Article(id=1320037808685822043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762531200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-08, revisedDate=1771516800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651138707, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651138707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651138707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651138707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037688510628614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651110055, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656236652, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=26, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037808861982812, articleId=1320037808685822043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Study on flow characteristics of piccolo tubes in aircraft hot‑air anti‑icing systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue that the Perry correlation does not account for the coupled effect of orifice scale and gas temperature,leading to significant design deviations under complex operating conditions and failing to meet the detailed design requirements of modern aircraft anti‑icing systems,a variable‑temperature piccolo tube flow test platform was established,and a full‑process one‑dimensional simulation model for the piccolo tube was constructed.Systematic investigations were conducted on the discharge coefficient and pressure drop characteristics under different orifice diameters and pressure ratios within the temperature range of 20 ℃ to 260 ℃.The results indicate that the Perry formula exhibits notable deviations under both normal temperature (20 ℃) and high temperature (260 ℃) conditions,with maximum relative errors in mass flow prediction reaching 12% and 10%,respectively,failing to accurately describe the flow variation law over a wide temperature range.The discharge coefficient increases monotonically with the pressure ratio.The macroscopic variation is essentially the result of the competition between the microscale effect and the high‑temperature viscous effect.At normal temperature,the orifice scale effect dominates:the smaller the orifice diameter,the larger the discharge coefficient.At high temperatures,the gas viscous effect is significantly enhanced,forming a complex interaction with the scale effect.Based on multi‑condition experimental data,a new empirical correlation for