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Article(id=1319293461807874080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293461287780384, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1750953600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473672581, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1761840000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473672581, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473672581, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473672581, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293461287780384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761840000000', pubDateStr='2025-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473672458, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473672458, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293461979840545, articleId=1319293461807874080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Effect of needle shape on performance of adjustable jet pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the performance of the adjustable jet pump，the end protrusion structure of the conventional needle head was changed to a streamlined structure with smooth circular arc connections，in order to reduce the disturbance of the needle to the working fluid.Numerical simulations were conducted for adjustable jet pumps with conventional needles and streamlined needles under different nozzle opening conditions to study the influence of needle shape on energy transfer efficiency and the internal flow field.The results show that compared with the conventional needle，the streamlined needle has a smoother flow channel inside the nozzle，which can better improve the flow conditions of the needle and nozzle，thereby facilitating jet energy transfer；The overall efficiency of the adjustable jet pump in the streamlined injection needle is improved，with an increase of about 2.5% when the nozzle opening is 50.41%，and the relative head loss of the nozzle can be reduced by 5.19%.At the same time，the streamlined injection needle can improve the pressure distribution in the nozzle. Under the conditions of nozzle opening of 50.41% and flow ratio of 0.4，it ensures a minimum negative pressure calculation value of approximately -89 kPa，avoiding that excessively low pressure and cavitation occur inside the nozzle..The research results can provide references and basis for the structural design and performance improvement of adjustable jet pumps.

, authors=Yan ZHANG, Yunliang CHEN, Hui ZHAO, Weining XIANG, authorsList=Yan ZHANG, Yunliang CHEN, Hui ZHAO, Weining XIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunliang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293465675022391, articleId=1319293461807874080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=喷针形状对可调式射流泵性能的影响, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善可调式射流泵性能，将常规喷针头部的末端突起结构改为光滑圆弧连接的流线型结构，以减小喷针对工作流体的扰动。对常规喷针、流线型喷针的可调式射流泵，在不同喷嘴开度工况下进行数值模拟分析，研究喷针形状对其传能效率及内部流场的影响。结果表明，相比于常规喷针，流线型喷针的喷嘴内流道平顺，能够较好地改善喷针、喷嘴过流条件，有助于射流传能；流线型喷针的可调式射流泵总体效率有所提升，在喷嘴开度为50.41%时，效率最大提高约2.5%，喷嘴相对水头损失可减少5.19%；流线型喷针能够较好地改善喷嘴内的压力分布，在喷嘴开度50.41%、流量比0.4工况下，保证最低负压计算值约为-89 kPa，避免喷嘴内压力过低、发生空化。研究结果可为可调式射流泵结构设计、性能改善提供参考和依据。

, authors=张艳, 陈云良, 赵慧, 向伟宁, authorsList=张艳, 陈云良, 赵慧, 向伟宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈云良, authorNote=

张艳（2001），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水利水电工程研究，E-mail：。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈云良（1976），男，博士，教授，主要从事水利水电工程研究，通信地址：610065四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学望江校区水利水电学院，E-mail：。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用，则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊，本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JQYGfdjRXwpC6bW2s5XnaA==, magXml=xZjcAmGFvM9FlAv/Su19/A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vP8ePNu2oauTwwZGLGfeog==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=veQPY7up80lDc7e5pCz78A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293466174144572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhang_yan2001@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293466253836350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, authorId=1319293466174144572, language=EN, stringName=Yan ZHANG, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Water Resource & Hydropower，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610065，China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293466329333823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, authorId=1319293466174144572, language=CN, stringName=张艳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=四川大学 水利水电学院，成都 610065, bio={"content":"

张艳（2001），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水利水电工程研究，E-mail：。

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张艳（2001），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水利水电工程研究，E-mail：。

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caption=Comparison of wall pressure coefficients, figureFileSmall=FG0MJzm+OmV7MXyNK4txHQ==, figureFileBig=fqeWeYQBcEfV38DDW2wL0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293470980817002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=CN, label=图10, caption=壁面压力系数对比, figureFileSmall=FG0MJzm+OmV7MXyNK4txHQ==, figureFileBig=fqeWeYQBcEfV38DDW2wL0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293471085674603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main dimensional parameters of adjustable jet pump

