Article(id=1320037975476515056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768406400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-15, revisedDate=1777046400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651178472, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651178472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651178472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651178472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037798686605953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651136322, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656254917, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=50, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037975757533425, articleId=1320037975476515056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Influence of buoyancy on erosion behavior in ice-water two‑phase flow, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the erosion wear issue of bends in ice-water two‑phase flow pipelines for polar ships,a study on buoyancy-flow coupled erosion characteristics under different relative orientations was carried out.Numerical simulations were performed on a marine DN100 bend using the Euler-Lagrange bidirectional coupling method,and the erosion wear characteristics under three flow directions (along the X,Y,and Z axes of a 3D coordinate system) were analyzed for different particle sizes and bend angles.The results show that the spatial distribution of erosion hot spots varies significantly under different flow directions.The erosion intensity is the strongest in the X direction,forming an asymmetric erosion hot spot on the outer arc and lower side of the bend,while the erosion intensity is lower and the spatial distribution is more symmetric in other directions.The region near the 60° bend angle is the most severely eroded area.As the particle size increases,the average erosion rate reaches a valley at dp=0.5 mm,and the influence of buoyancy on particle aggregation position and erosion asymmetry is further amplified.In engineering applications,the layout of pipelines in the X direction should be avoided as much as possible,and enhanced protection should be provided at the 60° bend position.The research results can provide a reference for the layout optimization and local corrosion‑resistant design of bends in ice-water two‑phase flow pipelines for polar ships.

, authors=Xiaojun ZHU1, 2, Li XU1, 2, Xinmei CHEN1, 2, Zhengqiang DING1, 2, Ruixin WANG1, 2, authorsList=Xiaojun ZHU, Li XU, Xinmei CHEN, Zhengqiang DING, Ruixin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037978081177864, articleId=1320037975476515056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=浮升力对冰水两相流冲蚀行为的影响, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对极地船冰水两相流弯管冲蚀磨损问题,开展了不同相对方向的浮升力-流动耦合冲蚀特性研究。采用欧拉-拉格朗日双向耦合法对船用DN100弯管进行数值模拟,分析了3种流动方向下不同粒径与弯头沿弯曲角度的冲蚀磨损特性(流动方向为三维坐标系X,Y,Z轴方向)。结果表明,不同流动方向下冲蚀热区的空间分布有显著不同,X向时冲蚀强度最强,且在外弧和弯管下侧形成不对称的冲蚀热区,冲蚀强度较低且空间分布较为对称,弯头60°附近为冲蚀最剧烈的区域;随着粒径增大,平均冲蚀率在dp=0.5 mm处出现谷值,浮升力对颗粒聚集位置和冲蚀不对称性的影响被进一步放大;在工程应用中,应尽量避免X向管道的布置,并在弯头60°处加强防护。研究结果可为极地船舶冰水两相流管道中弯头的布置优化和局部抗冲蚀设计提供参考。

, authors=朱骁骏1, 2, 徐立1, 2, 陈新梅1, 2, 丁正强1, 2, 王瑞鑫1, 2, authorsList=朱骁骏, 徐立, 陈新梅, 丁正强, 王瑞鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐立, authorNote=

朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐立(1975),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为极地船舶运行特性研究,通信地址:430063湖北省武汉市武昌区武汉理工大学船海与能源动力工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3jCq7vRqfOmv++wvRXMjqw==, magXml=LoX4BYqVRu8mkkqB0pi0rw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HnSMDQZf+uhQlrUhEcBK/g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qM/m5r2fi4/W+xxi/nZg+g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037978785820944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037975476515056, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=360003@whut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037978857124115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037975476515056, authorId=1320037978785820944, language=EN, stringName=Xiaojun ZHU, firstName=Xiaojun, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology,Ministry of Education,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430063,China
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朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

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朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

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(a) X流动方向  (b)Y流动方向  (c)Z流动方向

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(a)X流动方向  (b)Y流动方向  (c)Z流动方向

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(a)X流动方向  (b)Y流动方向  (c)Z流动方向

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Ice-water mixture parameters

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参数海水冰晶颗粒
密度/(kg∙m-3)1 024915
黏度/(kg∙m-1∙s-1)0.001 8—
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冰水混合物参数

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参数海水冰晶颗粒
密度/(kg∙m-3)1 024915
黏度/(kg∙m-1∙s-1)0.001 8—
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Main process parameter values fornumerical simulation

