Article(id=1251457735934558830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=1748793600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776300375207, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776300375207, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776300375207, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776300375207, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251457733048877664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776300374519, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776311882923, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251506002898661500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251506002898661501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, issueId=1251457733048877664, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251457738140762759, articleId=1251457735934558830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, language=EN, title=Sum rate maximization for RRS-assisted downlink NOMA systems, columnId=1251457734420411100, journalTitle=Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), columnName=Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Empowered 6th Generation Broadband Wireless Communication Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reconfigurable refractive surface (RRS) is regarded as a prospective technology for optimizing signal paths and enhancing directional propagation in complex environments, while non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) serves as an empowering technology to meet the high spectrum efficiency and large capacity requirements of the next-generation cellular communications. This paper investigates the problem of maximizing the sum rate of the downlink NOMA system assisted by RRS deployed in the near field of the base station (BS). The sum rate is maximized by alternately optimizing the power distribution and the phase shift matrix of the RRS. The Lagrange dual decomposition method is used to optimize the power allocation and then a phase shift rotation in turn (PSRT) method is proposed to optimize the phase shifts of RRS. Simulation results show that the sum rate of RRS-assisted NOMA systems is higher than that of RRS-assisted orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems, NOMA systems and OMA systems.

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可重构折射面(Reconfigurable Refractive Surface,RRS)是一种能在复杂环境中优化信号路径和增强定向传播的前瞻性技术,非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)则是解决下一代蜂窝通信高频谱效率和高容量需求的使能技术。研究了基于RRS辅助的下行NOMA系统和速率最大化问题,其中RRS位于基站的近场。通过交替优化功率分配和RRS的相移矩阵以最大化系统的和速率。利用拉格朗日对偶分解法优化功率分配,并提出了一种依次旋转相移(Phase Shift Rotation in Turn,PSRT)方法来优化RRS的相移矩阵。仿真结果表明,RRS辅助NOMA系统的和速率高于RRS辅助的正交多址(Orthogonal Multiple Access,OMA)系统、NOMA系统和OMA系统。

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宋荣方(通信作者),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,
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李碧玲,女,硕士研究生

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李碧玲,女,硕士研究生

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李碧玲,女,硕士研究生

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参数数值
馈源数量V2
用户数量L3
RRS的覆盖半径Rs/m300
馈源增益α2~6
RRS的反射单元数N225~525
RRS的振幅β0.8
RRS到馈源的距离jv/m0.1~0.2
波长λ/cm1.15
Rician因子K1K2[5,3]
噪声功率σ2/dBm-56
发射功率P/dBm-8~8
分辨率位数B3,4
用户最低速率要求/(bit·s-1·Hz-12~4
), ArticleFig(id=1251457760659980896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194938327613532, articleId=1251457735934558830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

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参数数值
馈源数量V2
用户数量L3
RRS的覆盖半径Rs/m300
馈源增益α2~6
RRS的反射单元数N225~525
RRS的振幅β0.8
RRS到馈源的距离jv/m0.1~0.2
波长λ/cm1.15
Rician因子K1K2[5,3]
噪声功率σ2/dBm-56
发射功率P/dBm-8~8
分辨率位数B3,4
用户最低速率要求/(bit·s-1·Hz-12~4
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可重构折射面辅助下行NOMA系统和速率最大化
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李碧玲 , 宋荣方
南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 智能超表面赋能的6G宽带无线通信技术 2025,45(5): 50-56
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南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) | 智能超表面赋能的6G宽带无线通信技术 2025, 45(5): 50-56
可重构折射面辅助下行NOMA系统和速率最大化
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李碧玲, 宋荣方
作者信息
  • 南京邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,江苏 南京 210003
  • 李碧玲,女,硕士研究生

通讯作者:

