Article(id=1320037699340321674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=1766937600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651112637, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651112637, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651112637, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651112637, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037688510628614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651110055, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656236652, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037699520676747, articleId=1320037699340321674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Study on labyrinth seal optimization for improving efficiency of aviation fuel centrifugal pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the conflicting characteristics between labyrinth seal leakage and friction power consumption,a collaborative optimization study of key parameters was carried out to improve the efficiency of aviation fuel centrifugal pumps.Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the influence mechanisms of key variables such as seal length,number of teeth,and surface roughness on leakage characteristics and power consumption characteristics were revealed.The results show that changing a single parameter leads to a trade‑off between leakage flow rate and friction power consumption,so finding the optimal balance point is necessary.Accordingly,an orthogonal experimental design was adopted to quantify the sensitivity of the coupled effects of key parameters on both leakage and power consumption,and a collaborative optimization method aiming for optimal overall efficiency was established.The obtained optimal seal parameter combination is a seal ring length of 12 mm,a wear ring length of 14 mm,and a roughness Ra of 3.2 μm for both.Experimental verification shows that this optimization scheme effectively improves centrifugal pump performance.In the high‑efficiency operating range (0.8Qd~1.2Qd),the relative efficiency is increased by an average of 5.5%,and overall the relative efficiency improvement exceeds 5%.This study provides theoretical support for the design of high‑performance,low‑power aviation fuel centrifugal pumps,and offers a reference for the application of labyrinth seals in other high‑performance fluid machinery.

, authors=Chunmei WEI1, 2, Le ZHI3, Jiann CUI1, 2, Long YUAN1, 2, Bo WANG3, authorsList=Chunmei WEI, Le ZHI, Jiann CUI, Long YUAN, Bo WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037701890458536, articleId=1320037699340321674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=迷宫密封优化提升航空燃油离心泵效率研究, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对迷宫密封泄漏量与摩擦功耗的矛盾特性问题,开展了关键参数的协同优化研究,以提高航空燃油离心泵效率。通过理论分析与数值模拟,揭示了密封长度、齿数及表面粗糙度等关键变量对泄漏特性和功耗特性的影响机制。结果表明,单一参数的变动将引起泄漏量和摩擦功耗此消彼长的矛盾结果,因此需要寻找最佳平衡点。据此,采用正交试验设计,量化了关键参数耦合作用对泄漏量和功耗双因素的敏感度,并确立了以综合效率最优为目标的协同优化方法;获得的最优密封参数组合为密封环处长度12 mm、口环处长度14 mm,粗糙度Ra均为3.2 μm。经过试验验证,该优化方案有效提升了离心泵性能,在高效工况区(0.8Qd~1.2Qd)相对效率平均提升5.5%,整体上相对效率提升超过5%。研究为高性能、低功耗航空燃油离心泵的设计提供了理论支撑,同时为迷宫密封在其他高性能流体机械中的应用提供参考。

, authors=魏春梅1, 2, 支乐3, 崔建1, 2, 袁龙1, 2, 王博3, authorsList=魏春梅, 支乐, 崔建, 袁龙, 王博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

魏春梅(1987),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事航空发动机燃油附件及空天特种泵设计研究工作,通信地址:710077陕西省西安市大庆路750号中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xLkWAVM89du7XrW26V81JQ==, magXml=Ng6KZ+sSkDfb2emFebloJw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=D75eEpsywrsUJO0yyG6IQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Zn6OVqierU8mPRhRNwod4A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037702360220595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=569981525@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037702444106678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, authorId=1320037702360220595, language=EN, stringName=Chunmei WEI, firstName=Chunmei, middleName=null, lastName=WEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1AECC Xi'an Aero-Engine Controls Technology Co.,Ltd.,Xi'an 710077,China
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魏春梅(1987),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事航空发动机燃油附件及空天特种泵设计研究工作,通信地址:710077陕西省西安市大庆路750号中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,E-mail:。

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魏春梅(1987),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事航空发动机燃油附件及空天特种泵设计研究工作,通信地址:710077陕西省西安市大庆路750号中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,E-mail:。

