Article(id=1320037912645850029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756396800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-29, revisedDate=1780588800000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651163492, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651163492, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651163492, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651163492, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037798686605953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651136322, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656254917, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=25, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037914403263406, articleId=1320037912645850029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Research on parameter optimization and soil‑breaking experiments of high‑pressure rotating jet nozzles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of poor signal performance of the high‑pressure water jet target detection due to the interference of media such as soil layers and sand layers covering the surface of deeply buried targets,a method of using high‑pressure rotating jet to strip the surface soil layer was proposed to improve the detection efficiency of subsequent high‑pressure water jets.The standard k-ε turbulence model and VOF multiphase flow model were applied to study the influence of different nozzle types,rotating elements,and nozzle contraction angles on the pressure loss characteristics of rotating spray head.Numerical simulations and experimental verifications of the soil‑breaking efficiency of rotating spray head under different incident angles and spray distances were conducted.The results show that the optimal geometric parameters inside the spray head are as follows:the nozzle type is a conical long straight shape,the rotating element is a single‑head with a 12 mm pitch,and the nozzle contraction angle is 30°.On this basis,when the incident angle of the rotating spray head is 60° and the spray distance is 15 cm,the area of stripped soil layer is the largest.The research can provide a reference for the application of high‑pressure rotating jets in the detection of large‑scale special targets.

, authors=Li LI1, 2, Xin HUANG1, 2, Hongtao YANG1, 2, Long WANG1, Zhiping LIANG1, 2, Tiantian WU1, authorsList=Li LI, Xin HUANG, Hongtao YANG, Long WANG, Zhiping LIANG, Tiantian WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037916366197699, articleId=1320037912645850029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=高压旋转射流喷头参数优化及破土试验研究, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对深埋靶物表层覆盖的土层、砂层等介质的干扰,导致高压水射流靶物探测信号欠佳的问题,提出一种利用高压旋转射流剥离表面土层的方法,以提高后续高压水射流的探测效率。使用标准k-ε湍流模型与VOF多相流模型,研究不同喷嘴类型、加旋元件、喷嘴收缩角度对旋转喷头压力损失特性的影响,并进行不同入射角度和喷距下,旋转喷头破土效率的数值模拟和试验验证。结果表明,喷头内部的最优几何参数组合为:喷嘴类型为圆锥长直线形、加旋元件为单头12 mm螺距、喷嘴收缩角度为30°。在此基础上,当旋转喷头入射角度为60°,喷距为15 cm时,剥离土层的面积最大。研究可为高压旋转射流在大范围特殊靶物探测中的应用提供参考。

, authors=李莉1, 2, 黄鑫1, 2, 杨洪涛1, 2, 王龙1, 梁志平1, 2, 吴甜甜1, authorsList=李莉, 黄鑫, 杨洪涛, 王龙, 梁志平, 吴甜甜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ukJxO3hxy9m8J3UBpmopwQ==, magXml=4Se1NJcEfzRODmEGlLha1Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=INufZvOvhuaIjNaVBSSLxg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4x92XBHpa4M6jE5jv3VcPQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037916760462283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lili04081013@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037916848542670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, authorId=1320037916760462283, language=EN, stringName=Li LI, firstName=Li, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mechatronics Engineering,Anhui University of Seience and Technology,Huainan 232001,China
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李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

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caption=Measurement of soil‑breaking experiment, figureFileSmall=NqeY2lIf2BcPqBxvNUn3Kg==, figureFileBig=GGon+A2VLhrIm5L+xWyFBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037923903361030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=图10, caption=破土试验测量, figureFileSmall=NqeY2lIf2BcPqBxvNUn3Kg==, figureFileBig=GGon+A2VLhrIm5L+xWyFBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037923978858503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation parameters