宋荣方(通信作者),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,
Sum rate maximization for RRS-assisted downlink NOMA systems
Biling LI, Rongfang SONG
Affiliations
  • School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
doi: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.006
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可重构折射面(Reconfigurable Refractive Surface,RRS)是一种能在复杂环境中优化信号路径和增强定向传播的前瞻性技术,非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)则是解决下一代蜂窝通信高频谱效率和高容量需求的使能技术。研究了基于RRS辅助的下行NOMA系统和速率最大化问题,其中RRS位于基站的近场。通过交替优化功率分配和RRS的相移矩阵以最大化系统的和速率。利用拉格朗日对偶分解法优化功率分配,并提出了一种依次旋转相移(Phase Shift Rotation in Turn,PSRT)方法来优化RRS的相移矩阵。仿真结果表明,RRS辅助NOMA系统的和速率高于RRS辅助的正交多址(Orthogonal Multiple Access,OMA)系统、NOMA系统和OMA系统。

可重构折射面  /  非正交多址接入  /  和速率

Reconfigurable refractive surface (RRS) is regarded as a prospective technology for optimizing signal paths and enhancing directional propagation in complex environments, while non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) serves as an empowering technology to meet the high spectrum efficiency and large capacity requirements of the next-generation cellular communications. This paper investigates the problem of maximizing the sum rate of the downlink NOMA system assisted by RRS deployed in the near field of the base station (BS). The sum rate is maximized by alternately optimizing the power distribution and the phase shift matrix of the RRS. The Lagrange dual decomposition method is used to optimize the power allocation and then a phase shift rotation in turn (PSRT) method is proposed to optimize the phase shifts of RRS. Simulation results show that the sum rate of RRS-assisted NOMA systems is higher than that of RRS-assisted orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems, NOMA systems and OMA systems.