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(a)原型泵  (b)优化泵

, figureFileSmall=UzzqE0Yun+DW+Zc2vQ9RQg==, figureFileBig=ZDr0qe1sB9q1nc5dxV1i7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037707556963306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Velocity distribution contour on pump axialcross‑section, figureFileSmall=FMYzwvAH8Jtaiaw8CcuCjQ==, figureFileBig=HOYQgp0/Kyv5C/zmwxe/2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037707632460779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=图10, caption=泵轴向截面速度分布云图

(a)原型泵  (b)优化泵

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(a)原型泵  (b)优化泵

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(a)原叶轮  (b)优化叶轮

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Initial geometric parameters

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参数数值
进出口段长度a/mm1
槽宽s/mm0.7
深度h/mm0.7
密封直径Dm/mm60
密封间隙b/mm0.2
齿数Z5
密封长度L/mm10
槽间距g/mm1.125
), ArticleFig(id=1320037709943522293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
进出口段长度a/mm1
槽宽s/mm0.7
深度h/mm0.7
密封直径Dm/mm60
密封间隙b/mm0.2
齿数Z5
密封长度L/mm10
槽间距g/mm1.125
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710027408374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Medium material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
温度/℃120
密度/(kg⋅m-3)703
运动黏度/(mm2⋅s-1)0.55
定压比热(0.1 MPa)/(J⋅kg-1⋅K-1)2 456
饱和蒸气压/kPa40
汽化潜热(0.1 MPa)/(kJ⋅kg-1)315
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710128071671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

介质物料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
温度/℃120
密度/(kg⋅m-3)703
运动黏度/(mm2⋅s-1)0.55
定压比热(0.1 MPa)/(J⋅kg-1⋅K-1)2 456
饱和蒸气压/kPa40
汽化潜热(0.1 MPa)/(kJ⋅kg-1)315
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710211957752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Relationship between manufacturing method andsurface roughness Ra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目加工方法
镗、镗磨铰、精磨、刮精车或精镗,中等磨光粗车、铣削、钻削
Ra/μm0.20.4,0.81.6,3.26.3,12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710287455225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

加工方法与表面粗糙度Ra的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目加工方法
镗、镗磨铰、精磨、刮精车或精镗,中等磨光粗车、铣削、钻削
Ra/μm0.20.4,0.81.6,3.26.3,12.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710375535610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Factor levels for orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A/mmB/μmC/mmD/μm
1106.3126.3
2123.2143.2
3141.6161.6
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710446838779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平A/mmB/μmC/mmD/μm
1106.3126.3
2123.2143.2
3141.6161.6
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710534919164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Factor levels for orthogonal test of labyrinth seal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号密封环口环
ABΔη/%CDΔη/%
1A1B13.87C1D17.34
2A1B24.52C1D26.92
3A1B34.05C1D38.13
4A2B14.23C2D18.18
5A2B24.62C2D28.56
6A2B34.28C2D38.13
7A3B13.87C3D17.26
8A3B24.54C3D27.72
9A3B34.38C3D37.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710631388157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

迷宫密封正交试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号密封环口环
ABΔη/%CDΔη/%
1A1B13.87C1D17.34
2A1B24.52C1D26.92
3A1B34.05C1D38.13
4A2B14.23C2D18.18
5A2B24.62C2D28.56
6A2B34.28C2D38.13
7A3B13.87C3D17.26
8A3B24.54C3D27.72
9A3B34.38C3D37.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710706885630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Optimal structural parameters of labyrinth seal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置密封间隙
b/mm
齿数Z密封长度
L/mm
粗糙度
Ra/μm
密封环0.1511123.2
口环13143.2
), ArticleFig(id=1320037710778188799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037699340321674, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

迷宫密封最优结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置密封间隙
b/mm
齿数Z密封长度
L/mm
粗糙度
Ra/μm
密封环0.1511123.2
口环13143.2
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迷宫密封优化提升航空燃油离心泵效率研究
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魏春梅 1, 2 , 支乐 3 , 崔建 1, 2 , 袁龙 1, 2 , 王博 3
流体机械 | 应用技术 2026,54(4): 100-108
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流体机械 |应用技术 2026 , 54 (4) : 100 -108
迷宫密封优化提升航空燃油离心泵效率研究
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魏春梅1, 2 , 支乐3, 崔建1, 2, 袁龙1, 2, 王博3
作者信息
  • 1中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,西安 710077
  • 2陕西省空天动力燃油控制系统重点实验室,西安 710077
  • 3中国人民解放军93170部队,西安 710023
作者简介:

魏春梅(1987),女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事航空发动机燃油附件及空天特种泵设计研究工作,通信地址:710077陕西省西安市大庆路750号中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,E-mail:。

Study on labyrinth seal optimization for improving efficiency of aviation fuel centrifugal pump
Chunmei WEI1, 2 , Le ZHI3, Jiann CUI1, 2, Long YUAN1, 2, Bo WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1AECC Xi'an Aero-Engine Controls Technology Co.,Ltd.,Xi'an 710077,China
  • 2Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power Fuel Control System,Xi'an 710077,China
  • 393170 Unit of the People's Liberation Army,Xi'an 710023,China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.012
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针对迷宫密封泄漏量与摩擦功耗的矛盾特性问题,开展了关键参数的协同优化研究,以提高航空燃油离心泵效率。通过理论分析与数值模拟,揭示了密封长度、齿数及表面粗糙度等关键变量对泄漏特性和功耗特性的影响机制。结果表明,单一参数的变动将引起泄漏量和摩擦功耗此消彼长的矛盾结果,因此需要寻找最佳平衡点。据此,采用正交试验设计,量化了关键参数耦合作用对泄漏量和功耗双因素的敏感度,并确立了以综合效率最优为目标的协同优化方法;获得的最优密封参数组合为密封环处长度12 mm、口环处长度14 mm,粗糙度Ra均为3.2 μm。经过试验验证,该优化方案有效提升了离心泵性能,在高效工况区(0.8Qd~1.2Qd)相对效率平均提升5.5%,整体上相对效率提升超过5%。研究为高性能、低功耗航空燃油离心泵的设计提供了理论支撑,同时为迷宫密封在其他高性能流体机械中的应用提供参考。

泄漏控制  /  摩擦功耗  /  多因素约束条件  /  正交试验

To address the conflicting characteristics between labyrinth seal leakage and friction power consumption,a collaborative optimization study of key parameters was carried out to improve the efficiency of aviation fuel centrifugal pumps.Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the influence mechanisms of key variables such as seal length,number of teeth,and surface roughness on leakage characteristics and power consumption characteristics were revealed.The results show that changing a single parameter leads to a trade‑off between leakage flow rate and friction power consumption,so finding the optimal balance point is necessary.Accordingly,an orthogonal experimental design was adopted to quantify the sensitivity of the coupled effects of key parameters on both leakage and power consumption,and a collaborative optimization method aiming for optimal overall efficiency was established.The obtained optimal seal parameter combination is a seal ring length of 12 mm,a wear ring length of 14 mm,and a roughness Ra of 3.2 μm for both.Experimental verification shows that this optimization scheme effectively improves centrifugal pump performance.In the high‑efficiency operating range (0.8Qd~1.2Qd),the relative efficiency is increased by an average of 5.5%,and overall the relative efficiency improvement exceeds 5%.This study provides theoretical support for the design of high‑performance,low‑power aviation fuel centrifugal pumps,and offers a reference for the application of labyrinth seals in other high‑performance fluid machinery.