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结构参数数值结构参数数值
吸水管直径Ds/mm80喉嘴距Lc/mm23
喉管直径Dt/mm40喉管长度Lt/mm280
出水管直径Dc/mm80扩散管长度Ld/mm286
吸入室收缩角α/(°)40扩散管扩散角β/(°)8
喷嘴出口直Dj/mm23喷针杆直径dj/mm17
喷针锥角αj/(°)20圆弧半径R/mm150
), ArticleFig(id=1319293471152783468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可调式射流泵主要尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数数值结构参数数值
吸水管直径Ds/mm80喉嘴距Lc/mm23
喉管直径Dt/mm40喉管长度Lt/mm280
出水管直径Dc/mm80扩散管长度Ld/mm286
吸入室收缩角α/(°)40扩散管扩散角β/(°)8
喷嘴出口直Dj/mm23喷针杆直径dj/mm17
喷针锥角αj/(°)20圆弧半径R/mm150
), ArticleFig(id=1319293471228280941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correspondence among needle stroke，nozzle opening and area ratio

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S/mm a0¯/% m
5.1750.416
13.6960.495
23.3275.614
55.531003
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喷针行程、喷嘴开度与面积比的对应关系

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S/mm a0¯/% m
5.1750.416
13.6960.495
23.3275.614
55.531003
), ArticleFig(id=1319293471366692975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Nozzle relative head loss

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流量比q a0¯=50.41% a0¯=60.49% a0¯=75.61% a0¯=100%
常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值
0.29.994.845.157.155.261.894.483.940.541.231.24-0.01
0.410.014.845.177.165.271.894.503.960.541.241.25-0.01
0.610.044.865.187.195.291.904.533.980.551.251.26-0.01
0.810.084.875.217.245.321.924.574.010.561.271.28-0.01
1.010.134.905.237.295.591.704.624.060.561.291.30-0.01
均值10.054.865.197.215.351.864.543.990.551.261.27-0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1319293471467356272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293461807874080, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

喷嘴相对水头损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流量比q a0¯=50.41% a0¯=60.49% a0¯=75.61% a0¯=100%
常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值常规
喷针		流线型
喷针		差值
0.29.994.845.157.155.261.894.483.940.541.231.24-0.01
0.410.014.845.177.165.271.894.503.960.541.241.25-0.01
0.610.044.865.187.195.291.904.533.980.551.251.26-0.01
0.810.084.875.217.245.321.924.574.010.561.271.28-0.01
1.010.134.905.237.295.591.704.624.060.561.291.30-0.01
均值10.054.865.197.215.351.864.543.990.551.261.27-0.01
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喷针形状对可调式射流泵性能的影响
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张艳 , 陈云良 , 赵慧 , 向伟宁
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(10): 46-54
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (10) : 46 -54
喷针形状对可调式射流泵性能的影响
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张艳 , 陈云良 , 赵慧, 向伟宁
作者信息
  • 四川大学 水利水电学院，成都 610065
通讯作者:
陈云良（1976），男，博士，教授，主要从事水利水电工程研究，通信地址：610065四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学望江校区水利水电学院，E-mail：。
作者简介:

张艳（2001），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水利水电工程研究，E-mail：。

Effect of needle shape on performance of adjustable jet pump
Yan ZHANG , Yunliang CHEN , Hui ZHAO, Weining XIANG
Affiliations
  • College of Water Resource & Hydropower，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610065，China
出版时间: 2025-10-31 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.006
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摘要
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为改善可调式射流泵性能，将常规喷针头部的末端突起结构改为光滑圆弧连接的流线型结构，以减小喷针对工作流体的扰动。对常规喷针、流线型喷针的可调式射流泵，在不同喷嘴开度工况下进行数值模拟分析，研究喷针形状对其传能效率及内部流场的影响。结果表明，相比于常规喷针，流线型喷针的喷嘴内流道平顺，能够较好地改善喷针、喷嘴过流条件，有助于射流传能；流线型喷针的可调式射流泵总体效率有所提升，在喷嘴开度为50.41%时，效率最大提高约2.5%，喷嘴相对水头损失可减少5.19%；流线型喷针能够较好地改善喷嘴内的压力分布，在喷嘴开度50.41%、流量比0.4工况下，保证最低负压计算值约为-89 kPa，避免喷嘴内压力过低、发生空化。研究结果可为可调式射流泵结构设计、性能改善提供参考和依据。

