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Article(id=1319293480208290142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293303430955712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473676969, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473676969, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473676969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473676969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293303430955712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473634822, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473634822, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293480392839519, articleId=1319293480208290142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Optimization of fan‑wall airflow distribution in data centers, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the issue of uneven air supply in data center fan‑wall air supply systems，a numerical model was established using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation technology.The model was validated using measured data.Based on this validated model，an optimization study on airflow distribution in the data center was conducted for the air supply system.The impacts of optimization schemes，such as optimizing the air supply angle and adding rack inlet deflectors，on indicators such as the maximum inlet temperature of IT equipment，the average inlet temperature rise of risk racks，and the return air temperature index were analyzed systematically.The results show that optimizing the air supply angle and adding rack inlet deflectors can enhance the uniformity of airflow distribution；among which，when a 100 mm-wide，30°-inclined rack inlet deflector is used，the average inlet temperature rise of risk racks is significantly reduced by 0.81 °C，and the temperature uniformity in the equipment room is optimal.In contrast，reconfiguring the positions of air supply outlets does not optimize the airflow distribution in the data center.This research can provide a reference for the design of fan‑wall air supply systems.

, authors=Yuce LIU1, Chaohui ZHOU1, Yue HU1, Huiheng LUO1, Wei HE2, Rui HUA2, Hongyun YANG3, Jinghua YU3, Yexing SHE3, Ruimin ZHANG3, authorsList=Yuce LIU, Chaohui ZHOU, Yue HU, Huiheng LUO, Wei HE, Rui HUA, Hongyun YANG, Jinghua YU, Yexing SHE, Ruimin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinghua YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293483395961200, articleId=1319293480208290142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=数据中心风墙气流组织优化研究, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对数据中心风墙式送风系统存在送风不均匀的问题，采用计算流体动力学（CFD）仿真技术构建数值模型，并通过实测数据验证仿真模型的准确性。基于该验证模型，针对送风系统开展机房气流组织优化研究，系统分析了优化送风角度、增设机架入口导流板等优化方案，对IT设备最大入口温度、风险机架入口平均温升及回风温度指数等指标的影响。研究结果表明，优化送风角度及增设机架入口导流板能够提升气流分布的均匀性；采用100 mm宽、倾斜30°的机架入口导流板时，风险机架的入口平均温升得到显著降低（0.81 ℃），且机房内的温度均匀性最好；重构送风口位置并不能优化机房内的气流组织。研究可为风墙送风系统的设计提供参考。

, authors=刘育策1, 周超辉1, 胡跃1, 罗惠恒1, 贺伟2, 华瑞2, 杨鸿云3, 于靖华3, 折也兴3, 张芮敏3, authorsList=刘育策, 周超辉, 胡跃, 罗惠恒, 贺伟, 华瑞, 杨鸿云, 于靖华, 折也兴, 张芮敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于靖华, authorNote=

刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

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于靖华（1981），女，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为建筑节能、可再生能源利用及室内热环境，通信地址：430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号新苑1栋208，E-mail：。
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刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

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刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic of changing the position of air supply outlets, figureFileSmall=XWlHVdY/bpM+W82pqLK88A==, figureFileBig=yw+IG+g6JOqtN3QqYV1l4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293489825829319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=图8, caption=改变送风口位置示意, figureFileSmall=XWlHVdY/bpM+W82pqLK88A==, figureFileBig=yw+IG+g6JOqtN3QqYV1l4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293489905521096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Evaluation indexes of data center

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目SHIRTIK/℃
定义式 SHI=δQQ+δQ RTI=Tr-TsΔTe×100% K=∑Ti-Tsn
数值说明越接近于0说明冷热气流混合越少，空调的送风效率越高。理想状况RTI=1；RTI>1说明机架以热空气回流现象为主；反之，以冷空气短路为主。理想值为0，K值越小表示空调冷量损失小，产生局部热点的风险越小。
), ArticleFig(id=1319293489976824265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机房气流组织评价指标说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目SHIRTIK/℃
定义式 SHI=δQQ+δQ RTI=Tr-TsΔTe×100% K=∑Ti-Tsn
数值说明越接近于0说明冷热气流混合越少，空调的送风效率越高。理想状况RTI=1；RTI>1说明机架以热空气回流现象为主；反之，以冷空气短路为主。理想值为0，K值越小表示空调冷量损失小，产生局部热点的风险越小。
), ArticleFig(id=1319293490060710346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Temperature of rack inlets，outlets and hot aisles measurement points