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计算参数数值
流体密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)998.2
壁面粗糙度常数0.5
最大迭代次数200
重力加速度/(m⋅s-2)9.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924041773064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算参数数值
流体密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)998.2
壁面粗糙度常数0.5
最大迭代次数200
重力加速度/(m⋅s-2)9.8
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924113076233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pressure loss of different rotating elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加旋元件类型压力损失/(105 Pa)
8 mm螺距12 mm螺距
单头10.5
双头93.2
三头42.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924175990794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同加旋元件压力损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加旋元件类型压力损失/(105 Pa)
8 mm螺距12 mm螺距
单头10.5
双头93.2
三头42.1
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924268265483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental scheme combination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案θ/(°)h/cm
13012
23015
33018
44512
54515
64518
76012
86015
96018
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924347957260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验方案组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案θ/(°)h/cm
13012
23015
33018
44512
54515
64518
76012
86015
96018
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924423454733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Soil parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算参数数值
密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)2 600
泊松比1
有效塑性应变失效0.9
最大主应变0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924498952206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土壤参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算参数数值
密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)2 600
泊松比1
有效塑性应变失效0.9
最大主应变0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924557672463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The simulated soil‑breaking ranges under different schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案破土范围(宽度×深度)
111.0×5.0
212.0×4.8
312.4×4.6
412.5×4.6
514.2×4.0
614.4×3.9
714.4×3.8
817.0×3.6
918.0×3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924624781328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同方案下的仿真破土范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案破土范围(宽度×深度)
111.0×5.0
212.0×4.8
312.4×4.6
412.5×4.6
514.2×4.0
614.4×3.9
714.4×3.8
817.0×3.6
918.0×3.0
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924704473105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The experimental measurement soil‑breaking ranges under different parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数破土范围(宽度×深度)
12 cm喷距15 cm喷距18 cm喷距
30°8×1110×9.511×8
45°10.5×8.512×714×6
60°14×6.517×619×4.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320037924767387666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037912645850029, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同参数下的试验测量破土范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数破土范围(宽度×深度)
12 cm喷距15 cm喷距18 cm喷距
30°8×1110×9.511×8
45°10.5×8.512×714×6
60°14×6.517×619×4.5
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高压旋转射流喷头参数优化及破土试验研究
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李莉 1, 2 , 黄鑫 1, 2 , 杨洪涛 1, 2 , 王龙 1 , 梁志平 1, 2 , 吴甜甜 1
流体机械 | 试验研究 2026,54(6): 25-32
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流体机械 |试验研究 2026 , 54 (6) : 25 -32
高压旋转射流喷头参数优化及破土试验研究
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2安徽理工大学 煤炭无人化开采数智技术全国重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001, bio={"content":"

李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

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李莉1, 2 , 黄鑫1, 2, 杨洪涛1, 2, 王龙1, 梁志平1, 2, 吴甜甜1
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学 机电工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2安徽理工大学 煤炭无人化开采数智技术全国重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
作者简介:

李莉(1994),女,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事高压射流动力学及喷嘴结构优化等方面的研究工作,通信地址:232001安徽省淮南市田家庵区泰宁大街安徽理工大学机电工程学院,E-mail:。

Research on parameter optimization and soil‑breaking experiments of high‑pressure rotating jet nozzles
Li LI1, 2 , Xin HUANG1, 2, Hongtao YANG1, 2, Long WANG1, Zhiping LIANG1, 2, Tiantian WU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechatronics Engineering,Anhui University of Seience and Technology,Huainan 232001,China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligent Technology for Unmanned Coal Mining,Anhui University of Seience and Technology,Huainan 232001,China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.004
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针对深埋靶物表层覆盖的土层、砂层等介质的干扰,导致高压水射流靶物探测信号欠佳的问题,提出一种利用高压旋转射流剥离表面土层的方法,以提高后续高压水射流的探测效率。使用标准k-ε湍流模型与VOF多相流模型,研究不同喷嘴类型、加旋元件、喷嘴收缩角度对旋转喷头压力损失特性的影响,并进行不同入射角度和喷距下,旋转喷头破土效率的数值模拟和试验验证。结果表明,喷头内部的最优几何参数组合为:喷嘴类型为圆锥长直线形、加旋元件为单头12 mm螺距、喷嘴收缩角度为30°。在此基础上,当旋转喷头入射角度为60°,喷距为15 cm时,剥离土层的面积最大。研究可为高压旋转射流在大范围特殊靶物探测中的应用提供参考。