可调式射流泵  /  喷针  /  喷嘴开度  /  数值模拟

To improve the performance of the adjustable jet pump，the end protrusion structure of the conventional needle head was changed to a streamlined structure with smooth circular arc connections，in order to reduce the disturbance of the needle to the working fluid.Numerical simulations were conducted for adjustable jet pumps with conventional needles and streamlined needles under different nozzle opening conditions to study the influence of needle shape on energy transfer efficiency and the internal flow field.The results show that compared with the conventional needle，the streamlined needle has a smoother flow channel inside the nozzle，which can better improve the flow conditions of the needle and nozzle，thereby facilitating jet energy transfer；The overall efficiency of the adjustable jet pump in the streamlined injection needle is improved，with an increase of about 2.5% when the nozzle opening is 50.41%，and the relative head loss of the nozzle can be reduced by 5.19%.At the same time，the streamlined injection needle can improve the pressure distribution in the nozzle. Under the conditions of nozzle opening of 50.41% and flow ratio of 0.4，it ensures a minimum negative pressure calculation value of approximately -89 kPa，avoiding that excessively low pressure and cavitation occur inside the nozzle..The research results can provide references and basis for the structural design and performance improvement of adjustable jet pumps.

adjustable jet pump  /  needle  /  nozzle opening  /  numerical simulation
张艳, 陈云良, 赵慧, 向伟宁. 喷针形状对可调式射流泵性能的影响. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (10) : 46 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.006
Yan ZHANG, Yunliang CHEN, Hui ZHAO, Weining XIANG. Effect of needle shape on performance of adjustable jet pump[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (10) : 46 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.006
正文
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0　引言
