Article(id=1320037760912708467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=1771084800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651127316, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651127316, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651127316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651127316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037688510628614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651110055, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656236652, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037761072092020, articleId=1320037760912708467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of CO2 and CO2/R41 transcritical single/two‑stage cycle systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the comprehensive performance of the CO2 transcritical heat pump water heater system,thermodynamic models of single‑stage and two‑stage cycles adopting pure CO₂ and CO₂/R41 azeotropic mixture as working fluids are established.Based on energy and exergy analysis methods,the comprehensive performance of the four cycle systems is calculated and comparatively analyzed.The results show that the two‑stage cycle can effectively reduce the compressor discharge temperature (a maximum reduction of 61.79 ℃) and power consumption,accompanied by a partial decline in exergy efficiency.The CO₂/R41 mixed working fluid dramatically decreases the optimal high pressure (a maximum reduction of 20.96%) and increases the specific heating capacity (a maximum increment of 19.68%),while raising the specific power consumption of the compressor.The addition of R41 exerts a slight influence on the irreversible loss ratio of each component in the CO₂ transcritical cycle.Among the four cycle systems,the capillary tube presents relatively high irreversible loss.The CO₂/R41 two‑stage cycle system achieves the highest COP and superior specific heating capacity,as well as a relatively low discharge temperature and operating pressure.This study can provide theoretical support for the engineering application and performance optimization of CO₂/R41 mixed working fluids in two‑stage transcritical heat pump systems.

, authors=Dong WANG, Hao YU, Jiuchao HONG, Shengong MEI, Kangkang ZHANG, Jinli LU, authorsList=Dong WANG, Hao YU, Jiuchao HONG, Shengong MEI, Kangkang ZHANG, Jinli LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037764222014345, articleId=1320037760912708467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=CO2及CO2/R41跨临界单/双级循环系统的热力学性能对比研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升CO2跨临界热泵热水器系统综合性能,建立以CO2及CO2/R41共沸混合物为工质的单级与双级循环系统热力学模型,采用能量和㶲分析的方法,对4种循环系统的综合性能进行计算与对比分析。结果表明,双级循环可有效降低压缩机的排气温度(最多降低61.79 ℃)与功耗,但会损失部分㶲效率;CO2/R41混合工质则显著降低最优高压(最多降低20.96%),并增大单位制热量(最多增加19.68%),但是会增加压缩机单位功耗;R41的加入对CO2跨临界循环系统中各部件的不可逆损失率影响很小,4种循环系统中,毛细管的不可逆损失都较大;CO2/R41双级循环系统具有最高的COP和较高的单位制热量,并兼顾了较低的排气温度与工作压力。研究可为CO2/R41混合工质在双级循环热泵系统中的应用与优化提供理论指导。

, authors=王栋, 余豪, 洪久超, 梅申功, 章康康, 鲁进利, authorsList=王栋, 余豪, 洪久超, 梅申功, 章康康, 鲁进利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王栋(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要从事CO2制冷技术相关的研究,通信地址:243002安徽省马鞍山市安徽工业大学建筑工程学院建工北楼204,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6ChjxlijIYyUKvhVgJr+Hw==, magXml=msOro8phDkdvrnqhKfzV3Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eoYngoTDrkBlfluQOlP+uA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=c81x+lI43kwM8c9S1FavYA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037764586918798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangdong224545@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037764674999184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, authorId=1320037764586918798, language=EN, stringName=Dong WANG, firstName=Dong, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'Anshan 243002,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320037764746302353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, authorId=1320037764586918798, language=CN, stringName=王栋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=安徽工业大学 建筑工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243002, bio={"content":"

王栋(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要从事CO2制冷技术相关的研究,通信地址:243002安徽省马鞍山市安徽工业大学建筑工程学院建工北楼204,E-mail:。

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王栋(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要从事CO2制冷技术相关的研究,通信地址:243002安徽省马鞍山市安徽工业大学建筑工程学院建工北楼204,E-mail:。

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Results and errors between the empirical correlation for optimal high pressure by Sarkar and model predictions.