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测点测试值/℃模拟值/℃相对误差测点测试值/℃模拟值/℃相对误差
测点124.424.9-2.0%测点1838.238.6-1.0%
测点224.524.9-1.6%测点1933.934.3-1.2%
测点324.824.80测点2038.038.6-1.6%
测点424.824.80测点2135.034.51.4%
测点522.822.32.2%测点2236.736.40.8%
测点623.423.40测点2337.438.1-1.9%
测点724.424.11.2%测点2437.438.1-1.9%
测点824.424.11.2%热通道129.830.4-2.0%
测点924.224.3-0.4%热通道222.623.2-2.7%
测点1024.023.90.4%热通道322.222.7-2.3%
测点1124.224.00.8%热通道421.622.1-2.3%
测点1229.129.2-0.3%热通道520.920.90
测点1328.627.92.4%热通道630.130.10
测点1431.832.6-2.5%热通道724.223.14.5%
测点1530.930.51.3%热通道827.627.02.2%
测点1633.733.9-0.6%热通道922.923.5-2.6%
测点1734.734.02.0%热通道1021.321.01.4%
), ArticleFig(id=1319293490144596427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

机架入口、出口和热通道测点的温度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点测试值/℃模拟值/℃相对误差测点测试值/℃模拟值/℃相对误差
测点124.424.9-2.0%测点1838.238.6-1.0%
测点224.524.9-1.6%测点1933.934.3-1.2%
测点324.824.80测点2038.038.6-1.6%
测点424.824.80测点2135.034.51.4%
测点522.822.32.2%测点2236.736.40.8%
测点623.423.40测点2337.438.1-1.9%
测点724.424.11.2%测点2437.438.1-1.9%
测点824.424.11.2%热通道129.830.4-2.0%
测点924.224.3-0.4%热通道222.623.2-2.7%
测点1024.023.90.4%热通道322.222.7-2.3%
测点1124.224.00.8%热通道421.622.1-2.3%
测点1229.129.2-0.3%热通道520.920.90
测点1328.627.92.4%热通道630.130.10
测点1431.832.6-2.5%热通道724.223.14.5%
测点1530.930.51.3%热通道827.627.02.2%
测点1633.733.9-0.6%热通道922.923.5-2.6%
测点1734.734.02.0%热通道1021.321.01.4%
), ArticleFig(id=1319293490224288204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Air flow distribution evaluation indexes for different air supply angles

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向上送风
角度/（°）		设备最大入口温度/℃设备入口温度
分布方差/℃2		风险机架入口
平均温升/℃		入口温度大于24 ℃的设备数量SHIRTI/%
026.30.512.731620.03796.4
1526.70.522.501730.03996.6
3025.90.402.111340.03996.6
4527.10.362.071050.04096.6
), ArticleFig(id=1319293490303979981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同送风角度的气流组织评价指标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
向上送风
角度/（°）		设备最大入口温度/℃设备入口温度
分布方差/℃2		风险机架入口
平均温升/℃		入口温度大于24 ℃的设备数量SHIRTI/%
026.30.512.731620.03796.4
1526.70.522.501730.03996.6
3025.90.402.111340.03996.6
4527.10.362.071050.04096.6
), ArticleFig(id=1319293490387866062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Air flow distribution evaluation indexes for different rack inlet deflector sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标无导流板宽度/mm导流板角度/（°）
200100100~200梯度递增01530
设备最大入口温度/℃26.326.926.828.128.226.826.4
设备最大入口温度方差/℃20.510.570.420.760.590.420.30
风险机架入口平均温升/℃2.732.912.363.243.062.361.92
入口温度大于24 ℃的设备数量16226312227020512271
SHI0.0370.0430.0380.040.0400.0380.030
RTI/%96.497.496.796.696.696.792.4
), ArticleFig(id=1319293491948147151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同机架入口导流板尺寸的气流组织评价指标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标无导流板宽度/mm导流板角度/（°）
200100100~200梯度递增01530
设备最大入口温度/℃26.326.926.828.128.226.826.4
设备最大入口温度方差/℃20.510.570.420.760.590.420.30
风险机架入口平均温升/℃2.732.912.363.243.062.361.92
入口温度大于24 ℃的设备数量16226312227020512271
SHI0.0370.0430.0380.040.0400.0380.030
RTI/%96.497.496.796.696.696.792.4
), ArticleFig(id=1319293492023644624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Air flow distribution evaluation indexes for different hydrostatic chamber air supply outlets sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
送风口尺寸/m设备最大入口温度/℃设备最大入口温度方差/℃2入口温度大于24℃的设备个数风险机架入口平均温升/℃SHIRTI/%
基础模型26.30.511622.730.03796.4
1.8×1.829.10.672423.090.04696.5
2.1×2.126.80.652422.920.04496.5
2.4×2.428.90.822233.270.04496.6
), ArticleFig(id=1319293492111725009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293480208290142, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同静压箱送风口尺寸的气流组织评价指标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
送风口尺寸/m设备最大入口温度/℃设备最大入口温度方差/℃2入口温度大于24℃的设备个数风险机架入口平均温升/℃SHIRTI/%
基础模型26.30.511622.730.03796.4
1.8×1.829.10.672423.090.04696.5
2.1×2.126.80.652422.920.04496.5
2.4×2.428.90.822233.270.04496.6
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数据中心风墙气流组织优化研究
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刘育策 1 , 周超辉 1 , 胡跃 1 , 罗惠恒 1 , 贺伟 2 , 华瑞 2 , 杨鸿云 3 , 于靖华 3 , 折也兴 3 , 张芮敏 3
流体机械 | 应用技术 2025,53(8): 112-118
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流体机械 |应用技术 2025 , 53 (8) : 112 -118
数据中心风墙气流组织优化研究
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刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