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射流泵是一种以高速流体作为工作动力，利用湍射流的紊动扩散作用对低速流体进行抽吸、混合和输送的流体机械及混合反应设备。射流泵自身没有运动部件，具有结构简单、密封性好和工作可靠等优点，广泛应用于水利、石油、能源等领域［1-4］。在射流泵工作过程中，有些情况下工作条件变化较大，如进口工作压力、出口压力等。相比于不可调式射流泵，可调式射流泵在工作管中增加了喷针结构，通过改变喷针的位置来调节喷嘴过流面积，从而调整射流泵运行条件，使其更好地满足运行工况变化的需求。
水电站技术供水是可调式射流泵常见的应用场景之一，以上游压力水作为工作液，抽吸下游尾水作为被吸液，两股水流均匀混合后为机组提供冷却水，当上游水位变幅较大时，可以通过改变喷针的位置，相应调整可调式射流泵运行条件，实现稳定供水［5］。近年来，对可调式射流泵的研究逐渐增多［6-9］。程军［10］结合越南儒桂水电站，在可调式射流泵供水系统中设计了一种自适应模糊PID控制器，并验证了有效性与可行性。HAN等［11］通过工程实践分析表明，基于可调式射流泵技术的新型供暖管网系统比传统集中供暖系统更节能、节热，同时还能增强供暖系统的水力稳定性。颜廷俊等［12］提出采用可调射流泵代替低压井管线阀门的方式，将数值模拟与试验结果对比后发现，该方式能够有效缓解海上平台注水开发过程中注水能耗过大的问题。谭文才［13］利用有限体积法和SIMPLE算法对可调式射流泵进行数值模拟，对其内部流动规律和空化现象进行了分析，为优化射流泵结构提供了参考。ZHANG等［14］对6种喷嘴收缩角与五种喷针收缩角的不同组合形式进行数值模拟，分析其性能差异，从而找出最佳组合。浦晖等［15］采用数学公式分析，得出二次型面喷针能够实现可调式射流泵流量的线性调节。龙新平等［16］通过数值模拟与试验数据对比，发现喷针对可调式射流泵的影响随着开度的减小而增大。吴颖东等［17］采用数值模拟方法对可调式射流泵在不同喉嘴距、不同喷针行程下的效率及性能曲线进行分析，结果表明，喷针行程对射流泵的效率有着很大影响。
目前，针对可调式射流泵性能的研究，多聚焦于喷针行程（即喷嘴开度）的影响，而关于喷针形状的研究仍不充分。由于工作液具有流速高、压力大的特点，喷嘴内部结构的细微差异均会对流场产生显著影响，其中喷针形状直接决定射流水力条件。现有可调式射流泵的喷针与喷嘴配合结构借鉴自针阀［18］，为了在喷针行程为零时使喷嘴过流面积归零，以实现完全关闭，喷针头末端通常设计有断面突起。然而，喷针头部的局部突起易导致喷嘴流道流通不畅，对射流产生不利影响；尤其当喷嘴开度较小时，还会出现流态差、易空化等问题。
因此，本文提出将喷针头与喷针杆的衔接处优化为流线型结构，以改善喷嘴射流的水力条件。通过对采用流线型喷针的可调式射流泵开展内部流场数值模拟，并将其性能与采用常规喷针的可调式射流泵进行对比分析，所得结果可为可调式射流泵的结构设计优化与性能提升提供参考依据。
1　模型结构及计算方法
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1.1　可调式射流泵结构
可调式射流泵结构如图1所示，可调式射流泵主要由喷针（喷针杆和喷针头）、喷嘴、工作管、吸水管、吸入室、喉管、扩散管和出水管等组成。可调式与不可调式射流泵在传能原理上一致，高压的工作液流经喷嘴加速后形成高速射流，在吸入室内卷吸低压的被吸液，两股流体在喉管内充分混合后流至扩散管，混合流体在扩散管内减速增压，达到所需流量和压力、由出水管流出。区别在于当实际工况变化时，可调式射流泵能够通过改变喷针的位置来适应工况变化。当工作液压力较大时，通过调小喷嘴开度以减小喷嘴过流面积，面积比相应增大；当工作液压力较小时，通过调大喷嘴开度以增大喷嘴过流面积，面积比相应减小。
常规喷针结构如图2（a）所示。当可调式射流泵停运时，调节喷针行程、喷嘴开度为零，即喷针头末端突起可完全封闭射流。分析结果表明，停运时关闭工作管上的阀门即可，无需通过设计喷针头末端突起来关闭喷嘴；另外，在设计可调式射流泵运行工况范围时，不需要考虑喷嘴开度较小时的工作情况，因为该条件下面积比较大、射流传能效率很低。为此，提出了一种流线型喷针的可调式射流泵，结构如图2（b）所示。喷针头与喷针杆采用光滑的圆弧连接，圆弧段起始于喷针杆末端并与其相切，圆弧段末端与喷针锥线相切，圆弧对应的圆心角为αj/2，圆弧半径R∈［5dj，10dj］。整体呈流线型，保证可调式射流泵能在需要的面积比范围内调节即可，同时改善喷嘴射流的水力条件。
根据文献［19-22］，结合研究分析，文中计算模型采用的结构参数及尺寸见表1。所采用的喉管长径比Lt/Dt=7，喉嘴距与喷嘴出口直径的关系Lc/Dj=1，可调控的面积比范围为Dt2/Dj2≤m<Dt2/Dj2-dj2，喷嘴开度最大时，面积比最小，为3.0，喷嘴开度最小时，面积比最大，为6.7。
1.2　可调式射流泵的性能参数