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Te/℃ Tgc/℃ Popt,Sarkar/MPa Popt,model/MPa误差/%
-10358.8018.7700.352
-104010.00410.0700.660
-104511.21711.3451.141
-5358.7168.7150.011
-5409.9199.9900.716
-54511.13211.2651.194
0358.6318.6500.220
0409.8349.9050.722
04511.04711.1651.068
), ArticleFig(id=1320037769880130506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“Sarkar”最优高压经验关联式与模型预测的结果和误差

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Te/℃ Tgc/℃ Popt,Sarkar/MPa Popt,model/MPa误差/%
-10358.8018.7700.352
-104010.00410.0700.660
-104511.21711.3451.141
-5358.7168.7150.011
-5409.9199.9900.716
-54511.13211.2651.194
0358.6318.6500.220
0409.8349.9050.722
04511.04711.1651.068
), ArticleFig(id=1320037769980793803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of experimental values of the optimal high pressure in a single‑stage cycle with model predictions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Te/℃ Tgc/℃ Popt,exp/MPa Popt,model/MPa误差/%
5307.5407.3532.480
5328.0187.8292.357
5348.2678.3060.469
5368.7008.7850.967
0307.4367.4380.027
0327.7987.9141.465
0348.1098.3913.361
0368.7148.8711.769
-5307.4537.5230.931
-5327.9147.9991.063
-5348.3868.4771.068
-9307.5457.5910.606
-9328.0568.0670.136
-9348.5138.5440.363
-9369.0209.0230.033
), ArticleFig(id=1320037770056291276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单级循环最优高压试验值与模型预测结果的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Te/℃ Tgc/℃ Popt,exp/MPa Popt,model/MPa误差/%
5307.5407.3532.480
5328.0187.8292.357
5348.2678.3060.469
5368.7008.7850.967
0307.4367.4380.027
0327.7987.9141.465
0348.1098.3913.361
0368.7148.8711.769
-5307.4537.5230.931
-5327.9147.9991.063
-5348.3868.4771.068
-9307.5457.5910.606
-9328.0568.0670.136
-9348.5138.5440.363
-9369.0209.0230.033
), ArticleFig(id=1320037771704652749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of two‑stage cycle experimental data with model predictions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Te/℃ Tgc/℃ P4/MPa P2/MPa
试验数据0358.605.4
预测数据0358.665.6
误差/%——0.693.7
), ArticleFig(id=1320037771801121742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037760912708467, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

双级循环试验值与模型预测结果的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 Te/℃ Tgc/℃ P4/MPa P2/MPa
试验数据0358.605.4
预测数据0358.665.6
误差/%——0.693.7
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CO2及CO2/R41跨临界单/双级循环系统的热力学性能对比研究
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王栋 , 余豪 , 洪久超 , 梅申功 , 章康康 , 鲁进利
流体机械 | 设计计算 2026,54(4): 45-54
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流体机械 |设计计算 2026 , 54 (4) : 45 -54
CO2及CO2/R41跨临界单/双级循环系统的热力学性能对比研究
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王栋 , 余豪, 洪久超, 梅申功, 章康康, 鲁进利
作者信息
  • 安徽工业大学 建筑工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243002
作者简介:

王栋(1981),男,博士,副教授,主要从事CO2制冷技术相关的研究,通信地址:243002安徽省马鞍山市安徽工业大学建筑工程学院建工北楼204,E-mail:。

Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of CO2 and CO2/R41 transcritical single/two‑stage cycle systems
Dong WANG , Hao YU, Jiuchao HONG, Shengong MEI, Kangkang ZHANG, Jinli LU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Anhui University of Technology,Ma'Anshan 243002,China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.006
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为提升CO2跨临界热泵热水器系统综合性能,建立以CO2及CO2/R41共沸混合物为工质的单级与双级循环系统热力学模型,采用能量和㶲分析的方法,对4种循环系统的综合性能进行计算与对比分析。结果表明,双级循环可有效降低压缩机的排气温度(最多降低61.79 ℃)与功耗,但会损失部分㶲效率;CO2/R41混合工质则显著降低最优高压(最多降低20.96%),并增大单位制热量(最多增加19.68%),但是会增加压缩机单位功耗;R41的加入对CO2跨临界循环系统中各部件的不可逆损失率影响很小,4种循环系统中,毛细管的不可逆损失都较大;CO2/R41双级循环系统具有最高的COP和较高的单位制热量,并兼顾了较低的排气温度与工作压力。研究可为CO2/R41混合工质在双级循环热泵系统中的应用与优化提供理论指导。