旋转射流  /  喷嘴  /  参数优化  /  数值模拟

Aiming at the problem of poor signal performance of the high‑pressure water jet target detection due to the interference of media such as soil layers and sand layers covering the surface of deeply buried targets,a method of using high‑pressure rotating jet to strip the surface soil layer was proposed to improve the detection efficiency of subsequent high‑pressure water jets.The standard k-ε turbulence model and VOF multiphase flow model were applied to study the influence of different nozzle types,rotating elements,and nozzle contraction angles on the pressure loss characteristics of rotating spray head.Numerical simulations and experimental verifications of the soil‑breaking efficiency of rotating spray head under different incident angles and spray distances were conducted.The results show that the optimal geometric parameters inside the spray head are as follows:the nozzle type is a conical long straight shape,the rotating element is a single‑head with a 12 mm pitch,and the nozzle contraction angle is 30°.On this basis,when the incident angle of the rotating spray head is 60° and the spray distance is 15 cm,the area of stripped soil layer is the largest.The research can provide a reference for the application of high‑pressure rotating jets in the detection of large‑scale special targets.

rotating jet  /  nozzle  /  parameter optimization  /  numerical simulation
李莉, 黄鑫, 杨洪涛, 王龙, 梁志平, 吴甜甜. 高压旋转射流喷头参数优化及破土试验研究. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (6) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.004
Li LI, Xin HUANG, Hongtao YANG, Long WANG, Zhiping LIANG, Tiantian WU. Research on parameter optimization and soil‑breaking experiments of high‑pressure rotating jet nozzles[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (6) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.004
高压水射流是探测特殊靶物(例如地雷)的方法之一[1-2],但对埋于地下一定深度的靶物探测效果不佳。为提升探测效率,可以考虑先用高压旋转射流剥离一定的表面土层,再用高压水射流进行浅表层探测。剥离土层需要一定的时间,为了提高破土效率,需要开展影响旋转射流喷头的相关参数研究[3-5]。