反映可调式射流泵结构和性能的主要无量纲参数有流量比q、压力比h、效率η、面积比m，另外还有喷嘴开度a0¯、喷针行程S，各参数的定义如下。
流量比，即被吸液流量与工作液流量之比，计算式如下：
q=QsQj
式中，Q为流量；s为被吸液；j为工作液。
压力比，即射流泵压力与工作压力之比，计算式如下：
h=Hc-HsHj-Hs
式中，H为总水头；c为混合液。
效率计算式如下：
η=qh1-h
面积比，即喉管过流断面面积与喷嘴出口处实际过流断面面积之比，计算式如下：
m=AtAj-Aj'
式中，At为喉管过流断面面积；Aj为喷嘴出口断面面积；Aj'为喷嘴出口处喷针断面面积。
喷嘴开度（相对值），即喷嘴出口实际过流面积与喷嘴出口断面面积之比，计算式如下：
a0¯=Aj-Aj'Aj=1-Aj'Aj
定义喷针头末端位于喷嘴出口时喷针行程S为零，此时，常规喷针喷嘴开度为零，流线型喷针喷嘴开度不为零（对应最大面积比）。喷嘴开度随着喷针行程增大（后退移动）而增大，面积比随之减小。喷针行程S、喷嘴开度a0¯与面积比m之间的对应关系如表2所示。
1.3　边界条件及网格划分
相关研究表明，Realizable k-ε模型能较好地预测射流泵的内部流动，且与试验数据吻合较好［23-25］。射流泵内部为有限空间轴对称流动，依照相关研究［26-28］，二维轴对称模型可以满足研究需要。故湍流方程求解选用Realizable k-ε模型，壁面附近采用标准壁面函数进行求解，计算采用二维轴对称模型，以射流泵中心轴为对称边界。
计算区域如图3（a）所示，喉管进口中心设为坐标原点，水流流向设为x轴正方向。工作液进口设为速度进口，被吸液进口设为压力进口，混合液出口设为压力出口，通过改变出口压力，相应改变混合液流量（工作液、被吸液流量之和），从而获得不同的流量比工况。如图3（b）（c）所示，网格划分采用结构化网格，对壁面网格进行加密处理。喷针、喷嘴及其出口附近存在较大的速度梯度和紊动剪切力，所以对该区域网格进行重点加密处理。当喷针行程发生改变后，喷针外围附近网格疏密需相应调整。
1.4　计算模型验证
对比文献［29］进行计算模型验证，将试验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比，如图4所示。计算压力比处于文献计算结果和试验数据之间，整体上偏差较小、基本吻合，说明所采用的可调式射流泵的计算方法及模型是可靠的。
为保证计算效率及计算准确性，开展了网格无关性验证来排除网格数量对计算结果和计算精度的影响。对喷嘴全开、面积比为3的工况进行网格无关性验证，初始时网格数量设置为10.4万，然后对网格分别沿径向和轴向进行加密，提升网格数至16.2万和22.0万。网格无关性验证结果如图5所示，可以看出，16.2万网格数和22.0万网格数时的模拟结果几乎一致，而10.4万网格数的模拟结果与两者相比有明显差异，最终选定约16.2万网格数量进行数值模拟。
2　计算结果分析
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2.1　效率对比
图6示出可调式射流泵在常规喷针与流线型喷针2种结构下，可调式射流泵在不同喷嘴开度下的效率曲线。在较大喷嘴开度（a0¯=75.61%，a0¯=100%）工况下，喷针行程较大，此时，常规喷针头末端的凸起离喷嘴出口相对较远，对射流影响相对较小，因此，二者的效率相差不大。
随着喷嘴开度的减小，流线型喷针的可调式射流泵的效率总体较常规喷针大。在较小喷嘴开度（a0¯为50.41%，60.49%）工况下，喷针行程较小，此时，喷针头末端已完全进入喷嘴中，喷针头的形状直接影响到喷嘴内流场及性能，并且流线型喷针的效率明显高于常规喷针。
综上所述，喷针形状对可调式射流泵的效率存在影响，流线型喷针的可调式射流泵的效率整体要高于常规喷针，最大差值可达到约2.5%。
2.2　流场分析
图7示出在常规喷针与流线型喷针2种结构下，可调式射流泵在a0¯=50.41%（m=6），q=1.2工况时的流场分布。工作液由喷嘴加速射出后，在吸入室、喉管内与被吸液充分混合，从而达到传质传能的目的。从图中可以明显看出，流线型喷针时，射流流场更加均匀，有利于两股流体较快地掺混、传能。由局部放大图①可以看出，常规喷针凸起处流线向中间挤压，该处水流冲击喷针凸起，使得喷嘴内局部水头损失增大。由局部放大图②可以看出，常规喷针的凸起导致喷嘴出口流道收缩、流速增大，同时喷嘴出口平直段附近流向转变较大，导致喷嘴内流场不均匀、喷嘴射流相对较差。流线型喷针时喷嘴内流道较平顺，能够较好地改善喷针、喷嘴过流条件，有助于提高射流传能的效率。