双级循环  /  CO2  /  CO2/R41  /  能量分析  /  㶲分析

In order to improve the comprehensive performance of the CO2 transcritical heat pump water heater system,thermodynamic models of single‑stage and two‑stage cycles adopting pure CO₂ and CO₂/R41 azeotropic mixture as working fluids are established.Based on energy and exergy analysis methods,the comprehensive performance of the four cycle systems is calculated and comparatively analyzed.The results show that the two‑stage cycle can effectively reduce the compressor discharge temperature (a maximum reduction of 61.79 ℃) and power consumption,accompanied by a partial decline in exergy efficiency.The CO₂/R41 mixed working fluid dramatically decreases the optimal high pressure (a maximum reduction of 20.96%) and increases the specific heating capacity (a maximum increment of 19.68%),while raising the specific power consumption of the compressor.The addition of R41 exerts a slight influence on the irreversible loss ratio of each component in the CO₂ transcritical cycle.Among the four cycle systems,the capillary tube presents relatively high irreversible loss.The CO₂/R41 two‑stage cycle system achieves the highest COP and superior specific heating capacity,as well as a relatively low discharge temperature and operating pressure.This study can provide theoretical support for the engineering application and performance optimization of CO₂/R41 mixed working fluids in two‑stage transcritical heat pump systems.