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参数名称参数取值
主流速度V/(m∙s-1)3
颗粒浓度φ/%2
颗粒直径dp/mm0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9,1.1,1.3,1.5
弯管直径D/mm100
弯头半径R/mm150
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数值模拟主要工艺参数取值

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参数名称参数取值
主流速度V/(m∙s-1)3
颗粒浓度φ/%2
颗粒直径dp/mm0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9,1.1,1.3,1.5
弯管直径D/mm100
弯头半径R/mm150
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Sedimentation parameters for each particle size

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粒径dp/mm沉降参数Sg
0.1-0.000 012
0.3-0.000 035
0.5-0.000 058
0.7-0.000 081
0.9-0.000 104
1.1-0.000 128
1.3-0.000 151
1.5-0.000 174
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各粒径的沉降参数

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粒径dp/mm沉降参数Sg
0.1-0.000 012
0.3-0.000 035
0.5-0.000 058
0.7-0.000 081
0.9-0.000 104
1.1-0.000 128
1.3-0.000 151
1.5-0.000 174
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Stokes number for each particle size

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粒径dp/mm St
0.10.010
0.30.091
0.50.254
0.70.498
0.90.824
1.11.230
1.31.718
1.52.288
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各粒径的Stokes数

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粒径dp/mm St
0.10.010
0.30.091
0.50.254
0.70.498
0.90.824
1.11.230
1.31.718
1.52.288
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浮升力对冰水两相流冲蚀行为的影响
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朱骁骏 1, 2 , 徐立 1, 2 , 陈新梅 1, 2 , 丁正强 1, 2 , 王瑞鑫 1, 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2026,54(6): 50-57
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流体机械 |设计计算 2026 , 54 (6) : 50 -57
浮升力对冰水两相流冲蚀行为的影响
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朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

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朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

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朱骁骏1, 2 , 徐立1, 2 , 陈新梅1, 2, 丁正强1, 2, 王瑞鑫1, 2
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学 高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
  • 2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
通讯作者:
徐立(1975),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为极地船舶运行特性研究,通信地址:430063湖北省武汉市武昌区武汉理工大学船海与能源动力工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱骁骏(2002),男,硕士,研究方向为多相流流体的传热传质与冲蚀磨损,E-mail:。

Influence of buoyancy on erosion behavior in ice-water two‑phase flow
Xiaojun ZHU1, 2 , Li XU1, 2 , Xinmei CHEN1, 2, Zhengqiang DING1, 2, Ruixin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology,Ministry of Education,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430063,China
  • 2School of Naval Architecture,Ocean and Energy Power Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430063,China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.007
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针对极地船冰水两相流弯管冲蚀磨损问题,开展了不同相对方向的浮升力-流动耦合冲蚀特性研究。采用欧拉-拉格朗日双向耦合法对船用DN100弯管进行数值模拟,分析了3种流动方向下不同粒径与弯头沿弯曲角度的冲蚀磨损特性(流动方向为三维坐标系X,Y,Z轴方向)。结果表明,不同流动方向下冲蚀热区的空间分布有显著不同,X向时冲蚀强度最强,且在外弧和弯管下侧形成不对称的冲蚀热区,冲蚀强度较低且空间分布较为对称,弯头60°附近为冲蚀最剧烈的区域;随着粒径增大,平均冲蚀率在dp=0.5 mm处出现谷值,浮升力对颗粒聚集位置和冲蚀不对称性的影响被进一步放大;在工程应用中,应尽量避免X向管道的布置,并在弯头60°处加强防护。研究结果可为极地船舶冰水两相流管道中弯头的布置优化和局部抗冲蚀设计提供参考。