leakage control  /  friction power consumption  /  multi‑factor constraints  /  orthogonal test
魏春梅, 支乐, 崔建, 袁龙, 王博. 迷宫密封优化提升航空燃油离心泵效率研究. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (4) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.012
Chunmei WEI, Le ZHI, Jiann CUI, Long YUAN, Bo WANG. Study on labyrinth seal optimization for improving efficiency of aviation fuel centrifugal pump[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (4) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.012
随着航空发动机推重比与热效率的持续提升,热管理系统面临着愈加严苛的挑战。作为发动机热沉介质,燃油需要在燃烧前吸收大量热量以冷却高温部件,导致航空燃油离心泵入口温度显著升高,工作环境逼近传统材料的耐温极限[1-3]。作为发动机燃油系统的核心动力部件,燃油泵属于出口节流式的变量泵,需在高温、高压及宽流量工况下维持高效运行[4]。然而,根据离心泵特性,其在巡航或慢车等低需油工况时效率急剧下降,内部产生大量泄漏,造成功耗增加,加剧了泵体热累积。随着温度升高,燃油黏度下降、饱和蒸汽压升高、密封结构性能下降等问题日益突出,同时加剧了摩擦部件磨损、部件寿命降低、密封失效和汽蚀风险等可靠性问题。这一矛盾迫使燃油泵设计向耐高温材料与复杂冷却结构聚焦,不仅增加了制造成本,还可能导致系统重量增加与可靠性的恶化。因此,以降耗提效为关键目标对燃油离心泵开展关键技术攻关,成为解决约束燃油系统热管理能力提升难题的迫切需求[5-11]。
AUGUSTO等[12]通过对迷宫密封开展数值模拟研究,评估了热传递及黏性耗散对机械损失的影响。ZHANG等[13]采用计算流体力学方法,讨论了旋涡制动器迷宫密封几何参数对密封内部流场的影响及其旋翼动力性能有效性。ZHOU等[14]探究了错列螺旋齿结构压差、密封间隙、偏心率和齿数等对密封特性的影响。ZHANG等[15]则提出一种孔型膜片式迷宫密封结构,其刚度和阻尼系数相比传统迷宫密封提高70%以上。李小兵等[16]探究不同形式密封结构的泄漏量、密封内流等特性,得出迷宫密封结构的性能最好,泄漏量最大相差34%。黄彬彬等[17]基于正交试验法对叶轮开展数值模拟和参数优化设计,扬程提高约0.45 m,效率提高0.86%。高羡明等[18]利用数值模拟和构建代理模型对迷宫密封的泄漏行为开展了研究,求得最优解对应的参数所对应泄漏量减小了47%,出口最大速度降低了36%。优化密封结构对提升全工况效率、降低系统热负荷具有重要的工程价值。然而,现有研究多聚焦于泄漏量的单方面因素控制,较少考虑泄漏量与摩擦功耗的多因素协同优化问题。
本文以提高航空燃油离心泵效率为目标,重点研究迷宫密封表面粗糙度、密封长度及齿数等关键参数对系统性能的影响。通过单变量试验揭示各参数对泄漏特性与功耗特性的独立作用规律,并基于矛盾曲线分析与正交试验设计结合,量化多参数耦合作用对泄漏量和功耗双因素的敏感度,以提升航空燃油离心泵效率,为高可靠性、低功耗航空燃油离心泵的设计提供理论支撑。
迷宫密封是一种结构简单的非接触式密封,其工作原理是将流体引入到齿槽中,形成交替的大齿腔、小间隙结构。流体以一定压力进入迷宫密封小间隙结构时,其流动过程近似于理想节流过程,其压力及温度均下降,而流速增加;进入大齿腔时,流体处于高度湍流状态,小尺度的涡流在腔室内耗散动能,湍流提升了动能转化为内能的效率[19-21]。如此交替的流体动能迅速扩散,从而降低动能携带效应,实现阻止介质向外泄漏。其内部流动见图1。
泄漏量q计算式如下:
q=μFm2gHm