two‑stage cycle  /  CO2  /  CO2/R41  /  energy analysis  /  oxygen analysis
王栋, 余豪, 洪久超, 梅申功, 章康康, 鲁进利. CO2及CO2/R41跨临界单/双级循环系统的热力学性能对比研究. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (4) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.006
Dong WANG, Hao YU, Jiuchao HONG, Shengong MEI, Kangkang ZHANG, Jinli LU. Comparative study on thermodynamic performance of CO2 and CO2/R41 transcritical single/two‑stage cycle systems[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (4) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.006
在应对全球气候变化和实现“双碳”目标的背景下,推动能源消费侧的深度脱碳,并加速能源系统的清洁化转型,已成为全球性的核心议题[1-2]。热泵技术作为一种高效的能源利用方式,能够将低品位的热能转移至高品位,在建筑供暖领域扮演着日益重要的角色[3]。然而,传统热泵系统广泛使用的氢氟碳化物(HFCs)制冷剂具有较高的全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP),对环境构成严重威胁[4]。依据《蒙特利尔议定书》基加利修正案的要求,在全球范围内需要逐步削减高GWP制冷剂的生产与消费,这使得寻找环境友好的替代品成为制冷领域的迫切需求[5]。在众多替代制冷剂中,天然制冷剂CO2因其GWP值为1、臭氧消耗潜能值(ozone depletion potential,ODP)为0,且无毒、不可燃的优异环保安全特性而备受关注[6]。然而,CO2跨临界循环系统中还存在一些不足,如较高的运行压力、过高的压缩机排气温度和较低的性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)等[7]。
采用双级循环代替单级循环不仅能降低压缩机排气温度,同时还可以提高系统COP[8]。PITARCH等[9]建立了CO2跨临界单级与双级压缩循环的数学模型,针对该类循环在热泵热水器中的应用开展性能研究,在80 ℃的出水温度工况下,双级循环的COP相较于单级循环可提升约15%。LI等[10]通过构建热力学模型来分析双级循环低压喷射器制冰系统和双级循环中压喷射器制冰系统的性能,分析表明,在最优高压条件下,双级循环系统的COP比基于喷射器的系统高20.22%。LIU等[11]研究了三种改进型CO2跨临界循环系统来替代R134a热泵系统,并对其性能进行了分析。研究表明,在环境温度为10 ℃下,带中间冷却器的CO2蒸汽喷射双级循环系统COP比R134a热泵系统高9.4%。ZHANG等[12]通过热力学分析,对5种典型的CO2跨临界制冷循环性能改进方法在三种工况下(气冷器出口温度、蒸发器入口温度分别为50,21.1 ℃,35,5 ℃,30,-26.1 ℃)进行了比较分析,发现采用中间冷却器的双级循环相较于基础循环的COP稳定提升14%~21%。
此外,一些研究通过分析并优化制冷剂物性,以提高系统性能。相较于纯CO2,选择合适的制冷剂与CO2混合形成混合制冷剂,可以实现互补的优势[13]。目前,CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂被认为是最有发展前景的方案之一[14]。R41可以提高系统COP并降低运行压力,而CO2可以抑制R41的可燃性[15-16]。DAI等[17]建立了一个热力学模型,以研究CO2与10种低GWP工质的混合物在热泵热水器中的性能,研究结果表明,在热水进/出口温度为15,55 ℃、冷冻水进/出口温度为15,10 ℃的条件下,CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂在热泵热水器中的性能优于CO2循环,因为其具有更高的COP和较低的高压侧压力。WANG等[15]评估了CO2与CO2/R41(50%/50%)混合物在三种不同系统中的应用,分析了系统最优压缩机排气压力、排气温度、机组冷/热能力和不可逆损失,结果表明,CO2/R41(50%/50%)是较好的选择,最大COP提高了20.52%,优化后的最优高压降低了28.62%。YU等[16]通过试验全面研究了CO2/R41混合制冷剂在汽车空调和热泵系统中的整体性能,结果表明,在制热模式(室外温度-10 ℃)和制冷模式(室外温度35 ℃)下,随着R41质量分数的增加(从0到100%),CO2/R41系统整体运行压力、气冷器出口温度及制热和制冷模式下的高低侧压降均显著降低。TANG等[14]建立了CO2/R41电动汽车热泵空调系统热力学模型,并对系统的性能和全生命周期气候性能(life cycle climate performance,LCCP)进行了分析,结果表明,在室外温度20 ℃下,CO2/R41系统的COP比CO2系统最大可提升40.5%,且当CO2的质量分数为80%,LCCP降低幅度最大。
