为
其中,∈ Rn为第i个跟随者的估计状态,∈Rr为第i个跟随者的输出状态估计,G ∈Rn×r为一个反馈矩阵,i=1,2,…,N
注1 与文献[20]相比,本文中设计的观测器用来估计智能体的真实状态,用观测器的观测状态来估计智能体真实的状态,一方面是可以减少对误差系统的稳定性的影响,另一方面是降低了多智能体系统实现二分一致性的难度。
假设1 (AB)是可观的,(AC)是可测的。
假设2 通信拓扑包含一个以领导者节点为根节点的有向生成树,而所有跟随者的子图G都是无向连通的。
本文讨论序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性问题,下面给出二分一致性的定义:
定义1 如果对于任意初值,有
其中,当iV1ϕi=1;当iV2ϕi=-1,那么称多智能体系统式(1)和式(2)可以实现二分一致性。
本文的序列缩放攻击主要讨论对多智能体系统通讯拓扑进行篡改信息或阻止智能体之间传输信息的恶意攻击。序列缩放攻击被描述为
其中,uijui0为缩放因子且uijui0 ≥ 0,∈ R为跟随者之间受到攻击的权重,∈R为跟随者和领导者之间受到攻击的权重。因此,序列攻击下的通讯拓扑可以表示为,其对应的邻接矩阵为=[] ∈ RN×N,拉普拉斯矩阵为=[] ∈ RN×N,其中==ij,牵制连接矩阵为=diag{,…,},信息交换矩阵为=+,其中0≤ λ1λ2 ≤ … ≤ λN的特征值。
注2 在本文中,序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的通信拓扑遭受了未知攻击,并且可能会导致网络断开连接。当通讯拓扑断开连接的时候,即缩放因子为0时,那么该多智能体系统可以被视为受到拒绝服务攻击;当通讯拓扑没有断开连接,即缩放因子不为0时,那么该多智能体系统可以被视为受到欺骗攻击,因此序列缩放攻击本质上是拒绝服务攻击和欺骗攻击的结合。
本文主要研究基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性问题,因此根据序列缩放攻击下的线性多智能体系统的通讯拓扑,为了实现线性多智能体系统式(1)和式(2)的安全二分一致性,设计了如下分布式控制协议:
其中,K ∈Rs×n为一个待设计的反馈矩阵,i=1,2,…,N
注3 本文假设网络中只有一个攻击者,攻击者可以对整个网络的所有智能体发起攻击。当攻击发生时,每个智能体受到的攻击程度不一定相同,那么未知的攻击信号被注入到整个网络的所有控制器到执行器的通道中,因此ui (t)具有更灵活的变化,这将给多智能体系统达到二分一致性造成一定的困难。
为了实现基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性,定义3个误差,分别是二分一致性误差、估计的二分一致性误差和估计误差。其中二分一致性误差表示为δi (t)=xi (t) -ϕix0(t),i=2,3,…,N;估计的二分一致性误差表示为=-ϕix0(t),i=2,3,…,N;估计误差表示为ei (t)=xi (t) -=δi (t) -
为了证明基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统的安全二分一致性,根据线性多智能体系统式(1)和式(2),可以得到二分一致性误差的导数为
根据线性多智能体系统式(1)和观测器式(3),可以得到估计误差的导数为
注4 本文描述的一个带符号图的有领导者多智能体系统,研究的是受序列缩放攻击下的多智能体系统二分一致性问题。与无符号的多智能体系统相比,在符号图中使用=0而不是=0。
本节主要通过状态观测器式(3)和控制器式(4),实现了基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统式(1)和式(2)的安全二分一致性。
定理1 在假设1和假设2的前提下,通过应用状态观测器式(3)和控制器式(4),如果存在正定矩阵P1P2α>0,c>0使得
成立,其中K=BTP1,那么基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下多智能体系统式(1)和式(2)可以达到安全二分一致性。
证明 构造如下的Lyapunov函数
沿着式(8)对V1(t)求导得
其中,U为正交矩阵满足=diag{λ1λ2,…,λN},因此从引理1[25]可以得到
结合式(10)和式(11)得到
沿着式(9)对V2(t)求导得
结合式(12)和式(13)得到
将式(7)代入式(14)中得到:(t)<0。因此,基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统可以实现安全二分一致性。
注5 定理1中的式(7)可以结合代数Riccati方程解出P1P2,其中K矩阵可以由矩阵P1B得出,定理1的求解过程完全依赖于基于观测器的多智能体系统的可观性和可测性,并且λ1λN是由=+求解得出。
例1 考虑一个单层的线性多智能体系统,其中包括10个跟随者和1个领导者,其中,跟随者动力学方程如下
领导者动力学方程如下
跟随者状态观测器动力学方程如下
其中,A=B=[0 -2 ]′,C=[10],G=[10]′。10个跟随者可以分为两个点集:V1={1,2,3,4,5},V2={6,7,8,9,10}。线性多智能体系统的拓扑图如图1所示。
其中拓扑图的邻接矩阵A
拉普拉斯矩阵L
连接矩阵DD=diag{1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0},信息交换矩阵H
序列缩放攻击的缩放因子为:μ12=μ21=0.6,μ13=μ31=0.2,μ24=μ42=0.2,μ35=μ53=0.4,μ46=μ64=0.4,μ57=μ75=0.2,μ68=μ86=0.2,μ79=μ97=0.4,μ810=μ108=0.4,μ910=μ109=0.6,μ10=2,μ20=2,μ60=2,μ70=2。
首先给出10个跟随者和1个领导者的初始状态:x0 (0)=[11]′,x1 (0)=[-1 2 ]′,x2 (0)=[-3 3 ]′,x3 (0)=[-2 2 ]′,x4 (0)=[-1 2 ]′,x5 (0)=[-3 2 ]′,x6 (0)=[-1 2 ]′,x7 (0)=[-1 1 ]′,x8 (0)=[-2 3 ]′,x9 (0)=[-1 3 ]′,x10 (0)=[-2 1 ]′。10个跟随者的估计状态初值为:(0)=[2-3]′,(0)=[4-5]′,(0)=[6-7]′,(0)=[1-2]′,(0)=[34]′,(0)[56]′,(0)=[-1 2 ]′,(0)=[2-3]′,(0)=[-2 1 ]′,(0)=[-4 1 ]′。
图2图3分别展示了跟随者的两个状态轨迹图,可以明显看出图2图3中跟随者状态随时间呈现出周期性运动,表明状态趋向于稳定。
根据定理1的描述,给出以下参数:λ1=0.153 4,λN=3.414 9,c=16,α=0.100 0,P1=P2=
在定理1成立的情况下,仿真结果分别如图47所示。其中图4图5是二分一致性误差δ(t)的轨迹图,图6图7是观测误差e(t)的轨迹图,从这4个图中可以明显看出最终误差状态都趋向于0,这就意味着基于观测器的序列缩放攻击下线性多智能体系统可以实现安全二分一致性。
研究了基于观测器的受序列缩放攻击的多智能体系统安全二分一致性问题。由于每个通讯链路受序列缩放攻击的程度不一,为了减少对误差系统的稳定性的影响,首先设计了状态观测器,然后设计了基于观测器的分布式控制协议,保证了线性多智能体在受序列缩放攻击后可以达到安全二分一致性。在将来,将致力于受序列缩放攻击的多层多智能体系统的安全二分一致性。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.011
  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-30
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    1.南京邮电大学 理学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京邮电大学 江苏省物联网智能机器人工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    3.南京邮电大学 自动化学院, 江苏 南京 210023
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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