μ=1/1+0.5ζ+∑(λL/b)+Z(a1+0.5ζb1)
式中,μ为流量系数;Fm为密封环间隙的过流端面面积,m2,Fm=Dmπb;Dm为密封直径,m;b为密封环间隙,m;g为重力加速度,m/s2;Hm为间隙两端的压力差,Pa;ζ为密封环间隙进口圆角系数,一般取ζ=0.25~0.45;λ为阻力系数,其与表面粗糙度Ra密切相关,Ra越大、λ取值越大,一般取λ=0.04~0.06;L为密封有效长度,m;Z为齿数;a1为出口阻力系数,取a1=0.20~0.29[22];b1为进口阻力系数,取b1=0.10~0.16。
摩擦功耗是迷宫密封在流体介质中因摩擦和涡流产生的能量损耗。在迷宫密封中,圆盘与密封结构相互作用,产生额外的功耗损失。
迷宫密封摩擦阻力f'计算式如下:
=λγ(Dmω/2)22gπLDm
式中,γ为液体的重度,N/m3;ω为角速度,rad/s,ω=2πn/60;n为转速,r/min。
当迷宫密封旋转时,密封表面所受摩擦力矩M:
M=f 'Dm2=λγω28gπLDm4
式中,M为密封表面所受摩擦力矩,N⋅m。
由此计算迷宫密封摩擦功耗P:
P=M
在航空发动机燃油离心泵迷宫密封设计中,泄漏量和摩擦功耗的矛盾效应相互制约着效率的提升。通过对密封结构参数分析和公式推导,可明确关键设计变量间的冲突机制:首先,密封长度L的延长增加了流道阻力,进而减少了泄漏,其与功耗呈线性正相关;其次,表面粗糙度Ra的增大会提升阻力系数λ,进而抑制泄漏,但粗糙壁面会显著增强湍流脉动,使摩擦功耗随Ra升高同步增大。L与Ra均呈现“降泄漏-增功耗”的冲突特性;齿数Z的增加有效降低了流量系数,抑制泄漏,但多齿对功耗影响尚未明晰,需进行进一步研究;密封间隙b决定了流通面积,减小密封间隙可显著减少泄漏量q,对摩擦功耗P的影响尚未明确。
各结构参数对密封泄漏与摩擦功耗的影响机理尚未明晰,流体的运动、交互作用极其复杂,影响与制约因素较多,难以单纯用理论计算来准确预估泄漏量,因此,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,开展单参数下迷宫密封泄漏量与功耗特性研究。
以某离心泵迷宫密封结构为基础,构建对应的迷宫密封流域数值模型,并将其作为研究对象开展相关分析。迷宫密封结构如图2所示,初始几何参数见表1。
对迷宫密封流域采用非结构化网格进行划分。为避免所使用的网格导致计算结果产生偏差,对数值计算进行网格无关性验证,结果如图3所示。从图可见,当网格数量加密至30万以上时,已满足网格无关性要求,综合考虑计算资源和计算精度,选择网格数为34万进行后续计算。仿真的计算域采用k-ε湍流模型,方程离散方式采用二阶迎风格式。边界条件采用多重坐标系,设置进口、出口、旋转壁面、固定壁面共4个部分。动静耦合交界面采用动网格技术,动静固壁面采用无滑移边界条件,近壁面区域采用标准壁面函数处理,经过时间步长无关性检验,监测流场变量的残差值小于1×10-4[17]。流体介质选择航空煤油,物料参数见表2。
在迷宫密封设计中,密封长度L对泄漏量q和摩擦功耗P的影响呈现显著的耦合特性(见图4)。随着L增加,q呈显著递减趋势,这主要归因于流道阻力的增加有效抑制了燃油泄漏。由图4可知,当L从10 mm增加至20 mm时,泄漏量q可减少约17.85%。然而,密封长度的增加同时导致摩擦功耗P呈线性增长,这是由于密封界面接触面积的扩大,加剧了燃油与壁面的剪切耗散效应。同时还可以看出,当L>13 mm时,P增长速率呈现明显减缓趋势,这为优化设计提供了重要依据。本案例中,建议将L控制在10~13 mm,可在保证密封性能的同时,实现功耗的有效控制。
对于高转速泵,密封长度的增加会带来2个关键问题:(1)轴向跨距的增大会导致转子临界转速降低,影响轴系稳定性;(2)由于航空燃油离心泵叶轮普遍采用悬臂支撑结构,密封长度的增加加剧了叶轮端部摆动量,这将直接影响轴承寿命和系统可靠性。因此,迷宫密封长度的优化设计,需要在泄漏控制、功耗优化与结构稳定性之间寻求平衡点。