针对高压射流喷头的优化设计和水射流的应用,国内外学者进行了大量的研究。施红辉等[6]利用Fluent软件对喷嘴中高压气体驱动的水柱进行数值模拟,对比了直角形、锥形渐扩型,以及锥形渐缩型喷嘴的内部流场特性。王凤超等[7]研究了射流压力、冲击靶距、喷嘴直径对射流破煤体积的影响规律,探明了各种因素对垂直摆阵射流破煤体积的影响程度。郝从猛等[8]开展了淹没与非淹没环境下,水射流传播特征、破煤特征,以及两者破煤深度关系的研究。尚力阳等[9]、郑小涛等[10]利用Fluent软件研究发现,当锥型缩口喷嘴的收缩角度在10°~30°内时,喷嘴出口处具有较好的集束性。顾聪聪等[11]、刘送永等[12]采用有限元分析法,研究淹没条件下喷嘴的出口直径、直线段长度和收缩段对射流性能的影响,并提出了一种水下气体辅助水射流的跨介质射流破岩新方法。
以往相关研究多集中于破岩效率、集束特性和喷嘴流场等,对旋转射流大范围破土研究尚不充分。为解决破土效率低、范围小的问题,本文对旋转喷头的喷嘴类型、加旋元件、喷嘴收缩角度等参数优化,以及不同入射角度和喷距下,旋转喷头的破土效率提升方法开展研究,分析不同入射角度和喷距对破土效率的影响,助力靶物的识别探测。
旋转射流是自由射流加旋转的一种复合流动,与普通射流的区别在于其有切向速度。旋转射流中的核心部件(加旋元件)内的流体旋转,以使由喷嘴出射的流体具有切向速度分量,形成冲蚀力进行破土剥离[13],其流动情形较为复杂,大多处于紊流状态。旋转射流结构上的喷嘴用于破土剥离,是决定破土效率的核心部件。由于常规反步兵地雷埋设深度为5~15 cm,反坦克地雷埋设深度为20~30 cm,至少需要剥离10~20 cm土层来降低后续探测难度。因此,本文考虑对已有的旋转喷头结构进行参数优化。旋转喷头主要由加旋元件、喷嘴、喷管、压嘴帽及其内部流道构成,如图1所示。通过在喷嘴出口前引入切向速度分量,使射流形成具有旋转特征的螺旋流束,从而增强剪切作用与横向扩展能力,提高对松散土体与覆盖层的剥离效率。
旋转射流因高速旋转形成低压区,导致局部空化气泡生成。由于空蚀效应,气泡溃灭时产生的微射流和冲击波破碎土体。高压射流在渗入土体孔隙时,会进一步破坏内部结构。
已知实验室高压水泵出口压力为10 MPa,出水流量为2.667×10-4 m3/s。在喷射过程中,射流的轴向流速计算式:
vz=QA=Qπ(d/2)2
式中,vz为喷嘴轴向流速,m/s;Q为出水流量,m3/s;A为喷嘴横截面积,m2;d为喷嘴直径,mm。
通过伯努利方程预测流速的最大值理论,其公式如下:
p=12ρvmax2
式中,p为高压水泵出口压力,MPa;ρ为水的密度,kg/m3;vmax为理论最大流速,m/s。
结合式(1)(2),计算喷嘴实际效率:
η=vz2vmax2
式中,η为喷嘴效率。
代入相关参数(其中喷嘴直径为2 mm),计算得到喷嘴效率η为36%。为了提高喷嘴效率,进而提高破土效率,需要开展相关参数的优化设计。
基于已研制的高压水射流切割地雷试验装置和前期研究成果[14-15],文中聚焦旋转射流靶物剥离技术,利用Fluent软件,对不同喷嘴类型、加旋元件、喷嘴收缩角度等参数进行建模与仿真分析,模拟得到旋转水射流的压力分布和最优参数。
喷嘴是形成水射流的核心部件,并直接影响破土效率。常见的旋转喷头喷嘴有圆柱长直线形、流线长直线形、圆锥长直线形[12]。
为了降低压力损失,利用SolidWorks软件建立3种喷嘴的三维模型,喷嘴直径统一为2 mm,将模型导入Fluent软件进行仿真分析,设定高压水泵出口压力为10 MPa,大气压为101 325 Pa,喷嘴和振荡腔两侧设为壁面条件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和VOF多相流模型。其他计算参数如表1所示,仿真结果如图2所示。圆锥长直线形的压力损失最小。
加旋元件通过强制流体旋转,将简单的轴向射流转化为三维螺旋流动,从而在雾化效率、覆盖均匀性,以及剥离表面土层的效率上显著提升喷头性能。加旋元件的首要功能是赋予流体角动量,使其由轴向流动转变为螺旋运动。依据角动量守恒定律,轴向动量通过结构耦合转化为圆周动量,此为流体持续旋转的动力学基础。
加旋元件内部流体流动的能量损耗,通常以压力损失表征,其量纲与压力单位一致。为探究不同结构加旋元件的压力损失特性,利用SolidWorks软件建立2种螺距(8,12 mm)加旋元件的三维模型,分别对采用单头、双头和三头的加旋元件进行仿真分析[13]。并将所建立的有限元模型导入Fluent软件进行仿真,仿真结果如图3所示,压力损失如表2所示。加旋元件类型为单头、螺距为12 mm时,压力损失最小。
喷嘴的收缩角度是影响射流性能的关键几何参数之一,其通过改变流道形状直接调控流体的加速过程、旋转强度和能量分配,进而影响射流的扩散特性和能量利用率。文献[9]的研究结果显示,当锥形缩口喷嘴的收缩角度在30°左右时,喷嘴出口处具有较好的集束性。
为了更好地验证不同喷嘴收缩角度对旋转射流压力损失的影响,利用SolidWorks软件建立30°和45°两种收缩角度喷嘴的三维模型,将模型导入Fluent软件进行仿真,结果如图4所示。收缩角度为45°的喷嘴,压力损失为2×106 Pa;收缩角度为30°的喷嘴压力损失为1.2×106 Pa。因此,选取喷嘴的收缩角度为30°。
综上可知,喷嘴内部的最优几何参数为:喷嘴类型为圆锥长直线形、加旋元件为单头12 mm螺距、喷嘴收缩角度为30°。