针头末端的凸起会使工作液流向局部改变，导致高速工作液在该处产生一定的局部水头损失，特别是喷嘴开度不大时较为明显。为进一步分析喷针形状对喷嘴内流场的影响，计算出常规喷针、流线型喷针时，可调式射流泵在不同喷嘴开度、不同流量比下的喷嘴相对水头损失，结果见表3，定义喷嘴相对水头损失为喷嘴内水头损失与喷嘴入口断面能量之比hw/Hj。在a0¯=100%（m=3）的工况下，喷针头末端未进入喷嘴，对喷嘴内流场的影响较小，二者的相对水头损失基本一致，差值很小；在a0¯为75.61%，60.49%，50.41%的工况下，流线型喷针的相对水头损失均小于常规喷针，且随着喷嘴开度的减小，两者的差值增大，差值分别为0.55%，1.86%，5.19%。
图8示出常规喷针与流线型喷针在不同喷嘴开度下的相对水头损失hw/Hj对比（不同流量比下的均值），可以直观地看出，在小喷嘴开度工况下，流线型喷针可以明显减少喷嘴内水头损失。
2.3　压力分析
图9示出了常规喷针、流线型喷针时，可调式射流泵在a0¯=50.41%（m=6），q=0.4工况下的压力分布云图。从图中可以看出，常规喷针的末端凸起使得流道急剧收缩，从而导致压力迅速降低，在喷嘴出口平直段起点附近，最低负压计算值已低于汽化压力，将会发生空化。流线型喷针时，喷嘴内流道收缩平缓，压力呈现缓慢降低的变化趋势，在喷嘴出口平直段附近，最低负压计算值约-89 kPa，高于汽化压力，从而可以有效改善水力条件。
喷针主要影响喷嘴及其出口附近流场，采用壁面压力系数Cp来反映内部压力变化，Cp的定义如下：
Cp=p-pj0.5ρv2
式中，p为工作管、喷嘴的内壁面压力；pj为喷嘴出口处壁面压力；v为喷嘴出口工作液的平均流速。
对工作管及喷嘴内壁面进行压力监测，选取q=0.4的工况进出分析，其压力云图如图10所示，常规喷针、流线型喷针的可调式射流泵的工作管段压力保持稳定，喷嘴处断面收缩使得流速增加，从而导致压力减小。在小喷嘴开度（a0¯为50.41%，60.49%）工况下，常规喷针在喷嘴出口附近会出现较大负压，而流线型喷针能够有效地减缓喷嘴内的负压现象。随着喷嘴开度的减小，常规喷针喷嘴收缩段压力下降速度加快，即压力变化逐渐剧烈；流线型喷针喷嘴收缩段压力下降趋势大致相似。说明喷嘴开度变化时，流线型喷针能够使喷嘴内压力保持相对稳定，可避免出现较低的负压、导致空化发生，能够提升可调式射流泵的空化性能。
3　结论
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常规喷针头部的局部突起，对可调式射流泵高速射流的形成带来不利影响，特别是喷嘴开度较小时，存在流态较差、易空化等问题。对常规喷针、流线型喷针时，可调式射流泵在不同喷嘴开度下进行了数值模拟、对比分析。
（1）流线型喷针时可调式射流泵的效率整体要高于常规喷针，尤其在小喷嘴开度工况下、喷针头末端进入喷嘴中，喷针头的形状直接影响到喷嘴内流场及性能。当a0¯=50.41%时，相比于常规喷针，流线型喷针时可调式射流泵效率可提升约2.5%。
（2）喷针形状直接影响可调式射流泵喷嘴内流场。常规喷针喷嘴内流道挤压明显，工作液流向受阻，喷嘴出流、下游射流传能效果较差；流线型喷针能够改善喷针、喷嘴过流条件，降低局部水头损失。当a0¯=50.41%时，流线型喷针喷嘴内相对水头损失较常规喷针可减少5.19%。
（3）喷针形状能够影响可调式射流泵喷嘴内的压力分布。当a0¯=50.41%，q=0.4时，常规喷针在喷嘴出口平直段起点附近，最低负压计算值已低于汽化压力，将会发生空化；流线型喷针时喷嘴内流道收缩平缓，压力呈现缓慢降低的变化趋势，在喷嘴出口平直段附近，最低负压计算值约-89 kPa，高于汽化压力，从而可有效改善水力条件。

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2025年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.006
  • 接收时间：2024-12-17
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-10-31
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-17
  • 修回日期：2025-06-27
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    四川大学 水利水电学院，成都 610065

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陈云良（1976），男，博士，教授，主要从事水利水电工程研究，通信地址：610065四川省成都市一环路南一段24号四川大学望江校区水利水电学院，E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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