迷宫密封设计中,齿数是影响泄漏量和摩擦功耗的关键参数之一。在固定密封长度下,齿数与泄漏量和功耗呈线性关系,如图5所示。随着齿数Z的增加,虽然齿尖剪切效应增强,但由于有效摩擦接触面积减小,摩擦功耗P呈现下降趋势。以两齿结构为基准,当齿数增加至7时,泄漏量显著降低27.6%,同时功耗下降17.6%。这一现象表明,适当增加齿数不仅能有效控制泄漏,还能降低摩擦功耗。因此,在给定密封长度约束下,应采用最大齿数设计原则以优化密封效果。
图6示出含最大齿数的密封长度与泄漏量和功耗的关系。可以看出,随着密封长度(含最大齿数)的增加,泄漏量呈指数衰减趋势,衰减速率逐渐趋缓;而功耗则随着密封长度(含最大齿数)的增加呈现近似线性增长。因此,迷宫密封长度参数设计,需在泄漏抑制效果与摩擦功耗水平之间进行综合权衡。
图7示出间隙尺寸与泄漏量、功耗的关系。当间隙b≤0.15 mm时,泄漏量随间隙增加缓慢上升;当b>0.15 mm时,泄漏量呈现快速线性增长。这种变化趋势主要归因于小间隙条件下,燃油通过截面积的减小和迷宫密封特有的射流-湍流效应显著增强了流阻特性;而随着间隙增大,流阻效应减弱,泄漏量对间隙的敏感性显著增加。在功耗特性方面,间隙的增加降低了流速和摩擦阻力,摩擦功耗基本呈线性上升趋势[23-24]。因此,迷宫密封应在考虑装配工艺性和加工工艺性的前提下,选择较小的密封间隙。
设置迷宫密封壁面粗糙度Ra为0.2,0.4,0.8,1.6,3.2,6.3,12.5 μm,加工方法与Ra的关系见表3。Ra与泄漏量、功耗的关系如图8所示。
由图可以看出,迷宫密封流道内壁粗糙度对系统性能呈现显著的双重效应:随着Ra的增加,泄漏量q呈现先快速下降、后趋于平缓的变化趋势,当Ra从0.8 μm增加至1.6 μm时,泄漏量降低9.59%;与此同时,摩擦功耗随Ra增加呈近似线性增长,相同条件下功耗增加31.6%。值得注意的是,当Ra<0.8 μm时,泄漏量变化趋于平缓,表现出明显的边际效应;而当Ra>0.8 μm时,泄漏量随Ra增加呈指数下降,降幅可达20%以上。
因此,粗糙度的选择需要在泄漏控制与摩擦功耗优化之间取得平衡。建议将Ra控制在1.6~6.3 μm,该设计区间可在保证密封性能的同时,实现加工成本的最优化。
通过以上分析,密封长度和粗糙度表现出泄漏量与摩擦功耗矛盾特性,应聚焦于这2个因素约束条件进一步优化。而齿数以密封长度内可容纳的最大齿数为选择依据;密封间隙以工程需求选取。在离心泵结构中,迷宫密封用于密封环和口环处,其性能对泵的整体效率起重要作用。以密封长度、粗糙度作为试验因素,针对离心泵的迷宫密封结构开展正交试验优化,旨在以泵的总效率最高为目标,探寻最佳的密封结构参数组合,为迷宫密封结构优化设计提供依据[25]。
首先优化密封环处迷宫密封,选取密封环迷宫密封长度为试验因素A、密封环表面粗糙度为试验因素B;再对口环处迷宫密封开展参数优化,选取口环密封长度为试验因素C、口环表面粗糙度为试验因素D。各试验因素均设置3个合理水平,所有试验因素及水平如表4所示,正交试验水平表如表5所示。
以提升离心泵效率为目标,定义效率相对提升值Δη作为优化效果评估指标,设计9组不同试验方案,建立不同密封参数对应的流体域模型,通过数值模拟软件进行流场仿真分析[26-28],优化出最优密封环迷宫密封结构。
基于多参数耦合敏感度分析,通过正交试验优选,得到迷宫密封的最佳参数组合(见表6):密封环处迷宫密封长度为12 mm,口环处迷宫密封长度为14 mm,2处表面粗糙度Ra均为3.2 μm。
采用A2,B2,C2,D2作为关键设计参数,对泵口环和密封环的迷宫密封结构进行优化设计,并建立数值模型,获得优化方案。借助全流道数值模拟,完成优化前后泵内性能特性对比分析。图9示出泵轴向截面的静压分布仿真结果。可以看出,原型泵和优化泵压力分布特征一致,进口区域压力最低,随着流体沿叶轮径向流动,压力逐渐升高,在叶轮外缘达到最大值(约14 MPa)。
相校于原型泵,优化泵①②处的压力明显升高,表明经过迷宫密封的泄漏量减少,流体压力得到恢复,尤其是②处更为明显;同时,③④处的压力阶梯型式变化,密封结构前后介质的压降梯度大,进一步证实优化后密封抑制泄漏效果更佳,容积效率得到提升。
图10示出泵轴向截面的速度分布特性。仿真结果表明,原型泵和优化泵速度分布趋势相近,叶轮进口区域流速较低,沿着叶轮径向逐渐增大,直到叶轮外径边缘达到峰值,流体进入蜗壳后速度降低[29]。同时,相较于原型泵,优化泵在①②③④处的流线更加顺畅、光滑,局部流速明显降低,进一步说明了,降低通过密封结构的泄漏流量,有利于提高容积效率。