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刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

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刘育策1 , 周超辉1, 胡跃1, 罗惠恒1, 贺伟2, 华瑞2, 杨鸿云3, 于靖华3 , 折也兴3, 张芮敏3
作者信息
  • 1中国长江三峡集团有限公司，武汉 430010
  • 2中国长江电力股份有限公司，北京 100032
  • 3华中科技大学 环境科学与工程学院，武汉 430074
通讯作者:
于靖华（1981），女，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为建筑节能、可再生能源利用及室内热环境，通信地址：430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号新苑1栋208，E-mail：。
作者简介:

刘育策（1993），男，工学博士，工程师，研究方向为数据中心节能运行和气液两相流微细通道高效换热，E-mail：。

Optimization of fan‑wall airflow distribution in data centers
Yuce LIU1 , Chaohui ZHOU1, Yue HU1, Huiheng LUO1, Wei HE2, Rui HUA2, Hongyun YANG3, Jinghua YU3 , Yexing SHE3, Ruimin ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1China Three Gorges Corporation，Wuhan 430010，China
  • 2China Yangtze Power Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 100032，China
  • 3School of Environmental Science & Engineering，Huazhong University of Science and Technology，Wuhan 430074，China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.014
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针对数据中心风墙式送风系统存在送风不均匀的问题，采用计算流体动力学（CFD）仿真技术构建数值模型，并通过实测数据验证仿真模型的准确性。基于该验证模型，针对送风系统开展机房气流组织优化研究，系统分析了优化送风角度、增设机架入口导流板等优化方案，对IT设备最大入口温度、风险机架入口平均温升及回风温度指数等指标的影响。研究结果表明，优化送风角度及增设机架入口导流板能够提升气流分布的均匀性；采用100 mm宽、倾斜30°的机架入口导流板时，风险机架的入口平均温升得到显著降低（0.81 ℃），且机房内的温度均匀性最好；重构送风口位置并不能优化机房内的气流组织。研究可为风墙送风系统的设计提供参考。

数据中心  /  风墙  /  计算流体力学（CFD）  /  气流组织优化  /  温度均匀性

Aiming to address the issue of uneven air supply in data center fan‑wall air supply systems，a numerical model was established using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation technology.The model was validated using measured data.Based on this validated model，an optimization study on airflow distribution in the data center was conducted for the air supply system.The impacts of optimization schemes，such as optimizing the air supply angle and adding rack inlet deflectors，on indicators such as the maximum inlet temperature of IT equipment，the average inlet temperature rise of risk racks，and the return air temperature index were analyzed systematically.The results show that optimizing the air supply angle and adding rack inlet deflectors can enhance the uniformity of airflow distribution；among which，when a 100 mm-wide，30°-inclined rack inlet deflector is used，the average inlet temperature rise of risk racks is significantly reduced by 0.81 °C，and the temperature uniformity in the equipment room is optimal.In contrast，reconfiguring the positions of air supply outlets does not optimize the airflow distribution in the data center.This research can provide a reference for the design of fan‑wall air supply systems.