综上所述,现有研究已证实了双级循环和CO2/R41混合工质在改善CO2系统性能方面的潜力。然而,现有研究鲜有将2种优化策略结合,系统探究CO₂/R41混合工质双级循环的性能,并将其与CO₂单、双级循环及CO₂/R41单级循环等典型方案开展全面对比分析。本文建立CO2,CO2/R41单级循环系统和CO2,CO2/R41双级循环系统的热力学模型,并从能量分析及㶲分析2个角度对其在较宽温度范围内的性能进行详细的对比研究。旨在为CO2/R41混合工质在双级循环热泵系统中的应用与优化提供理论指导。
CO2,CO2/R41跨临界单级和双级循环热泵热水器系统示意和相应的lgP-h图分别如图1、图2所示。单级循环系统主要由压缩机、气冷器、回热器、毛细管、蒸发器组成。从蒸发器出来的饱和气态制冷剂经过回热器被加热至状态点1,然后进入压缩机压缩至状态点2,其中,状态点2s为压缩机等熵压缩后对应的出口状态点;高温高压的气态制冷剂先在气冷器中与水进行换热,被冷却至状态点3,再经过回热器,被进一步冷却至状态点4,然后通过毛细管节流降压至状态点5;最后,气液两相流制冷剂进入蒸发器内吸热蒸发至状态点6,完成循环。与单级循环系统相比,双级循环系统采用高压压缩机、低压压缩机,并结合中间冷却器作为附加部件。经过回热器加热后的制冷剂首先进入低压压缩机压缩至状态点2,然后进入中间冷却器内与水进行级间散热,冷却至状态点3,接着进入高压压缩机被压缩为高温高压的气态制冷剂,对应状态点4,然后进入气冷器再次与水进行换热,其中,点2s,4s为压缩机等熵压缩后对应的出口状态点。在本研究中,中间冷却器的出水管与气冷器相连,即水先在中间冷却器中预热,然后进入气冷器中被进一步加热。
CO2/R41混合制冷剂的质量配比对系统的综合性能有显著影响。在前期的研究中,已基于CO2/R41的热力学性质及安全性,确定其最佳质量比为0.583/0.417[18]。所研究的空气源热泵热水器系统在最优控制策略下运行。热力学模型主要基于以下假设建立。
(1)所研究的四个循环均在稳定工况下运行。
(2)忽略了在热交换器和连接管内流动的制冷剂的热损失和压降。
(3)压缩过程是实际的绝热压缩过程,而非等熵过程。
(4)制冷剂在蒸发器出口处于饱和状态。
(5)润滑油不溶于制冷剂。
(6)空气源热泵热水器系统的热水进/出口温度、外部环境温度分别为17,65,16 ℃[18]。
单级循环压缩机单位功耗Wcom:
Wcom=h2-h1
双级循环低级压缩机单位功耗WLcom和高压级压缩机单位功耗WHcom:
WLcom=h2-h1
WHcom=h4-h3
单级循环压缩机等熵效率εis[19]:
εis=0.815+0.022(p2/p1)-0.004 1(p2/p1)2+0.000 1(p2/p1)3
双级循环低级压缩机等熵效率εis,HP和高级压缩机等熵效率εis,HP[19]:
εis,LP=0.815+0.022(p2/p1)-0.004 1(p2/p1)2+0.000 1(p2/p1)3
εis,HP=0.815+0.022(p4/p3)-0.0041(p4/p3)2+0.0001(p4/p3)3
单级循环压缩机压缩比:
R=p2 /p1
双级循环压缩机压缩比:
R=p4 /p1
单级循环单位制热量:
qgc=h2-h3
双级循环单位制热量:
qgc=h4-h5
单级循环单位制冷量:
qe=h6-h5
双级循环单位制冷量:
qe=h8-h7
单级循环回热器中的能量守恒:
h3-h4=h1-h6
双级循环回热器中的能量守恒:
h5-h6=h1-h8
回热器效率由文献[19]给出,其值为0.6。
单级循环回热器效率:
βIHE=T1-T6T3-T6
双级循环回热器效率:
βIHE=T1-T8T5-T8
中间冷却器的效率由文献[20]给出,其值为0.8,计算式如下:
βIC=(T2-T3)/(T2-Ten)
式中,Ten为环境温度,℃。
中间压力由文献[21]给出,计算式如下:
p2=p1p4
单级循环COP:
COP=h2-h3h2-h1
双级循环COP:
COP=(h4-h5)+(h2-h3)(h2-h1)+(h4-h3)
不可逆损失由绝热成分的不可逆损失和与外部流体进行热交换的不可逆损失组成。
(1)绝热成分的不可逆损失计算式如下[15]:
I=TenΔsr
式中,∆sr为制冷剂的比熵增,kJ/(kg·K)。
(2)与外部流体进行热交换的部件的不可逆损失计算式如下[15]:
I=Ten(Δsr+Δsef)
式中,∆sef为空气的比熵增,kJ/(kg·K)。
(3)整个系统的㶲效率如下式所示[15]:
η=1-ItotW