the discharge coefficient was fitted,comprehensively considering the pressure ratio,temperature,and geometric dimensions.The prediction accuracy of the new correlation is better than 4% within the experimental range,reducing the error level by more than 60% compared with traditional correlations.The new correlation meets the high‑precision design requirements of aircraft hot‑air anti‑icing systems.

, authors=Bo SUN1, Liu WANG1, 2, Zikang CHENG1, Jiaxin FENG1, Junlong XIE1, Jianye CHEN1, Xueli LI2, authorsList=Bo SUN, Liu WANG, Zikang CHENG, Jiaxin FENG, Junlong XIE, Jianye CHEN, Xueli LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueli LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037811974156397, articleId=1320037808685822043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=飞机热气防冰系统笛形管流动特性研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对Perry关联式未考虑喷孔尺度与气体温度的耦合作用,在复杂工况下易产生显著设计偏差,难以满足现代飞机防冰系统精细化设计需求的问题,搭建了可变温度的笛形管出流试验平台,构建笛形管全流程一维仿真模型,系统开展20~260 ℃范围内、不同孔径与压比条件下的流量系数及压降特性研究。结果表明,Perry公式在常温(20 ℃)与高温(260 ℃)工况下均存在明显偏差,对质量流量的预测相对误差最高分别达12%和10%,无法准确描述宽温域内的流量变化规律;流量系数随压比增大呈单调升高趋势,其宏观变化本质是微观尺度效应与高温黏性效应相互竞争的结果;常温下孔板尺度效应占主导,孔径越小,流量系数越大,高温下气体黏性效应显著增强,与尺度效应形成复杂交叉作用。基于多工况试验数据,拟合得到综合考虑压比、温度及几何尺寸的流量系数新经验关联式,在试验工况范围内预测精度优于4%,较传统关联式的误差水平降低60%以上。新关联式满足飞机热气防冰系统的高精度设计需求。

, authors=孙博1, 王柳1, 2, 程梓康1, 冯佳昕1, 谢军龙1, 陈建业1, 李雪丽2, authorsList=孙博, 王柳, 程梓康, 冯佳昕, 谢军龙, 陈建业, 李雪丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李雪丽, authorNote=

孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李雪丽(1992),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为防除冰系统设计与验证,通信地址:430000湖北省武汉市洪山区东湖东路2号武汉航空仪表有限责任公司,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5f7SM+xRCvwTkuyHHze0oQ==, magXml=4p6PclO69tXLOASfIGnG7A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=iO8r8z2I9ZzR3pSJIcnW5Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=L3N+d10Myt5PTywS1iusYQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037812401975413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=m202371363@hust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037812481667191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, authorId=1320037812401975413, language=EN, stringName=Bo SUN, firstName=Bo, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Energy and Power Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320037812540387448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, authorId=1320037812401975413, language=CN, stringName=孙博, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院,武汉 430074, bio={"content":"

孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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obtained from simulation using the new correlation with experimental values, figureFileSmall=V3Pc1mItjwwMx+jC8W/LlQ==, figureFileBig=9OYfTa2IjuF/RIYQInSvkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037817821016239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, language=CN, label=图8, caption=采用新型公式模拟得到的质量流量值与试验值对比, figureFileSmall=V3Pc1mItjwwMx+jC8W/LlQ==, figureFileBig=9OYfTa2IjuF/RIYQInSvkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037817883930800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Piccolo tube parameters

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笛形管管段孔数孔径/mm笛形管长度/mm管径/mm
1#683.0482 51863.50
2#763.0702 65263.50
50.28
3#743.1502 73650.28
38.10
24.40
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笛形管参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
笛形管管段孔数孔径/mm笛形管长度/mm管径/mm
1#683.0482 51863.50
2#763.0702 65263.50
50.28
3#743.1502 73650.28
38.10
24.40
), ArticleFig(id=1320037818013954226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test instruments and their parameters

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仪器名称型号量程精度
温度传感器PT100铂电阻0~480 ℃±0.15 ℃
压力传感器STG7000~700 kPa±0.05%
差压变送器STD8000~10 kPa±0.037 5%
针规—1~4 mm±0.001 mm
空气压缩机RM100_A0~350 g/s±0.50%
数据模块HBM MX410B—±0.05%
), ArticleFig(id=1320037818085257395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037808685822043, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验仪器及其参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称型号量程精度
温度传感器PT100铂电阻0~480 ℃±0.15 ℃
压力传感器STG7000~700 kPa±0.05%
差压变送器STD8000~10 kPa±0.037 5%
针规—1~4 mm±0.001 mm
空气压缩机RM100_A0~350 g/s±0.50%
数据模块HBM MX410B—±0.05%
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飞机热气防冰系统笛形管流动特性研究
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孙博 1 , 王柳 1, 2 , 程梓康 1 , 冯佳昕 1 , 谢军龙 1 , 陈建业 1 , 李雪丽 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2026,54(4): 26-34
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流体机械 |设计计算 2026 , 54 (4) : 26 -34
飞机热气防冰系统笛形管流动特性研究
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孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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孙博1 , 王柳1, 2, 程梓康1, 冯佳昕1, 谢军龙1, 陈建业1, 李雪丽2
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院,武汉 430074