浮升力  /  冰水两相流  /  弯管  /  冲蚀磨损  /  数值模拟

To address the erosion wear issue of bends in ice-water two‑phase flow pipelines for polar ships,a study on buoyancy-flow coupled erosion characteristics under different relative orientations was carried out.Numerical simulations were performed on a marine DN100 bend using the Euler-Lagrange bidirectional coupling method,and the erosion wear characteristics under three flow directions (along the X,Y,and Z axes of a 3D coordinate system) were analyzed for different particle sizes and bend angles.The results show that the spatial distribution of erosion hot spots varies significantly under different flow directions.The erosion intensity is the strongest in the X direction,forming an asymmetric erosion hot spot on the outer arc and lower side of the bend,while the erosion intensity is lower and the spatial distribution is more symmetric in other directions.The region near the 60° bend angle is the most severely eroded area.As the particle size increases,the average erosion rate reaches a valley at dp=0.5 mm,and the influence of buoyancy on particle aggregation position and erosion asymmetry is further amplified.In engineering applications,the layout of pipelines in the X direction should be avoided as much as possible,and enhanced protection should be provided at the 60° bend position.The research results can provide a reference for the layout optimization and local corrosion‑resistant design of bends in ice-water two‑phase flow pipelines for polar ships.

buoyancy  /  ice-water two⁃phase flow  /  bend  /  erosion wear  /  numerical simulation
朱骁骏, 徐立, 陈新梅, 丁正强, 王瑞鑫. 浮升力对冰水两相流冲蚀行为的影响. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (6) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.007
Xiaojun ZHU, Li XU, Xinmei CHEN, Zhengqiang DING, Ruixin WANG. Influence of buoyancy on erosion behavior in ice-water two‑phase flow[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (6) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.007