式中,Itot为系统总不可逆损失,kJ/kg;W为压缩机的比功,kJ/kg。
在单级循环系统模型中,蒸发温度(Te)、气冷器出口温度(Tgc)和环境温度为初始输入参数。首先,假设一个较低的高压值,并通过热力学模型计算出系统的COP。然后,高压值以1 kPa的步长持续增加,并计算每个高压值所对应的COP。通过比较,当出现最大COP时,所对应的高压即为最优高压。
对于双级循环系统模型,采用双迭代法来计算高压和中间压力的最佳组合。首先,假设较低的高压和中间压力值,并通过热力学模型计算出系统COP。然后,在高压值不变的情况下,中间压力值以1 kPa的步长持续增加,比较每个高压和中间压力的组合所对应的COP,当最大COP出现时,得到与目前高压值对应的最优中间压力。随后,高压按1 kPa步长不断增加,其中,每个高压都重复上述计算过程。使用上述计算方法,可以得到与每个高压和中间压力组合相对应的COP值,其中,最大COP值对应的高压和中间压力组合就是最优组合。具体的研究流程如图3所示。在计算过程中,各点的状态参数由REFPROP 10.0获得[22-23]。
为了更好地比较CO2单级循环、CO2双级循环、CO2/R41单级循环、CO2/R41双级循环的性能优劣,选取较宽的温度范围(-10 ℃≤Te≤0 ℃,37 ℃≤Tgc≤45 ℃),对4种循环进行详细的性能评估和比较。
“Sarkar”关联式是目前用于计算CO2跨临界循环最优高压的经典关联式[19],本文采用“Sarkar”关联式来验证单级循环模型中最优高压预测的准确性。将“Sarkar”关联式的计算结果(Popt,Sarkar)与模型预测结果(Popt,model)进行分析比较,结果如表1所示。同时,为了进一步验证单级循环模型的准确性,将模型得到的预测结果与文献[24]中同工况下的试验结果作比较,结果如表2所示。从表1可以看出,单级循环模型预测的最大误差小于1.2%,从表2可以看出,单级循环模型预测最大误差小于3.37%,这表明所建立的CO2跨临界单级循环最优高压预测模型具有较高的精度。
为了验证双级循环模型的准确性,将模型得到的预测结果与文献[25]中同工况下的试验结果进行比较。在Te=0 ℃,Tgc=35 ℃的同一工况下,对双迭代法预测模型得到的结果与试验结果进行了比较,如表3所示。可以看出,关于最优高压和最优中间压力的预测误差非常小,分别只有0.69%和3.7%,表明利用该模型进行模拟研究具有足够的准确性。
排气温度是制冷/热泵系统的一个重要的性能参数,过高的排气温度会影响压缩机的安全性。图4示出4种循环系统中,压缩机的排气温度随Te和Tgc的变化情况。可以看出,Te和Tgc的变化对系统排气温度的影响程度不同,Tgc的变化对系统排气温度的影响更大;双级循环可以显著降低循环的排气温度,相比于CO2单级循环,在Te=-10 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃的工况下,CO2双级循环的排气温度降低了61.79 ℃;只改变制冷剂种类对排气温度的影响不大,CO2单级循环的排气温度与CO2/R41单级循环的排气温度在相同情况下相差1.2 ℃,CO2双级循环的排气温度与CO2/R41双级循环的排气温度在相同情况下也仅相差1.25 ℃。
图5示出4种循环系统最优高压随Te和Tgc的变化情况。可以看出,无论是单级循环还是双级循环,CO2/R41混合工质循环的最优高压明显低于纯CO2循环,在Te=-2 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃的工况下,CO2/R41双级循环比CO2双级循环的最优高压降低了20.96%。上述结果表明,CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂可以显著降低系统的工作压力,有利于提高制冷系统的安全性。而循环方式的改变对系统最优高压影响不大,CO2/R41单、双级循环的最优高压仅相差0.09 MPa。
图6示出在4种循环系统中,单位制热量随Te和Tgc的变化情况。可以明显看出,改变循环方式对系统的单位制热量的影响并不大,而用CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂代替CO2制冷剂可以很大程度上提升系统的单位制热量。在Te=-10 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃的工况下,CO2/R41单级循环的单位制热量比CO2/R41双级循环增加了2.12%,CO2单级循环的单位制热量比CO2双级循环提高了2.26%;CO2/R41单级循环的单位制热量比CO2单级循环增加了19.52%,CO2/R41双级循环的单位制热量比CO2双级循环提高了19.68%。
图7示出了4种循环系统中,单位功耗随Te和Tgc的变化情况。