  • 2武汉航空仪表有限责任公司,武汉 430000
通讯作者:
李雪丽(1992),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为防除冰系统设计与验证,通信地址:430000湖北省武汉市洪山区东湖东路2号武汉航空仪表有限责任公司,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙博(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机翼热气除冰系统的研究,通信地址:430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

Study on flow characteristics of piccolo tubes in aircraft hot‑air anti‑icing systems
Bo SUN1 , Liu WANG1, 2, Zikang CHENG1, Jiaxin FENG1, Junlong XIE1, Jianye CHEN1, Xueli LI2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Power Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China
  • 2Wuhan Aviation Instrument Co.,Ltd.,Wuhan 430000,China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.004
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针对Perry关联式未考虑喷孔尺度与气体温度的耦合作用,在复杂工况下易产生显著设计偏差,难以满足现代飞机防冰系统精细化设计需求的问题,搭建了可变温度的笛形管出流试验平台,构建笛形管全流程一维仿真模型,系统开展20~260 ℃范围内、不同孔径与压比条件下的流量系数及压降特性研究。结果表明,Perry公式在常温(20 ℃)与高温(260 ℃)工况下均存在明显偏差,对质量流量的预测相对误差最高分别达12%和10%,无法准确描述宽温域内的流量变化规律;流量系数随压比增大呈单调升高趋势,其宏观变化本质是微观尺度效应与高温黏性效应相互竞争的结果;常温下孔板尺度效应占主导,孔径越小,流量系数越大,高温下气体黏性效应显著增强,与尺度效应形成复杂交叉作用。基于多工况试验数据,拟合得到综合考虑压比、温度及几何尺寸的流量系数新经验关联式,在试验工况范围内预测精度优于4%,较传统关联式的误差水平降低60%以上。新关联式满足飞机热气防冰系统的高精度设计需求。

笛形管  /  喷孔出流  /  流量系数  /  热气防冰系统

To address the issue that the Perry correlation does not account for the coupled effect of orifice scale and gas temperature,leading to significant design deviations under complex operating conditions and failing to meet the detailed design requirements of modern aircraft anti‑icing systems,a variable‑temperature piccolo tube flow test platform was established,and a full‑process one‑dimensional simulation model for the piccolo tube was constructed.Systematic investigations were conducted on the discharge coefficient and pressure drop characteristics under different orifice diameters and pressure ratios within the temperature range of 20 ℃ to 260 ℃.The results indicate that the Perry formula exhibits notable deviations under both normal temperature (20 ℃) and high temperature (260 ℃) conditions,with maximum relative errors in mass flow prediction reaching 12% and 10%,respectively,failing to accurately describe the flow variation law over a wide temperature range.The discharge coefficient increases monotonically with the pressure ratio.The macroscopic variation is essentially the result of the competition between the microscale effect and the high‑temperature viscous