图11示出泵轴向截面湍流云图。原型泵叶轮右侧(②处)存在大面积高湍流强度区域,导致显著的能量耗散;优化泵对应区域湍流强度整体降低,高湍流区域面积明显缩小。进一步分析可知,由于通过平衡孔到达图11(b)中①处的流量减小,因此,平衡孔右侧的流域湍流强度同步降低。
由上述分析可知,采用优化迷宫密封结构后,离心泵在泄漏控制、摩擦功耗降低和流场稳定性方面,均取得显著改善。
为了验证迷宫密封结构优化设计的实际效果,加工了迷宫密封最优结构的优化叶轮。图12示出原叶轮和优化叶轮的结构对比。试验装置整体布置如图13所示。该装置主要包括离心泵、压力传感器、流量传感器、传动装置及数据采集系统等部分。试验过程中,通过调节出口阀门开度实现流量调节,调节范围为0.2Qd~1.2Qd(其中,Qd为离心泵额定设计流量),同步测量不同工况下的进出口压力和泵功耗W,并计算泵效率。以无量纲流量比(Q/Qd)为横坐标,以泵效率η和泵功耗W为纵坐标,绘制泵的外特性曲线,结果如图14所示。
试验结果表明,优化泵的效率显著提高,在大流量工况(1.2Qd)时,效率相对原型泵提升了4.6%;在小流量工况(0.2Qd)时,效率相对提升了7.9%,泵功耗降低了2.93%。此次优化有效提升了离心泵性能,其在高效工况区(0.8Qd~1.2Qd),相对效率平均提升5.5%,整体上相对效率提升超过5%,泵功耗曲线整体下移,表明泵内机械损失有效降低。
研究结果不仅验证了优化参数的科学性,还为迷宫密封在航空发动机上的应用提供了重要依据[16]。同时,降低了泵的功耗,减少了不必要的热量累积,提升了燃油系统的热管理能力,增强了系统可靠性,满足了航空发动机复杂工况的需求。
(1)密封长度增加会导致泄漏量呈指数衰减,但同时引起摩擦功耗线性增长,密封长度控制在10~13 mm最佳;给定密封长度约束下,当齿数增加至最大7时,泄漏量显著降低27.6%、功耗下降17.6%,齿数设计应采用最大齿数设计原则;密封间隙存在临界值,超过该值后泄漏量增长率显著提高,摩擦功耗则随间隙增大基本呈线性上升;泄漏量对表面粗糙度增加呈现先快速下降、后趋于平缓的变化趋势,而摩擦功耗随粗糙度增加呈近似线性增长,在Ra为1.6~6.3 μm时,可保证密封性能,摩擦功耗增长也可控制在15%以内。
(2)基于单变量分析所揭示的各参数作用机制,以间隙固定为0.15 mm、齿数采用相应最大值为基础,开展了正交试验设计,量化了多参数耦合作用对泄漏量和功耗的敏感度,最终确定优化后密封环处长度12 mm、口环处长度14 mm,粗糙度Ra均为3.2 μm。
(3)基于最佳迷宫密封参数组合加工优化叶轮,与原型泵开展对比试验。该方案使离心泵效率相对提升了5%以上,在高效工况区(0.8Qd~1.2Qd),相对效率平均提升5.5%。该方法突破了传统迷宫密封单因素优化的局限性,建立了迷宫密封多因素约束条件协同设计准则,为航空燃油泵密封设计提供了可移植的快速优化途径。
(4)研究成果显著降低了密封功耗占比,有效缓解了系统热负荷,提高了运行效率,对降低发动机热管理需求、提高系统可靠性具有重要的工程价值,同时可为航空发动机燃油系统性能优化提供新的技术解决方案。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.012
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
  • 修回日期:2025-12-29
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    1中国航发西安动力控制科技有限公司,西安 710077
    2陕西省空天动力燃油控制系统重点实验室,西安 710077
    3中国人民解放军93170部队,西安 710023
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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