从图中可以看出,压缩机的功耗随着Tgc的增大和Te的减少而增大,且Tgc变化对压缩机功耗的影响更大。与CO2单级循环相比,双级循环可以降低压缩机功耗,而CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂提高了系统的压缩机功耗。当Te=-10 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃时,相比于CO2单级循环系统,CO2双级循环系统压缩机功耗降低了6.23%,CO2/R41双级循环系统压缩机功耗升高了8.36%,CO2/R41单级循环系统压缩机功耗升高了14.57%。
图8示出4种循环系统中,系统COP随Te和Tgc的变化情况。由图可见,COP从大到小依次是CO2/R41双级循环、CO2双级循环、CO2/R41单级循环和CO2单级循环。当Te=-2 ℃,Tgc=37 ℃时,CO2/R41双级循环的COP分别比CO2双级循环、CO2/R41单级循环和CO2单级循环系统提高了5.32%,7.49%和15.24%。因此,CO2双级循环和采用CO2/R41制冷剂代替CO2制冷剂都可以提高系统COP,且两者结合可以最大程度上提高系统性能。
图9示出4种循环系统中,㶲效率随Te和Tgc的变化情况。
从图中可以看出,当Te=-2 ℃,Tgc=37 ℃时,CO2双级循环的㶲效率比CO2单级循环降低了25.43%,CO2/R41双级循环的㶲效率比CO2/R41单级循环降低了21.18%,这是因为双级循环系统相较于单级循环系统中增加了中间冷却器,不可逆损失增加,㶲效率降低。而CO2/R41单/双级系统的㶲效率比CO2单/双级系统分别提高2.15%和2.89%,这是因为CO2/R41单/双级系统的排气温度低于CO2单/双级系统,在相同的进出口水温的条件下,不可逆损失降低,㶲效率增加。因此,使用CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂有利于㶲效率的提升。
在空气源热泵热水器系统中,不可逆损失对系统性能有重要影响。研究和分析系统各部件的不可逆损失是优化系统性能的重要部分。图10示出在Te=-6 ℃,Tgc=39 ℃的工况下,4种循环系统各个部件的不可逆损失占比。
从图中可以看出,相较于CO2单级循环系统,CO2/R41单级循环的各部件的不可逆损失变化较小,而双级循环系统中的气冷器不可逆损失显著降低,这是因为双级循环降低了系统排气温度所致。回热器的不可逆损失明显增加,根本原因是因为回热器两端换热温差变大。此外,4种系统的毛细管不可逆损失都较大,这是因为节流过程中制冷剂从超临界区被节流到两相区,节流压降较大,从而产生了较大的不可逆损失。
(1)构建的双迭代法热力学模型能够准确预测CO2跨临界双级循环的高压和中间压力的最优组合,预测误差小于3.7%。
(2)双级循环的排气温度低于单级循环,在Te=-10 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃工况下,CO2双级循环排气温度比CO2单级循环降低了61.79 ℃;CO2/R41双级循环比CO2/R41单级循环降低了60.59 ℃。因此,采用双级循环代替简单的单级循环可以有效地降低压缩机的排气温度。
(3)CO2/R41系统的最优高压低于CO2系统,在Te=-2 ℃,Tgc=45 ℃工况下,CO2/R41双级循环比CO2双级循环的最优高压降低了20.96%;CO2/R41单级循环比CO2单级循环的最优高压降低了20.50%。因此,CO2/R41共沸混合制冷剂可以显著降低系统最优高压,提高了系统的安全性。
(4)CO2/R41双级循环结合了双级循环和CO2/R41共沸制冷剂的优势,从而更大程度地提高系统性能;CO2/R41双级循环COP最高为4.16,显著优于CO2/R41单级循环(3.95)、CO2双级循环(3.87)和CO2单级循环(3.61);CO2/R41双级循环最大单位制热量为295.42 kJ/kg,略低于CO2/R41单级循环(301.68 kJ/kg),但远高于CO2双级循环(246.84 kJ/kg)和CO2单级循环(252.41 kJ/kg)。
(5)R41的加入对CO2跨临界循环系统中各部件的不可逆损失率影响较小,在4种循环系统中,毛细管的不可逆损失占比都较大。
(6)CO2/R41双级循环具有最高的COP和较高的单位制热量,同时排气温度和工作压力较低,具有良好的应用前景。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.006
  • 接收时间:2025-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-26
  • 修回日期:2026-02-15
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    安徽工业大学 建筑工程学院,安徽 马鞍山 243002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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