reconfigurable refractive surface (RRS)  /  non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)  /  sum rate
李碧玲, 宋荣方. 可重构折射面辅助下行NOMA系统和速率最大化. 南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2025 , 45 (5) : 50 -56 . DOI: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.006
Biling LI, Rongfang SONG. Sum rate maximization for RRS-assisted downlink NOMA systems[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science Edition), 2025 , 45 (5) : 50 -56 . DOI: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.006
对高数据速率应用的需求加速了第六代移动通信(6G)的发展,数据速率的快速变化和端到端延迟的显著降低是6G的主要关注点[1]。对于6G无线网络,非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Ac cess,NOMA)是满足海量连接、低时延、改善公平性和高吞吐量等需求的重要使能技术[2]。NOMA允许多个具有不同信道增益的用户同时占用相同的时频资源[3],因此在相同的发射功率要求下,系统的和速率得到了显著的提高。
可重构智能表面(Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface,RIS)被认为是6G通信系统中的一项关键技术。通过部署RIS,可以降低信号的衰减,增强接收效果,这引起了众多学者的关注。目前RIS可以分为3种类型,分别为反射型、折射型和混合型。文献[4],讨论了3种类型的RIS在特定用户分布下的适用场景。现有的大多数研究都集中在反射型RIS上。例如,文献[5]研究了部署智能反射面(Intelligent Reflecting Surface,IRS)的下行NOMA网络,与正交多址接入(Orthogonal Multiple Access,OMA)方案和随机相移方案相比,该系统在能量效率方面的性能更加优越。
此外,一些关于折射型RIS的工作也在进行中。通过改变可重构折射面(Reconfigurable Refractive Surface,RRS)单元二极管的偏置电压来调节折射相移,以实现所需要的波束赋形[6]。RRS也可称为透射式可重构超表面(Reconfigurable Metasurface,RMS)。文献[7]提出了一种基于透射式RMS配备馈源天线的发射机,其中馈源天线被部署在透射式RMS的远场。通过联合设计无源波束成形和功率分配,最大化所提方案的和速率。与文献[7]不同,文献[8]中的RRS被用作发射天线,部署在基站(Base Station,BS)的近场区域。其中基站天线数量大于配备单个天线的用户数,因此不需要其他的多址接入方式。其仿真结果表明,在相同功率预算下,RRS可以带来比相控阵更高的系统容量。
尽管RRS-OMA系统在传统蜂窝网络中能够提供稳定的多用户接入,然而在高数据速率、高可靠性的未来通信场景中,RRS-OMA系统难以满足超高吞吐量的需求,需要进一步探索能满足上述需求的方案。NOMA系统具有高频谱效率,但需要信道差异性,RRS可以改变用户的信道特性,因此考虑将NOMA系统与RRS相结合。
本文考虑了一个基础的单基站多用户RRS-NOMA下行链路系统,其中基站处配备多个馈源天线,用户处配备单天线。在NOMA系统中引入RRS,其中RRS部署在馈源的近场,位于用户的远场。通过联合优化功率分配和RRS的相移矩阵来最大化系统的和速率,并采用交替优化(Alternating Optimization,AO)算法求解非凸问题。为了优化RRS的相移矩阵,提出了一种依次相移旋转(Phase Shift Rotation in Turn,PSRT)方法。在仿真阶段,在相同发射功率约束下,将RRS-NOMA系统与其他系统的和速率进行了比较。
考虑一个具有多天线基站和多用户的下行网络,其中用户数大于基站天线数,V个馈源在相同的频率和时间块内向L个单天线用户发送叠加信号。基站处的定向天线作为馈源照射RRS,以实现用户特定波束成形,用户处则使用全向天线接收信号,RRS的覆盖半径记为Rs。由于RRS位于馈源的近场区,每个馈源到各个RRS单元的距离是不一致的。文献[9]中给出的馈源对RRS的辐射信号可以表示为
其中,θ ∈ [0,]和ϕ ∈ []分别为馈源到RRS表面的俯仰角和方位角,2(α+1)表示馈源发射的信号增益。