effect.At normal temperature,the orifice scale effect dominates:the smaller the orifice diameter,the larger the discharge coefficient.At high temperatures,the gas viscous effect is significantly enhanced,forming a complex interaction with the scale effect.Based on multi‑condition experimental data,a new empirical correlation for the discharge coefficient was fitted,comprehensively considering the pressure ratio,temperature,and geometric dimensions.The prediction accuracy of the new correlation is better than 4% within the experimental range,reducing the error level by more than 60% compared with traditional correlations.The new correlation meets the high‑precision design requirements of aircraft hot‑air anti‑icing systems.

piccolo tube  /  orifice discharge  /  discharge coefficient  /  hot‑air anti‑icing system
孙博, 王柳, 程梓康, 冯佳昕, 谢军龙, 陈建业, 李雪丽. 飞机热气防冰系统笛形管流动特性研究. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (4) : 26 -34 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.004
Bo SUN, Liu WANG, Zikang CHENG, Jiaxin FENG, Junlong XIE, Jianye CHEN, Xueli LI. Study on flow characteristics of piccolo tubes in aircraft hot‑air anti‑icing systems[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (4) : 26 -34 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.004
保障飞行安全是航空运输业一直以来的关键课题,而机翼结冰是导致气动性能恶化的主要诱因[1-3],美国NASA飞行事故统计显示,因机翼结冰造成飞机失事占所有飞行事故9%左右[4]。为应对这一严峻挑战,热力防冰系统因其高效可靠,已成为现代大型商用飞机的主流技术方案。其中,热气防冰系统通过利用发动机引出的高温压缩空气来加热机翼前缘,是目前应用较为广泛的形式。
目前,热气防冰系统的研究主要集中在系统级的数值仿真与性能评估[5-6]。同时,数值模拟及相关方法已广泛应用于流体机械复杂内流研究中,为性能分析与结构优化提供了重要手段。这类研究通常采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法[7-9],对包含外部冷气流场、内部热气流道以及固体结构在内的完整系统进行耦合传热分析。例如,WONG等[10]就对一个安装了热气防冰系统的72英寸翼段进行了精细的三维共轭传热分析,其计算网格量为3.08亿,模拟了从笛形管内部流动、83个喷孔的射流到外部流场的完整物理过程。同样,LIU等[11]也结合了全尺寸结冰风洞试验与详细的数值模拟,以优化发动机短舱的热气防冰性能。尽管这类高保真度的仿真方法能够深入揭示系统内部复杂的流动与传热机理,但其高昂的计算成本与漫长的计算周期,使其难以应用于需要反复迭代的参数化研究和早期设计阶段。为了解决这一瓶颈,开发更高效的计算方法已成为研究趋势,例如用于快速参数分析的降阶模型(ROM)[12]、目标温度驱动的快速热防冰仿真方法[13]。然而,无论是高保真三维模型还是降阶模型,其预测精度都依赖于对核心部件流动特性的准确建模。类似地,流体机械相关研究也表明[14],局部流动损失和结构参数对系统性能预测至关重要。作为定义热气喷出边界条件的关键参数,笛形管喷孔流量系数直接影响仿真结果的可靠性。
笛形管是热气防冰系统的核心流量分配部件,通过将发动机部分高温(260 ℃)引气通过多个均布在管壁上的喷孔喷射到防冰腔内加热机翼蒙皮,起到防除冰的作用,笛形管内流动特性直接影响热气分配效率与系统能耗[15-19]。现有针对笛形管的研究大多集中在其外部射流冲击换热过程,大量研究持续聚焦于笛形管外部的射流冲击换热特性,通过试验与数值模拟,深入探讨了喷孔排列、冲击距离、受热面曲率及孔型等复杂因素对表面换热效率的影响[16,18,20-24]。
在笛形管设计过程中,一个尚未得到足够重视的问题是:作为流量预测基础的喷孔流量系数,通常依赖于经典的Perry经验公式[25-26]。然而,该公式主要基于理想孔板的压比关系,不仅忽略了引气温度变化,也未能准确反映笛形管喷孔的几何尺度效应,导致其在实际应用中存在偏差。流量系数的预测偏差会直接导致供气量与设计值不符,可能引发末端机翼供气不足或局部蒙皮过热等问题,为飞行安全埋下隐患。目前,对于不同温度工况下笛形管流量系数的变化规律认识尚不清晰,相关的试验数据也亟待补充。