data centers  /  fan‑wall  /  computational fluid dynamics （CFD）  /  airflow optimization  /  temperature uniformity
刘育策, 周超辉, 胡跃, 罗惠恒, 贺伟, 华瑞, 杨鸿云, 于靖华, 折也兴, 张芮敏. 数据中心风墙气流组织优化研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (8) : 112 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.014
Yuce LIU, Chaohui ZHOU, Yue HU, Huiheng LUO, Wei HE, Rui HUA, Hongyun YANG, Jinghua YU, Yexing SHE, Ruimin ZHANG. Optimization of fan‑wall airflow distribution in data centers[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (8) : 112 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.014
正文
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0　引言
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风墙作为送风方式的一种，因具有较高的空间利用率、热通道封闭送风特性，以及通过提升送回风温度降低空调能耗的优势，近年来在国内数据中心领域得到越来越多的关注和应用［1-5］。采用风墙送风时，机架以背靠背的布局排列并封闭热通道，冷风通过侧墙的送风口水平地送入数据中心内部［6］。相关学者针对列间送风、地板送风等，通过改变空调、机架位置，调整送风参数及加入导流板等策略，研究数据中心气流组织的改善效果［7-9］。对于风墙送风，有学者采用调整机架布局［10］、利用涡流强化技术［11］等策略，研究其气流组织优化效果。
目前，针对风墙送风的研究主要集中在空调机组系统配置［3］、风墙送风距离［12］和设备能耗［13］等方面，而针对气流组织优化以提高其温度均匀性的研究较少。风墙的送风口位于数据中心机房两侧，受机架模块的阻挡，机房内气流分布不均匀：送风口近端的IT设备易出现气流短路和再循环现象，送风口远端的IT设备因送风动能衰减易出现过热现象。通过优化机房内气流组织，可以提高气流分布的均匀性，减少过热风险，同时抑制气流短路与再循环现象，提升冷却效率，对确保数据中心的稳定运行具有重要的实际意义。
本文聚焦于风墙气流组织的优化研究，采用计算流体动力学（CFD）仿真的方法，系统研究风墙送风角度、机架入口导流，以及送风口位置重构3种优化策略对数据中心机房内气流组织与热环境的优化效果。利用风险机架入口平均温升评价局部热点的温度偏离程度，同时提出不同风墙送风方式下机房内气流组织的最优设计方案，可显著提升IT设备的冷却能力与室内温度均匀性，为数据中心风墙送风系统的设计提供参考。
1　研究方法及评价指标
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CFD技术被广泛应用于数据中心等的气流组织研究［14-17］。文中采用CFD软件对数据中心机房的气流分布进行仿真研究，重点分析冷通道机架进风区域是否出现局部热点，进而采取相应措施进行优化。
在分析气流组织的过程中，常见的评价指标包括供热指数SHI、回热指数RHI、机架冷却指数RCI、回风温度指数RTI、掺混指数IOM、热量加权掺混指数HIOM、机架进排风平均温差指标β等［18］。上述指标用于评估数据中心机房环境和机架的冷热隔离效果，对于优化机房布局和提高冷却效率具有重要的指导价值。
SHI，RHI，RCI，RTI用于描述机房整体的热环境及气流组织情况：SHI反映冷通道内气流在进入IT设备之前与周围热空气的混合程度，其与RHI在理想状态下和为1；RCI用于表征机房内机架整体进风温度水平与标准要求值的偏差，在满足规范标准要求时RCI均等于1，因此，该指标难以评价不同方案的气流组织效果；RTI用于评价机架附近气流组织与管理水平。IOM，HIOM和β均用于评价单台机架的热环境及潜在风险，重点关注单台机架冷却表现，难以评估部分位置的机架总体过热的风险。