与传统的信号放大和中继技术相比,RRS具有更低的功耗,因为其主要依靠被动反射和折射来优化信号传播,而不是主动发射信号。为了方便后续的表示,在系统示意图中引进了直角坐标系,假设RRS在y-z平面上,如图1所示。每行有A个RRS单元,每列有D个RRS单元,RRS单元的数量为N=AD。各个RRS单元在对应方向上的尺寸分别为SySz。RRS的中心位于坐标原点,第(ad)个RRS元素的中心坐标为r(ad)=[ 0,aSydSz ]T,其中a=0,±1,±2,…,±(A - 1)/2,d=0,±1,±2,…,±(D - 1)/2。
定义G(ad),v为第v个馈源到第(ad)个RRS单元的增益,R(ad),v为第v个馈源到第(ad)个RRS单元的距离。RRS中的各个单元都可以独立调节其折射相位,产生波前干涉效应。这使得信号在特定方向上得到加强或抑制,优化了信号传输的质量。
β ∈ [ 0,1]、分别表示第(ad)个RRS单元的振幅和相移,第(ad)个RRS单元的折射因子为t(a,d),可以表示为
由于馈源到RRS各单元之间的距离很小,RRS位于馈源的近场区,这与传统的RRS模型不太一致,即所有单元对同一信道路径共享一个共同入射角(Angle of Arrival,AoA)的传统假设不再成立。
v个馈源的坐标qv=[qv(x),qv(y),0 ]T,其中qv(x)=R(ad),v sin θcos ϕqv(y)=R(ad),v sin θsin ϕjv=表示第v个馈源到RRS中心坐标的距离,载波频率对应的波长记为λ
从馈源到RRS的信号模型借用文献[10]中提出的一种新的距离准则,称为均匀功率距离(Uniform-Power Distance,UPD)准则,其考虑了信号功率或幅度在单元间的变化,补充了经典的瑞利距离,实现了近场和远场区域的精细分离。各个RRS单元之间没有缝隙,离散的均匀平面阵列(Uniform Planar Array,UPA)变成连续的全息面。
C(ad)=[aSy-aSy+]×[dSz-dSz+]表示第(ad)个RRS单元的区域。第v个馈源到第(ad)个RRS单元的信道增益可以表示成
其中,ux表示RRS的法向量,也是x方向的单位矢量。在实际应用中,RRS单元的尺寸在波长范围内,因此波传播距离‖qv - c‖和波到达方向穿过不同点cC(ad)的变化可以忽略不计。因此,可以得到
因此,可以推出
定义g(ad),v为第v个馈源到第(ad)个RRS元素的信道增益,表示为
那么从馈源到RRS的信道增益可以表示为
其中G ∈CN×V
RRS位于用户的远场,假设RRS到用户之间的所有信道相互独立,且信道中存在视距(Line-of-Sight,LoS)路径,可以使用Rician衰落对RRS到用户之间的信道进行建模。假设各个RRS元素到达同一个用户的信号是平行的,则RRS到第l个用户的信道响应为hl ∈C1,可以表示为
其中,1 ≤ lLKhl的Rician因子,表示从RRS到用户l的视距路径,表示从RRS到用户l的的非视距(Non-Line-of-Sight,NLoS)路径,且服从零均值、单位方差为1的高斯分布,即CN(0,1)。
定义sl分别为第l个用户的发射信号和功率分配,wl为第l个用户的预编码向量。
l个用户的接收信号为
其中,RRS的对角相移矩阵Θ=diag[,…,,…, ],也可以表示成Θ=diag[,…,,…,],其中θn表示第n个RRS单元的相移。噪声nl表示用户l处的高斯加性白噪声(Additive White Gaussian Noise,AWGN),服从CN(0,σ2 )。
在下行NOMA系统中,需要对用户处接收到的信号采用串行干扰删除技术(Successive Interference Cancellation,SIC)进行解码。用户的解码顺序基于有效的信道增益,以确保系统在分配资源时能够达到最优的性能。
参考文献[11],不失一般性,假设用户等效信道增益排序为0<| ≤ … ≤≤ … ≤,其中表示第l个用户的信道增益。用户U1将其他用户的信号当作噪声,直接解码自己的信号。用户Ull ≥ 2,依次解码并减去用户Ut的信号,1 ≤ tl,直到自身的信号被解码。
为了保证SIC译码成功,需要满足(il),其中表示用户Ui解码Ul时的信干噪比(Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise-Ratio,SINR),可以表示为
用户Ul的数据速率为
系统的和速率为
这里建立了最大化和速率的问题,在满足用户最低速率需求的条件下,采用交替优化设计发射功率分配与RRS的相移矩阵,以实现和速率最大化。优化问题可以表述成
其中,为第l个用户的最低数据速率要求,P表示基站的发射功率,式(14)保证用户的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS),式(15)保证SIC译码成功,式(16)是对用户发射功率的约束,式(17)是对译码顺序的约束,式(18)是对RRS的相位约束。为了解决这个复杂的非凸优化问题,提出了一种交替优化算法来依次设计功率分配和RRS相移矩阵。
系统采用基于最小均方误差(Minimum Mean Square Error,MMSE)的归一化预编码,可以表示为
其中ml=
首先固定RRS相移矩阵来优化功率分配,优化问题可以转化为