本文基于试验平台与数值仿真,对笛形管流动特性展开研究。通过搭建单端笛形管试验平台,实现20~260 ℃温度范围、400~760 kg/h流量工况的精确测量,并结合AMESim仿真模型建立包含多个喷孔的笛形管段一维仿真模型,研究常温、高温条件下喷孔流量系数的稳态特性。
针对笛形管模型,结合边界条件和研究需要,作出以下假设:
(1)流场中流体速度较快,且工质为气体,密度较小,可忽略重力的影响;
(2)笛形管内流体的流动和换热视为稳态。
在上述假设的基础上,可以对笛形管内部流动的流体伯努利方程及换热方程进行简化。
对于理想流体(无黏、不可压缩)沿流线的稳态流动,伯努利方程为:
p+12ρu2+ρgz=const
式中,p为流体静压,Pa;ρ流体密度,kg/m3;u为流体速度,m/s;g为重力加速度,m/s2;z为流体位置高度,m;const为伯努利常数。
然而,典型伯努利方程应用于笛形管流动时存在局限性,主要原因有3点:(1)黏性效应不可忽略;(2)可压缩效应显著;(3)喷孔流动影响。
针对上述3点,可以做出以下修正。
(1)针对笛形管内流动黏性力造成的压力损失,引入达西-魏斯巴赫方程[27]的压损项来进行修正:
p1-p2=fLDρu22
式中,L为流动特征长度,m;D为笛形管直径,m;f为管道沿程摩擦因子,其值依据钛合金管壁的光滑特性进行确定,在模型中设定相对粗糙度为0.000 5,并由模型基于Colebrook公式[28]结合各管段的局部雷诺数与管径进行动态计算,以准确反映不同管径段的流动特性。
(2)由于在高温入口条件下,笛形管首段与末端温差较大,其气体密度变化已不可忽略,故引入可压缩流伯努利方程:
p1ρ1+u122=p2ρ2+u222+∫12δqρ+Qloss
式中,Qloss为损失项。
(3)笛形管喷孔射流会导致管道内流动分离及湍流耗散,可引入局部损失系数KL来进行修正。
Δplocal=KLρu22
考虑到喷孔射流引起的局部流动分离,局部损失系数KL根据文献[27]取值为0.5。
结合上述3个因素后,可以得到笛形管内气流的伯努利方程如下:
p1+12ρu12=p2+12ρu22+∑fLDρu22+∑KLρu22+Qloss
笛形管换热方程主要有管内气流与管壁的对流和导热,管壁与外界环境的自然对流换热及辐射换热。
内部气流与管壁的对流换热方程为:
cp∂ρTf∂t+u∂ρTf∂x=kf∂2Tf∂x2+4hinDh(Tw-Tf)+μΦ
式中,Tf为流体温度,K;hin为内部对流换热系数,W/(m²·K)。
hin采用Dittus-Boelter公式[29]进行计算,其计算式如下:
hin=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4kf Dh           (Re>104)
管壁可以视为轴对称稳态导热,计算式如下:
1r∂∂rrkw∂Tw∂r+∂∂xkw∂Tw∂x=0
式中,kw为管材的热导率W/(m·K);Tw为管壁温度,K。
管壁热量通过自然对流及辐射向外散热,计算式如下:
-kw∂Tw∂rr=R=hout(Tw-T∞)+εσ(Tw4-T∞4)
自然对流换热系数hout可以通过Churchill-Chu公式[30]计算:
hout=kairD0.6+0.387Ra1/61+(0.559/Pr)9/168/272
其中:
Ra=gβTw-T∞D3vα
式中,v为运动黏度,m2/s;α为热扩散率,m2/s。
流量系数Cd为通过喷孔的实际流量与理论流量之比[31],计算式如下:
Cd=mcmth
式中,mc为实际流量,kg/s;mth为理论流量,kg/s。
目前笛形管设计时,流量系数由Perry公式计算得到,Perry开展了大量孔板试验,得到了不同工况下小孔流量与压比的关系,进一步拟合得到了经验关联式,如下式所示:
Cd={[(-1.682 7pmptc+4.6)pmptc-3.9]pmptc+0.841 5-0.1}pmptc+0.841 4
式中,pm为喷孔背压,Pa;ptc为管道内压力,Pa。
单根笛形管总长为7.906 m,为方便安装和运输,加工时一般将笛形管加工为3段,通过波纹管将3段连接。
表1示出某型飞机实际笛形管参数。其中,2#笛形管具有1处变径,3#笛形管具有2处变径。在笛形管末端,管内压力相较于入口压力,有一定程度的减少,为了保证末端的机翼蒙皮温度能够达到要求,故末端笛形管(3#)的射流孔径相较于前2段会增大。在3段笛形管中,孔径分别是3.048,3.070,3.150 mm。基于AMESim软件,建立了如图1所示的仿真模型。
图2示出试验台模型,主要的试验部件包括气源、压力传感器、差压传感器、波纹管、试验件、工装管、差压传感器及阀门等。空压机提供高压空气,高压空气经电加热器加热,流经减压阀控压,随后进入笛形管。为简化流量测量,试验过程中封闭笛形管末端,气体全部通过小孔流出。
图3示出试验装置实物,图4示出1#笛形管实物。试验开始前,系统预热至少30 min,待各测点温度和压力读数在5 min内波动小于1%后,开始采集数据,以确保流动达到稳态。
表2示出试验仪器及其参数。在笛形管入口处布置有压力传感器用于读取笛形管的入口压力,同时差压传感器测量笛形管入口和笛形管末端的压差。
试验在室内静态环境中进行,笛形管外壁与周围空气的热交换以自然对流及辐射为主。为评估该热损失对管内气体温度的影响,需确定管外壁的自然对流换热系数hout。根据式(10)进行计算,在典型高温试验工况下,笛形管外壁面的自然对流换热系数hout约为0~16 W/(m2·K)。该散热量已在一维仿真模型中作为边界条件予以考虑。