综上所述，选用SHI，RTI评价机房整体的热环境。此外，利用风险机架入口平均温升K（见表1）评价温高程度，评估部分位置机架总体过热的风险。IT设备的排风温度虽然会因型号和运行状态的差异而有所变化，但并不影响其正常运作。根据标准GB 50174—2017《数据中心设计规范》，当前数据中心主要关注冷通道及机架进风区域的温度状况。本研究统计机房内IT设备的最大进风温度，量化设备群的过热风险极值。同时，基于设备最大进风温度进行方差分析，评估制冷资源分布的均衡性，以及机房冷量分配的均匀性。
2　模型建立及验证
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2.1　研究对象
以湖北省某数据中心为研究对象，建立气流组织数值模型，机房布局示意如图1所示。于2023年11月对该机房的设备运行状况及环境参数进行实地测试，测试结果用于风墙送风应用效果分析及模型准确性验证。
2.2　数学模型
流体力学基本控制方程包括质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程，计算式分别如下：
∂ρ∂t+∇⋅(ρu)=0
∂∂t(ρu)+∇⋅(ρu⋅u)=-∇p+∇⋅τ+ρg
∂(ρe)∂t+∇⋅(ρeu)=λ∇2T+q+Φ
式中，ρ为流体密度，kg/m3；t为时间，s；u为速度矢量，m/s；p为流体静压力，Pa；τ为黏性应力张量，Pa；g为重力加速度，m/s2；e为流体内部能量，通常包括分子的热运动动能和分子间势能，J/kg；λ为流体导热系数，W/（m·K）；T为流体温度，K；q为流体内部热源（或热汇）的体积生成率，W/m3；Φ为由于黏性耗散产生的热能速率，W/m3。
求解时采用标准k-ε湍流模型，并作出以下假设：（1）考虑到机房内是大尺度的气体流动，压力变化范围不大，故假设气体流动符合Boussinesq近似，除流体密度会对动量方程产生影响外，其他方程中流体密度视为常数；（2）室内气体流动视为不可压缩的黏性流体流动；（3）忽略流体内部黏性力做功使机械能变为内能引起的耗散热；（4）机房外围护结构视为绝热，仅考虑内围护结构的传热〔传热系数均为1.74 W/（m2⋅K）〕，忽略人员、灯光对机房环境的影响；（5）机架的发热量视为恒定值；（6）忽略其他障碍物对压力分布的影响。
2.3　网格独立性分析
为了保证模拟结果的准确性，需要进行网格无关性验证。通过软件共生成5种不同数量的网格，目标网格数分别为200万、400万、600万、800万、1 000万，计算结果如图2所示。图中横坐标为测点简称：“冷”“热”分别代表冷、热通道，“机”代表机柜；数字为测点编号；括号内容为测试高度。由图可知，在相同边界条件下，当目标网格数达到800万以上时，计算温度仅存在微小差别。因此，后续模拟分析选用目标网格数为800万。
2.4　实地测试与模型验证
图3示出机房环境温度测点位置分布。将风口温度、风量及IT设备功率等调研数据作为边界条件进行模拟，对比分析模拟结果与现场实际测试值。各测点温度呈现不均匀性，温度范围为20.1~25.7 ℃，模拟值相对测试值的最大误差为-2.1 ℃，88%的测点误差在±1 ℃以内。
表2列出机架入口、出口及热通道温度的测试值和模拟值对比。数据显示，测试中机架入口空气温度为22.8~24.8 ℃（测点1~11），出口空气温度为28.6~38.2 ℃（测点12~24），热通道内测点温度为20.9~30.1 ℃（热通道1~10）。热通道内各测点最大绝对温差为1.1 ℃，平均误差为1.6%，其中，90%测点绝对误差在1 ℃以内。机架入、出口温度测试值与模拟值的最大绝对误差为0.8 ℃，平均误差为1.1%。以上分析表明，该数值模型在数据中心气流组织模拟中具有较高的准确性，可用于后续的模拟研究。
3　气流组织优化
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3.1　边界条件
设置数据中心每个机架功率为3.5 kW，单台机组送风温度为22 ℃，送风量为20 551 m3/h。
3.2　风墙式送风局限性分析
图4（a）示出风墙式送风基础模型（风墙水平送风）的机架最大入口温度分布。研究发现，风墙式送风存在局限性，靠近风墙侧的机架因该处风速过大且流线弯折大而产生负压，导致机架引入冷风受限，IT设备无法得到充分冷却；远离风墙侧机架因距离风口远，可用冷风不足同样导致IT设备无法充分冷却。
3.3　优化设计方案
3.3.1　优化送风角度