其中,=- 1,式(20)是一个凸优化问题,可以采用拉格朗日对偶分解法来求解。用ρμlωl表示拉格朗日乘子,构造拉格朗日函数为
其中,Hl,l=Nl,l=pj+σ2
在满足(P2)的约束条件下,将拉格朗日函数对pl求偏导并令其等于零,可以得到式(20)的最优解
根据KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件,式( 20 )的最优解可由式(25)求出。
接下来用梯度下降法来解决上述问题,根据梯度下降法的更新规则可以得到拉格朗日乘子的更新公式为
其中,k为迭代次数,τηlζl为迭代步长。通过式(25)可以求得的值,反复更新plρμlωl直至目标函数收敛。
在本小节中,根据固定的的功率分配,优化RRS的相移矩阵。由于实际应用的局限性,RRS的相移用离散相移表示,即θnII={0,,…,},1 ≤ nN,其中B为RRS的分辨率位数。这样,优化问题可以表示为
为了后续SINR的紧凑表示,有如下的定义
此时可以改写成
为了优化RRS的相移,提出了依次相移旋转方法。该方法的核心思想是离散化相移后,可以通过相移依次旋转一维搜索遍历,寻找最优离散相移,即每次优化一个相移单元,并找到该单元的最优相移。RRS的最优相移由下式给出
其中,m表示获得最优z的迭代指数。
n个相移的旋转矩阵由下式给出
其中,jI,依次旋转后的相移对2π取模的结果仍然属于集合I
n次旋转的解可以写成
相移依次旋转,在第n个旋转矩阵Ωm,n的设计中,给出了最后一个旋转的相移向量
式(36)可以改写成
=++2R()+2()ϱl,l,n=,,ςl,l,n=
其中,R()和()分别表示()的实部和虚部。
将有关的函数代入(P3),就转换为只有一个优化变量的优化问题,利用罚函数,得到最优的
其中,δ(x)函数定义为
L作为惩罚参数,是一个很大的正数。
这部分对所提系统的和速率进行了评估。馈源在x-y平面上均匀分布,各个馈源到RRS中心的距离一致。在RRS的覆盖半径内,用户的位置是随机分布的,并且满足RRS到用户的远场距离。RRS单元的尺寸设置为Sy=Sz=λ/6。RRS到用户的信道Rician因子为K1,其余信道的Rician因子为K2。仿真参数设置如表1所示。
图2描述了和速率与BS发射功率P的关系,其中jv=0.1 m,α=2和N=225,用户最低速率要求为3 bit/s/Hz。结果表明,总发射功率的增加会带来所有方案和速率的增加。与其他系统相比,所提出的RRS-NOMA系统获得了最高的和速率。RRS的引入改善了信道条件,使得RRS-NOMA/OMA系统的和速率高于无RRS的传统NOMA/OMA系统。显然,RRS-NOMA系统在和速率方面优于RRS-OMA系统,这也验证了NOMA相较于OMA的优越性。此外,随着分辨率位数B的增加,所提出的RRS-NOMA系统的和速率也相应增加。
图3描述了RRS的和速率与折射单元数的关系。发射功率P=0 dBm,分辨率位数B=4,用户最低速率要求为3 bit/s/Hz。随着RRS的折射单元数的增加,所有考虑方案下的和速率性能都显著提高。通过减小馈源到RRS的距离jv,增大馈源增益α,所提出的RRS-NOMA系统的和速率得到大幅提升。此外,经过相移优化的RRS-NOMA系统在和速率方面优于随机相移,并且随着折射单元数的增加,差距变大。
图4描述了和速率与用户最低速率要求的关系,其中jv=0.1 m,α=2和N=225,发射功率P=0 dBm,分辨率位数B=4。随着用户最低速率要求的增加,各方案的系统和速率都随之下降。在固定发射功率条件下,用户最低速率要求的提高会迫使系统重新分配资源以满足约束,从而降低系统和速率。对于不同用户的最低速率要求,所提出的RRS-NOMA方案的和速率保持了其相较于对比方案的优势。
研究了一个具有多天线基站和多个用户配备单天线的下行RRS-NOMA网络,其中RRS位于基站的近场。构造了最大化系统和速率的问题,通过交替优化功率分配和RRS的相移矩阵来解决复杂的初始非凸优化问题。采用拉格朗日对偶分解法获得最优功率分配,利用PSRT方法解决了RRS的相移优化问题。仿真结果表明,与传统的OMA系统相比,RRS-NOMA系统的速率性能提高了1.96倍。
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.14132/j.cnki.1673-5439.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
  • 修回日期:2025-06-02
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    南京邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,江苏 南京 210003

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宋荣方(通信作者),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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