通过试验可测得实际流量mc,理论流量mth常用的计算式[10,29]为:
mth=Aptc(pm/ptc)(κ+1)/2κ×2κ(κ-1)RTs(pm /ptc)(1-κ) /κ-11/2
当rP=Ptc/Pm>1.9(临界压比)时,理论流量用以下公式计算[34]:
mth=0.040 4APtcTs-0.5
式中,A为所有孔的横截面积之和,m2;κ为空气等熵系数,取κ=1.4;Ts为气体温度,K。
试验中直接测量数据为笛形管入口压力Ptc、笛形管孔径d0、入口空气流量及其温度。根据误差传递定律f(x1,x2,…,xn),通过求偏导来估计各输入变量对输出变量的影响,如式(16)
ΔCd /Cd={(Δmc/mc)2+(ΔT s/2Ts)2+[k-12k-(k-1)24k(ptc/pm)(k-1)/k(ptc/pm)(k-1)/k-1Δptcptc]2+(Δr/r)2}1/2 
结合表2,根据式(14)计算可以得出,流量系数的误差为1.16%。
沿程压降是影响笛形管设计与性能评估的核心参数之一。其中,喷孔直径和温度对沿程压降的影响较为明显。图5(a)对比了1#,2#笛形管在高温下(Ta=260 ℃)笛形管总压降(ΔP)与单孔质量流量(md0)随入口压力(Ptc)变化规律。由图可知,2段笛形管的总压降及单孔质量流量均随入口压力的增大而增加。在相同的入口压力下,二者流量曲线接近,但是2#笛形管总压降大于1#笛形管总压降。例如在入口压力为75 kPa时,2#笛形管总压降超出1#笛形管压降近300 Pa。这主要是由于相较于1#笛形管,2#笛形管具有1处变径结构。图5(b)对比了1#笛形管在常温(Ta=20 ℃)与高温(Ta=260 ℃)下的喷孔质量流量及总压降。结果显示,温度是影响笛形管流动特性的一个重要因素。在相同的入口压力驱动下,高温下的质量流量比常温时高出约33%,总压降则高出约36%。这主要是因为在高温下,气体密度显著降低,而流速大幅增加,同时气体黏度增加,共同作用导致了质量流量和流动阻力的提升。综上可知,笛形管的压降和流量特性同时受到喷孔、管径等几何尺寸和温度的影响。为了精准描述笛形管的出流特性,在计算流量系数时需考虑这些关键变量的影响。
流量系数(Cd)的变化规律并非由单一因素决定,而是由多种物理效应共同作用的结果。通过研究发现,其变化本质上是综合几何尺度效应与高温黏性效应相互竞争的结果。为深入理解其物理机制,可将其简化为收缩系数(Cc)与速度系数(Cv)的乘积:
Cd=CcCv
在所研究的笛形管喷孔(壁厚t=0.4 mm)中,这2个系数分别对应着2种相互竞争的物理效应,具体如下。
(1)收缩系数Cc(尺度效应):Cc描述流束的收缩程度,是本文所定义的“几何尺度效应”的核心体现。该效应由孔径壁厚比(t/d0)和孔径管径比(d0/D)共同决定:一方面,对于孔径d0越小的厚壁孔口(即t/d0越大),流体在孔内更易发生再附着,从而有效抑制流束的过度收缩,导致Cc增大;另一方面,较大的d0/D(主管径相对较小)会增强管内横流效应,改变喷孔入口的流动分离状态,进而影响流束收缩。这是一种有利于提高Cc的尺度效应[31-33]。
(2)速度系数Cv(黏性效应):Cv描述由壁面摩擦引起的速度损失。根据达西-魏斯巴赫公式,孔内摩擦损失与长径比t/d0成正比,并对气体动力黏度µ高度敏感。孔径越小(t/d0越大)或黏度越高,摩擦损失越大(Cv减小)。这是一种倾向于降低Cd的黏性效应。
如图6(a)所示,在常温(20 ℃)工况下,气体动力黏度µ较低,由黏性引起的摩擦损失较小,因此,黏性效应对流量系数的抑制作用不显著,流动特性主要由上述几何尺度效应主导,呈现出孔径越小流量系数越大的规律:Cd,1#>Cd,2#>Cd,3#。
如图6(b)所示,在高温(260 ℃)工况下,气体动力黏度µ显著增大(相比常温约增加55%)。此时,黏性效应(Cv)变得不可忽略,并开始与尺度效应相竞争。在压比较低时(rP=Ptc/Pm<1.9),管内流速较慢,黏性效应占主导。孔径最大的3#笛形管t/d0最小,受黏性影响最小,因此Cd最大;随着压比增大,尺度效应逐渐占据主导,故在压比接近2.1时,2#笛形管的Cd最大,当压比超过2.5后,则孔径最小的1#笛形管Cd最大。
Perry公式〔见式(13)〕的局限性也在这2种工况下得到体现。该公式(图中点划线所示)仅与压比相关,完全忽略了上述2种关键的物理机制。从图6可以看出,常温下,Perry公式未能反映不同孔径间的尺度效应的差异,且其预测值均偏低,与1#笛形管的试验值Cd最大差值约为0.1;高温下,Perry公式无法体现由黏性与尺度效应竞争所导致的复杂交叉现象,其预测值同样偏低。
为定量评估该偏差对质量流量的影响,将Perry流量系数代入一维仿真模型进行模拟,结果如图7所示。在常温(20 ℃)工况下,预测的质量流量最大相对误差高达12%。在高温(260 ℃)工况下,最大相对误差仍达到了10%。
综上所述,Perry公式在全工况范围内均存在显著偏差,其模型既未包含几何尺度效应,也未能反映温度对黏性效应的影响。若在设计中采用该公式,将导致在所有工况下系统性地低估喷孔流量,可能引发蒙皮过热损坏等安全隐患。
Perry公式计算得到的流量系数误差不容忽视,因此,为了精确模拟笛形管全段的流量分配特性,必须建立一个综合考虑孔径、压比与温度变化影响的新经验关联式。
对于笛形管内可压缩气体的多孔出流问题,关键的物理量包括气体密度ρ、动力黏度μ、气体速度v、喷孔直径d0、主管直径D、管内压力Ptc,以及出口背压Pm。这些物理量可以组合成以下几个核心的无量纲参数。
(1)压比Ptc/Pm:表征气体的可压缩性效应。
(2)几何比d0/D:表征几何约束和本研究中发现的尺度效应。
(3)温度比T/T0:表征气体物性(密度、黏度)随温度变化的综合影响。