在完成旋转喷头结构参数的优化设计后,为进一步评估其在实际作业条件下的破土性能,基于所确定的最优旋转喷头结构,开展旋转射流破土过程的数值仿真,研究入射角度θ和喷距h对破土效率的影响。旋转喷头的入射角为θ,喷嘴到喷射界面的距离为喷距h,如图5所示。在第2节最优喷头结构参数仿真结果的基础上,考虑入射角度和喷距两种参数对旋转射流破土效率的影响,相关参数设置如表3所示,共9组仿真。
为了贴合旋转射流喷嘴的实际应用工况,作出如下基本假设:(1)流体物性参数取20 ℃清水的标准参数;(2)流场内部颗粒碰撞为弹性碰撞;(3)流动过程不考虑传热效应;(4)土壤介质采用常规均质土壤,相关参数如表4所示;(5)其余射流工况参数均选取工程常用取值。
喷嘴工作时,高压流体从喷嘴后端泵入,经过加旋元件流段,获得切向速度;进入锥形段后,流道直径变小,获得轴向速度,压力升高;切向速度在锥形段与加速的轴向速度发生混合,从直柱段经过喷嘴喷出,形成射流。
将喷嘴内部的连通空间作为一个整体,入口处留有一段距离用于稳定流体,整体射流流场区域为圆柱体,除入口和出口外,其余部分为壁面。设置流体介质为水。射流场处于高湍流状态,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型,计算过程如下:
∂ρk∂t+∂ρujk∂xj=∂∂xjμ+μtσk∂k∂xj
∂ρε∂t+∂ρujε∂xj=∂∂xjμ+μtσε∂ε∂xj+C1εεkPk-C2ερε2k
式中,k为湍流动能;ε为湍流耗散率;xi,xj为空间坐标;μ为流体的分子动力黏度;μt为湍流附加黏性系数;σk为湍流动能k对应的湍流普朗特数;Pk为由平均速度梯度引起的湍流动能生成项;C1ε,C2ε为标准k-ε模型的经验常数。
以旋转射流数值模拟及其可视化试验结果为例,在Ansys中截取土体应力云图。入射角度分别为30°,45°,60°,喷距分别为12,15,18 cm时,土体应力云图如图6~8所示。不同方案下仿真破土范围如表5所示。
对不同入射角度和喷距进行数值模拟仿真发现:在喷距为15 cm、入射角度为60°时,破土范围达到最大,对应方案8所示数据,计算得出破土横截面积为61.2 cm2。
为了验证第3节仿真结果的可靠性,搭建如图9所示的旋转射流破土装置,并进行试验验证。该装置主要由高压水泵、铝型材试验框架、电推杆、高压胶管、旋转喷头、喷头支架、土体等组成。试验中电推杆推进速度保持一致,高压水泵出水压力保持一致(设为10 MPa)。试验开始时,由电推杆推动导轨前进,旋转喷头在导轨上向前扫掠破土,入射角度和喷距与仿真参数保持一致。
按照表3中方案进行破土剥离试验,现场测量得到9组不同的破土宽度与深度数据,破土试验测量如图10所示,破土范围如表6所示。
结果表明,入射角度、喷距均与破土宽度成正比,与破土深度成反比,试验与仿真结果的规律基本一致。其中,喷距为15 cm、入射角度为60°时,破土横截面积达到最大,为102 cm2。试验土壤和仿真条件下的土壤参数存在一定差异,以及试验场地存在各种环境因素的干扰,导致数值仿真结果与试验结果数值上有所差异,但总体趋势相同,依然可以确定旋转喷头最优参数:喷距为15 cm、入射角度为60°。
(1)喷嘴内部结构参数对射流压力损耗具有显著影响,且不同参数的主次效应存在差异。在喷嘴类型优选上,圆锥长直线形因流道过渡平缓,其流动阻力特性明显优于圆柱长直线形与流线长直线形;在加旋元件匹配上,单头大螺距(12 mm)结构引起的能量耗散远低于多头及小螺距结构;在收缩角确定上,较小的收缩角(30°)更有利于减小流动损失并维持射流集束性。综合各因素影响规律,确定旋转喷头的最优内部结构组合为:圆锥长直线形喷嘴、单头12 mm螺距加旋元件、30°喷嘴收缩角。
(2)入射角度30°~60°范围内,破土宽度随角度增加呈现增大趋势,而剥离深度变化相反。固定喷距15 cm时,入射角度由30°增至60°,破土宽度增加70%、深度下降36.8%。入射角度为60°时可获得更广的土层剥离范围。
(3)喷距在12~18 cm范围内,破土宽度随喷距增加呈现增大趋势,而剥离深度变化相反。固定入射角度60°时,喷距由12 cm增至18 cm,破土宽度增加35.7%、深度下降30.8%。综合破土面积评判,15 cm为最优喷距,仿真和实测破土面积均为最大,土层剥离综合效果最佳。

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2026年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-29
  • 修回日期:2026-06-05
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    1安徽理工大学 机电工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    2安徽理工大学 煤炭无人化开采数智技术全国重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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