在极地船的管道系统中,冷却水系统、压载水系统中的流体通常都会混入大量冰晶,长期运行下冰晶颗粒会对管道造成很严重的磨损,影响船舶的安全运行。因此,对管道易磨损处做好预测与防护成为了一个新的挑战。近年来,国内外学者对于固液两相流的问题展开了大量研究,为后续研究提供了帮助。ZHANG等[1-2]通过试验与数值模拟,研究了含有砂浆的复杂三维管网,识别了管路中危险部位并提出了优化和防护方案。王佳琪等[3-8]以水-砂或气-砂等传统两相流为研究对象,建立了具有一定普适性的管道冲蚀机理和预测方法。XU等[9-11]对冰水两相流密度、黏度、流变特性及其在直管、弯管中的压降进行研究,对冰水两相流的冲蚀和能耗分析提供了必要的物性参数和流动背景。刘寒秋等[12]直接针对“海水+冰晶”工况下的管道磨损问题进行了数值模拟,为冰晶两相流管道的局部耐磨设计提供了依据。这些研究对于两相流冲蚀机理做了严谨的阐述,然而,现有研究尚未充分考虑浮升力这一关键影响因素。冲蚀模型多基于单一浮升力与流动的相对方向,未能考虑到管道布置情况与两相流颗粒浮升力的大小。因此,通过分析浮升力对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响,对于实现极地船舶管系冲蚀风险的精准预测与针对性防护至关重要。
浮升力对弯管冲蚀磨损的影响主要体现在两个方面:一是在不同流向时,浮升力通过改变流场内的流动结构对冲蚀磨损区域产生影响;二是固体颗粒受到流体的浮力的作用对管道产生撞击,固体颗粒受到浮升力的大小主要和冰粒直径有关。因此,以极地船管系中典型的DN100弯管作为研究对象,在忽略冰晶相变的前提下,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对冰水两相流的冲蚀行为进行数值模拟。通过改变流动方向与颗粒直径来改变浮升力的相对方向与浮力大小,并在此基础上分析弯头沿弯曲角度的冲蚀磨损特性。研究结果可为极地船舶冰水两相流管道中弯头的布置优化和局部耐蚀设计提供参考。
通过ANSYS Fluent软件进行数值模拟计算,弯管直径D=100 mm,入口段L1=1 000 mm,出口段L2=500 mm,弯头半径为150 mm。对弯头处易发生磨损的区域进行分区处理,其中,A,B区为弯头上下侧,C,D区为弯头的左右两侧,并在弯头0°~90°处设立7个观测截面。使用ANSYS ICEM软件对弯头进行网格划分,径向近壁面处边界层为20层,考虑到弯头处是冲蚀严重区域,对弯头处的网格进行加密处理。弯管分区、结构与网格如图1所示。
为消除网格质量对于仿真结果的影响,进行网格无关性验证,对6种不同质量的结构化网格进行网格验证,验证结果如图2所示。
从图可见,网格数量在50万后平均冲蚀率趋于稳定,因此,选用50万网格数进行后续研究。
鉴于研究工况的雷诺数较高,管道内部流动以充分发展的湍流为主,连续相采用雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,并结合Launder和Spalding提出的Standard k-ε湍流模型进行封闭处理[13],以求解冰水两相流中主流流场与二次流结构。其中Navier-Stokes方程的连续方程与动量方程如下:
∇⋅u=0
ρ∂u∂t+u⋅∇u=-∇p+∇⋅μ+μt∇u+∇uT+ρg
式中,u为流体速度矢量;ρ为流体密度;p为时均压力;μ为分子黏度;μt为湍流黏度(由k-ε模型给出);g为重力加速度矢量。
湍流雷诺应力用Boussinesq假设闭合:
-ρui'⋅uj'¯=μt∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi-23ρkδij
式中,-ρui'⋅uj'¯为由流体脉动运动引起的附加切应力(湍流雷诺应力);ui',uj'分别为坐标轴i,j方向上的速度脉动值;xi,xj为笛卡尔坐标系中的空间位置分量(x,y,z);ui,uj为流体在xi,xj方向上的时均速度;δij为控制各向同性修正项的单位张量,满足:当i=j时,δij=1,当i≠j时,δij=0。
Standard k-ε模型通过湍动能k和湍动能耗散率ε的输运方程计算湍流黏度,具体计算式如下:
μt=ρCμk2/ε
∂pk∂t+∇⋅pku=∇⋅μ+μtσk∇k+Gk-ρε
∂ρε∂t+∇⋅ρεu=∇⋅μ+μtσε∇ε+Cε1εkGk-Cε2ρε2k
其中 Gk=2μtSijSij
Sij=12(∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi)
式中,Gk为湍动能生成项;Cμ,Cε1,Cε2,σε,σk为模型常数,Cμ=0.09,Cε1=1.44,Cε2=1.92,σε=1.3,σk=1.0。
冲蚀率模型采用OKA等[14]提出的经验模型,其表达式为:
ERθ=E90VPVrefn2dPdrefn3F(θ)
式中,E90为入射角90°时的参考冲蚀损伤;VP,dP分别为颗粒撞击速度与颗粒直径;Vref,dref为参考速度和参考直径;n2,n3为速度与粒径指数;F(θ)为入射角函数,其形式及经验参数取自OKA等的试验拟合工作,并已在ANSYS Fluent中实现。