因此,提出如下流量系数关联式:
Cd=KPtcPmad0DbTT0c
式中,K为流量系数拟合常数;Ptc,Pm分别为管道内压力和出口背压;d0为喷孔直径;D为管道直径;T为气体温度;T0为气体基准温度,其值为273.15 K。
将得到的1#,2#和3#试验数据带入式(18),可以拟合出流量系数经验关联式:
Cd=0.6PtcPm0.266 9d0D-0.039 4TT0-0.022 2
关联式的指数反映喷孔射流的流动机理。
(1)压比项0.266 9:该项的正指数表明,流量系数Cd随压比Ptc/Pm的增大而增大。这一趋势与图6(a)所示的试验现象吻合。随着压比的提高,流体惯性效应增强,对于具有一定壁厚的非理想孔口,这可能导致流束收缩的相对程度减弱,即收缩系数增大,从而提高了流量系数Cd。同时,气体可压缩性的影响(如膨胀效应)也随压比变化,共同促成了这一正相关性。
(2)几何比项-0.039 4:该项引入了无量纲参数d0/D。几何比项的负指数表明流量系数Cd与几何比项d0/D呈负相关,即主管径D一定时,流量系数Cd随喷孔直径d0的减小而增大。这与图6(a)中对比常温下不同笛形管流量系数观察到的趋势一致,定量地描述了笛形管喷孔的尺度效应。其机理可归结为:孔径越小,相对边界层厚度(δ/d0)越大,从而有效抑制了流束的过度收缩,增大了有效流通面积与几何面积之比,最终导致流量系数Cd提高。指数绝对值较小(约0.04)表明,在本文试验件孔径及管径参数范围内,几何比项对流量系数的修正作用相对有限。几何比项的引入旨在对孔径微观效应与管径宏观效应进行综合表征,从而在一定程度上实现了对两者影响机制的解耦。
(3)温度项-0.022 2:负指数表明温度对流量系数Cd具有轻微的抑制作用。这个现象是2种相反物理效应共同作用的结果:密度减小和黏性增大。由于气体温度升高会带来密度减小,在相同的压差驱动下,密度更低的气体更容易被加速,从而导致流速增加,流量系数增大。同时,温度升高也会导致气体动力黏度µ增大,这会增强壁面摩擦和流动阻力,有抑制流量系数增大的趋势。在本研究中,黏性增加带来温度升高所引起的不利效应,超过密度降低所带来的有利效应,成为了主导因素。
为全面评估新关联式〔见式(19)〕的预测准确性,将其应用于AMESim模型中计算流量系数,模拟了3段笛形管在不同工况下的质量流量,并与试验测量值进行了对比,结果如图8所示。图8(a)示出了常温(20 ℃)下的质量流量对比情况。可以看出,采用新关联式的模拟值与试验值吻合度显著提高。工况下的质量流量预测偏差均在4 g/s,整体的相对误差均低于3.2%。图8(b)示出了高温(260 ℃)下的质量流量对比结果。同样地,新关联式表现出良好的预测精度。除个别点外(3#笛形管在入口压力159.6 kPa时,误差为7 g/s),工况点的预测偏差均在4 g/s以内,相对误差均低于4%。
综合来看,相较于图7中Perry公式高达12%的预测偏差,本文提出的新型经验关联式通过成功引入温度项和几何项的修正,将预测精度在整个试验工况范围内稳定提升至4%以内。这不仅验证了新关联式的有效性和可靠性,也为其在热气防冰系统精细化设计与仿真中的实际应用提供了一定的基础。
本文针对飞机热气防冰系统笛形管的流动特性进行了系统的试验与建模研究。研究明确了温度、几何尺寸及流动状态对流量系数的关键影响,并证实了广泛应用的Perry公式在常温下存在显著偏差。在此基础上,提出了一个针对笛形管的高精度的流量系数新型关联式,该关联式在以下参数范围内经过验证:压比为1.4~2.5,温度为20~260 ℃,孔径管径比d0/D为0.04~0.13。
(1)广泛应用的Perry流量系数关联式存在忽略温度及几何尺寸影响的缺陷,其最大预测误差可达12%,揭示了现有设计方法中存在的潜在风险。
(2)提出了一个综合考虑压比、温度与几何尺度效应的新经验关联式。该模型在20~260 ℃内均具有高精度(误差<4%),为精确预测笛形管流量提供了可靠工具。
(3)本研究深化了对笛形管内流动物理规律的认识,揭示了流量系数(Cd)由尺度效应(Cc)和黏性效应(Cv)共同主导的物理机制,并通过试验证实了高温下黏度增大导致的Cd交叉现象。提出的高精度模型可应用于热气防冰系统的精细化设计,对提升其运行的安全性和经济性具有重要的工程价值。

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2026年第54卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.004
  • 接收时间:2025-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-08
  • 修回日期:2026-02-20
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    1华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院,武汉 430074
    2武汉航空仪表有限责任公司,武汉 430000

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李雪丽(1992),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向为防除冰系统设计与验证,通信地址:430000湖北省武汉市洪山区东湖东路2号武汉航空仪表有限责任公司,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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