在风墙出风口增设宽度为300 mm的5片导流叶片调节送风方向，如图5所示。对比分析导流叶片分别呈水平向上15°，30°和45°这3种倾斜角度对气流组织的改善效果。统计全机房1 932个IT设备的入口温度、60个风险机架〔如图4（a）框中所示〕入口温度及2个房间级指标，结果见表3。
随着叶片角度从15°提高到45°，SHI值及RTI值变化不大，IT设备入口温度分布的方差明显减小，入口温度大于24 ℃的IT设备数量明显减小，机房均匀性逐步提升。如图4（b）所示，当送风角度为向上30°时，机房内机架入口温度分布更为均匀，房间均匀性提升，IT设备最大入口温度值最小。图6（b）示出机房内温度分布，结果表明增设向上30°的导流叶片后，整个机房仍处于较低的温度状态，出风冷量损失不大。冷通道平均温度较水平送风变化较小，约为22.3 ℃。
3.3.2　增设机架入口导流板
在机架入口增添与机架等高的竖向导流板，朝向风墙侧，与机架朝向的夹角为α，如图7所示，研究不同宽度和角度导流板对气流组织的优化效果。
表4列出α为15°时，不同宽度导流板的模拟结果（表中100~200梯度递增，表示导流板宽度随其与风墙距离增加而均匀递增。离风墙最近的导流板宽度为100 mm，离风墙最远的导流板宽度为200 mm）。导流板宽度为100 mm时，IT设备最大入口温度（26.8 ℃）最低，入口温度大于24.0 ℃的IT设备从162减少至122个。
风险机架入口平均温升降低至2.36 ℃，分布方差减小，机房温度均匀性提高。房间气流组织评价指标SHI与RTI的变化均较小。因此，增设宽度为100 mm导流板可明显降低IT设备入口温度，有利于提高机房温度均匀性。增设宽为100 mm、α为30°的导流板后，机架最大入口温度分布如图4（c）所示，机架的最大入口温度（26.4 ℃）最低，风险机架入口平均温升（1.92 ℃）最小，机架入口温度均匀性最好。
机房温度分布如图6（c）所示，随着导流板的加入，冷通道气流阻力增加，中间过道处温度有所增加，但导流板的加入会引导冷风进入机架，显著降低机架的最大入口温度。结果表明，加入机架入口导流板后，冷通道内的温度较原始工况变化较小。
3.3.3　重构送风口位置
通过设置静压箱重新开口的方式重构送风口位置，将送风口正对冷通道设置，如图8所示。
不同静压箱送风口尺寸的气流组织评价指标如表5所示。保证风量不变时，重构送风口位置对气流组织指标影响较小，大部分指标变化较小，但风险机架入口平均温升有所提高，机房温度均匀性降低。这种情况产生的原因是气流直吹冷通道会导致冷通道内流速过大，尤其在靠近风墙侧区域，空气静压较小。热通道内的热气流会在压差的作用下流向冷通道，使IT设备再次吸入热空气形成倒流，进而对机架的冷却效果产生不利的影响。
4　结论
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（1）通过优化风墙送风角度和增设机架入口导流板，可以显著改善气流分布，提高温度分布均匀性，并减少局部热点现象。
（2）当送风角度从0°提高到水平向上30°时，IT设备的入口温度分布更加均匀，风险机架入口平均温升降低0.62 ℃，最大入口温度得到有效控制。当增设宽度为100 mm且旋转角度为30°的机架入口导流板时，机架入口温度显著降低，机架入口平均温升降低0.81 ℃，温度均匀性得到提升。这2种优化措施均提高了数据中心的冷却效率。
（3）重构送风口位置不能优化机房内的气流组织，冷通道内流速过大会抑制机架吸入冷风。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.014
  • 接收时间：2024-09-25
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-25
  • 修回日期：2025-03-17
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    1中国长江三峡集团有限公司，武汉 430010
    2中国长江电力股份有限公司，北京 100032
    3华中科技大学 环境科学与工程学院，武汉 430074

通讯作者:

于靖华（1981），女，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为建筑节能、可再生能源利用及室内热环境，通信地址：430074湖北省武汉市洪山区珞喻路1037号新苑1栋208，E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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