Fluent输出的局部壁面冲蚀率通过对所有撞击颗粒的ER进行统计平均得到。在离散相轨迹计算中,颗粒与壁面的碰撞与反弹过程会直接影响颗粒后续运动轨迹及壁面冲蚀强度,采用GRANT和TABAKOFF提出的壁面恢复系数模型[15],该模型的离散相反射系数为:
en=0.993-1.76α+1.56α2-0.49α3et=0.998-1.66α+2.11α2-0.67α3
式中,en为法向恢复系数;et为切向恢复系数;α为冲击角,rad。
壁面函数采用标准壁面函数(SWF),出口条件采用Outflow,入口条件采用Velocity-inlet,湍流强度为5%,水力直径为0.1 m,求解方法采用SIMPLE压力速度耦合,动量、湍流动能、湍流耗散率均采用二阶迎风格式,残差设置为10-5。冰水混合物参数见表1,数值模拟涉及的主要工艺参数取值水平见表2。
模型验证试验在武汉理工大学动力装置实验室进行。选用内径为100 mm的定制弯头,如图3所示,并在其内侧壁面均匀涂覆耐低温防腐防锈漆作为冲蚀指示层。试验台架主要由储液箱、离心泵、测试弯头、流量计、压力计、调节阀及止回阀组成,系统流程如图4所示。
储液箱内配制了固液两相混合物,其中,固相选用粒径dp=1.5 mm的聚乙烯颗粒,用以模拟冰水浆体,并借助流量计实现对管内流量的实时监控[16]。选用聚乙烯颗粒模拟冰晶颗粒的原因:(1)该材料的密度(917 kg/m3)与冰晶(915 kg/m3)高度相近,确保了两者在流场中的沉降参数与运动轨迹高度一致;(2)该颗粒形状为不规则球状,且硬度和碰撞恢复系数能够较好地模拟冰晶颗粒对管壁的冲击行为,从而可以在常温下安全稳定地复现冰晶两相流的冲蚀强度。试验过程中,浆体在离心泵的驱动下于管路中循环流动并持续冲击弯头,颗粒的撞击致使局部涂层发生剥落。
图5示出了试验连续运行5 h后的涂层剥落情况与数值模拟结果的对比情况。从图中可以看出,实际涂层剥落区域与仿真预测的冲蚀热点位置高度吻合。由于受限于试验条件,若对冲蚀强度进行定量的分析,将耗费大量的时间成本,因此,研究主要通过观察涂层剥落对冲蚀区域分布进行了定性与半定量验证,未进行如壁厚减薄量等绝对冲蚀率的严格定量对比,但该结果可以充分证实采用数值模型预测冲蚀热区在空间分布上的可靠性,因此,可以通过数值模拟对冲蚀率进行定量分析,探讨浮升力与冲蚀位置相关性的需求。
为表征重力-浮升力与流体惯性的相对大小,引入无量纲沉降参数Sg,其计算式如下:
Sg=ρp-ρfgdpρfU2
该参数与粒子弗劳德数Frp满足Sg=1/Frp2。当Sg≪1时,流动惯性强,颗粒的沉降很弱;当Sg≫1时,重力占主导,颗粒容易在重力方向富集。表3列出各粒径的Sg,可以看出,在常规工况下(流速V=3 m/s、颗粒直径dp、颗粒浓度φ=2%),Sg≪1,说明浮升力对应的速度尺度远小于主流速度,因此,主要通过改变流动方向对冲蚀结果的影响来体现浮升力的作用。
图6示出常规工况下(V=3 m/s、D=0.5 mm、颗粒浓度φ=2%)不同流动方向的冲蚀云图,冲蚀热区主要出现在弯头处。对比发现,3种不同流动方向下冲蚀峰值的量级差异不大,但弯头处冲蚀热区的位置和分布随流动方向发生改变。在X流动方向下,浮升力与主流方向近似垂直,弯管内二次流结构发生偏移,颗粒更易向外弧D区聚集,弯头外弧冲蚀相对增强。Y流动方向时,浮升力与主流方向相反,颗粒悬浮度提高,出口段颗粒沉积减弱,弯头附近冲蚀沿外弧分布较为均匀。Z流动方向时,冲蚀分布介于X,Y两种工况之间,整体仍以弯头外弧为冲蚀热区[17]。
颗粒的斯托克斯数St可表示为:
St=ρpdp2U18μL
St反映了颗粒惯性与流体黏性阻力的相对大小。当St较小时,黏性阻力占主导,大部分颗粒会跟着流体主流流动;当St增大到一定范围时,惯性力占主导,颗粒更容易对壁面产生冲击。表4列出各粒径的St。
可以看出,在V=3 m/s,φ=2%工况下,颗粒粒径从0.1 mm增加到1.5 mm,斯托克斯数St由0.010左右增长到2.288,覆盖了颗粒基本跟流(St≪1)到颗粒以惯性作用占优势(St>1)2个阶段。
图7示出各直径下平均冲蚀率和最大冲蚀率曲线,结合冰粒直径为0.1,1.5 mm时各流动方向的冲蚀云图(见图8、图9)。可以发现,当冰粒直径为0.1 mm时,St≪1,颗粒几乎完全随流运动,大部分颗粒可以接触更大面积的管壁。此时,冰晶颗粒的动能较低,冲蚀整体强度较低,但受冲蚀影响的面积较大。因此,在3种流动方向下的平均冲蚀率都处于较高的水平。
随着冰粒直径的增大,在dp≈1.5mm时,颗粒开始部分脱离流线,但是还不足以被强烈的沉降,一部分颗粒会在流场中部保持悬浮,冲击壁面的强度反而减少,所以平均冲蚀率会出现谷值。当粒径继续增大至阈值直径dcrit≈1 mm后,St≈1甚至更大,粗颗粒受到惯性和浮升力的联合作用,在局部壁面区域高度聚集,并携带更高的能量撞击壁面,导致热点更为集中,但整体的平均冲蚀率又随粒径显著上升。由冲蚀曲线和冲蚀云图可见,小粒径时(dp=0.1 mm),4个分区冲蚀强度差异不明显,颗粒运动主要由主流和二次流控制,浮升力的影响尚不突出。随着粒径增大到大颗粒阶段,即dp=1.5 mm时,3种流动方向下弯头外弧及下游一侧冲蚀显著增强,且最大冲蚀率在X向下最高,Y,Z向依次减少。综合最大和平均冲蚀率可以认为,小颗粒主要通过“量多面广”造成磨损,随着粒径增大,弯管的最大冲蚀率单调增大,而平均冲蚀率先减小后增大,在dp=0.5 mm附近出现谷值;在粗颗粒阶段,浮升力对颗粒聚集位置和冲蚀不对称性的影响被进一步放大。
图10示出了对应截面的平均冲蚀率与最大冲蚀率变化曲线,图11示出X,Y,Z流动方向下0°~90°各截面的冲蚀率箱线图。3种流动方向下的冲蚀率的变化趋势基本一致。在0°~30°时冲蚀率缓慢上升,30°~60°时快速上升,60°~90°时略有回落,且最大冲蚀率与平均冲蚀率均在60°时达到峰值。
结合前文冲蚀云图中冲蚀热区分布情况可以得到结论,弯头60°左右为冲蚀最为剧烈的部分,宜在此位置加强防护。
在不同流动方向下,冲蚀强度和周向离散程度也存在明显差异。最大冲蚀率在45°~70°区间的差距最为明显,X向峰值最高,Y向居中,Z向峰值较低。平均冲蚀率方面,Y向始终高于X向和Z向,与前文得到的“X向整体平均冲蚀率最高”的结果对比可知,对弯管整体而言,X向的平均冲蚀率最高,但在弯头处Y向的平均冲蚀率最高。与此相对应,箱线图显示,在X向的高值散点分布更离散,说明浮升力与主流方向垂直时,颗粒更容易在弯头处偏离主流,形成强烈的不对称条带;Y向表现为整体抬升,但离散度相对温和,更偏向“面上增强”;Z向箱体高度与极值均偏小,周向离散度也最弱。从浮升力的角度可以看出,流动方向主要通过改变颗粒在弯头截面上的聚集方式来调节沿弯曲角度的冲蚀分布。弯头60°处为冲蚀最为剧烈的位置,Y向在弯头处的平均冲蚀率最高,X向更容易在弯头处产生不对称性的冲蚀,Z向对流场结构影响较弱,整体冲蚀水平较低[18]。
本文在试验验证与数值模拟过程中,主要聚焦于冰晶颗粒对管壁的碰撞磨损,暂未考虑冰晶颗粒在运输过程中的相变传热行为,且试验验证中采用密度相近的固体颗粒作为冰晶的替代物。未来的研究可以进一步引入多相流相变模型,研究冰粒融化导致的粒径变化对冲蚀的耦合影响;同时,也可以进一步采用真实冰浆进行长周期的定量磨损试验(如壁厚监测),以更全面地建立极地船舶管系的真实冲蚀预测体系。
以极地船管系中DN100弯管为研究对象,通过改变流体流动方向与冰晶颗粒直径,分析了不同浮升力相对方向及大小对弯管冲蚀磨损特性的影响,得到了以下结论。
(1)在常规工况下,改变流动方向对DN100弯管整体平均冲蚀率影响较小,但对冲蚀能量的空间分布影响显著,且最大冲蚀区域集中在弯头上半部。X向下弯头B区两侧、C,D区形成不对称强冲蚀条带,Y,Z向下冲蚀分布基本对称,峰值相对较低,说明浮力方向主要决定冲蚀热点位置及对称性。
(2)随着粒径增大,Stokes数由远小于1增大至大于1,小粒径阶段颗粒基本跟流、冲蚀面积较大但峰值较低;随着粒径增大,平均冲蚀率在dp=0.5 mm处出现谷值,随后抬升,粗颗粒在外弧局部聚集并使最大冲蚀率增加,浮升力对颗粒聚集位置和冲蚀不对称性的影响被进一步放大。
(3)3种流动方向下,截面周向冲蚀率沿弯头弯曲角度的变化基本一致:Y向在弯头处的冲蚀强度最高;X向在弯头处冲蚀热点分布最为离散;弯头60°附近为冲蚀最为剧烈的区域,应为重点防护的冲蚀敏感区,从而减轻管件局部点蚀与大范围磨蚀对管道内表面的破坏,以降低冲蚀磨损速率。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.007
  • 接收时间:2026-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-15
  • 修回日期:2026-04-25
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    1武汉理工大学 高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,武汉 430063
    2武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063

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徐立(1975),男,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为极地船舶运行特性研究,通信地址:430063湖北省武汉市武昌区武汉理工大学船海与能源动力工程学院,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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