Article(id=1319293389762318974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293220169826420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724342400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-23, revisedDate=1737734400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473655405, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473655405, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473655405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473655405, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293220169826420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473614971, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473614971, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293389946868351, articleId=1319293389762318974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Multi physics field coupling analysis of mechanical seals for aviation engine fuel pumps, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of seal failure caused by thermal deformation of an aero‑engine fuel pump under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high speed,this study establishes a thermal-fluid-solid interaction model for an upstream pumping mechanical seal based on the mechanical seal structure of an afterburner fuel pump.Professional computational fluid dynamics software and a thermal-fluid-solid coupling platform are employed to calculate the stress and strain on the seal rings under extreme conditions.The influences of varying operating parameters—rotational speeds ranging from 20 000 to 40 000 r/min and pressure differences from 0.5 to 9 MPa—on the stress and strain of the mechanical seal rings are analyzed.Results indicate that when the liquid film thickness on the seal face is 2 μm,the spiral groove depth is 6 μm,the number of grooves is 12,and the spiral angle is 18°(serving as baseline parameters),both the dynamic and static seal rings experience measurable stress and strain as the rotational speed increases.Notably,the maximum stress and deformation of the dynamic ring exceed those of the static ring,with the maximum deformation difference between the two rings reaching 2.5 μm.As the sealing pressure difference increases,the stress and strain values of the seal rings increase linearly.However,the seal rings exhibit low sensitivity to pressure changes:for every 1 MPa increase in pressure difference,the strain increases by approximately 0.02 μm,and the maximum stress increases by approximately 0.3 MPa.Under all tested operating conditions,the seal rings generate corresponding stress and strain.Therefore,during the design and calculation processes,the impact of these stresses and strains on overall sealing performance must not be overlooked.The research results can provide valuable references for multi‑physical field coupling calculations of upstream pumping mechanical seals under extreme conditions.

, authors=Yanbing LIANG1, Siyun DING3, Bofeng YANG2, Jie LIU2, Qian PENG1, Xing XIE2, Yongle WANG1, authorsList=Yanbing LIANG, Siyun DING, Bofeng YANG, Jie LIU, Qian PENG, Xing XIE, Yongle WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293392044020372, articleId=1319293389762318974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=航空发动机燃油泵用机械密封多物理场耦合分析, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对高温高速等极端工况下某航空发动机燃油泵由于热力变形导致密封失效的问题,基于某加力燃油泵机械密封结构建立上游泵送机械密封的热流固耦合模型,采用专业流场计算软件及热流固耦合计算平台对极端工况下密封环的应力应变情况进行计算,并分析了转速20 000~40 000 r/min、压差0.5~9 MPa机械密封环应力应变的影响规律。结果表明:取密封端面液膜的厚度为2 μm、螺旋槽槽深为6 μm、槽数12个及螺旋角18°作为基础参数时,随着动环转速的升高,密封动静环均产生了一定的应力和应变,且动环的最大应力及最大变形量均大于静环,动静环变形量的最大差值达到了2.5 μm;随着密封压差的增大,密封环的应力和应变值也线性增大,但密封环对压差的敏感程度较低,压差增大1 MPa,密封环的应变增大约0.02 μm,最大应力增大约0.3 MPa;在不同工况参数下,密封环均会产生相应的应力和应变;在设计计算过程中不可忽略密封环应力应变对整体密封性能的影响。研究结果可为上游泵送机械密封在极端工况下的多物理场耦合计算提供一定的参考。

, authors=梁彦兵1, 丁思云3, 杨博峰2, 刘杰2, 彭骞1, 谢星2, 王永乐1, authorsList=梁彦兵, 丁思云, 杨博峰, 刘杰, 彭骞, 谢星, 王永乐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

梁彦兵(1995),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事流体动密封研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=I+P4qxG/nb/YbgNB3nE2KQ==, magXml=YcBrWCXDHT8liwIWskbB0w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rtn+XzKijyVoDLbze87zsA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LuL+avstop9iy2+M8LS7xg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293392534753951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liangyanb@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293392631222945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, authorId=1319293392534753951, language=EN, stringName=Yanbing LIANG, firstName=Yanbing, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293392727691938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, authorId=1319293392534753951, language=CN, stringName=梁彦兵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

梁彦兵(1995),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事流体动密封研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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梁彦兵(1995),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事流体动密封研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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Parameters of the seal ring and sealing medium

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几何参数数值
动环内、外径ri,ro/mm20,23
静环内、外径Ri,Ro/mm20,22
槽根半径rg/mm20.25
动环厚度δr/mm5
静环厚度δs/mm5
螺旋角α/(°)18
槽深hg/μm6
槽数Ng/个12
膜厚h/μm2
温度T/℃100
流体介质密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)800
流体介质导热系数kf/(W⋅m-1·K-1)0.13
流体介质运动黏度μ/(m2⋅s-1)1.25×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1319293398431945438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

密封环及密封介质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何参数数值
动环内、外径ri,ro/mm20,23
静环内、外径Ri,Ro/mm20,22
槽根半径rg/mm20.25
动环厚度δr/mm5
静环厚度δs/mm5
螺旋角α/(°)18
槽深hg/μm6
槽数Ng/个12
膜厚h/μm2
温度T/℃100
流体介质密度ρ/(kg⋅m-3)800
流体介质导热系数kf/(W⋅m-1·K-1)0.13
流体介质运动黏度μ/(m2⋅s-1)1.25×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1319293398499054303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Deformation of sealing ring under different grid numbers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数动环最大变形量
102 6513.398 1
128 5343.432 3
148 6253.461 3
168 5303.462 2
), ArticleFig(id=1319293398566163168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格数下密封动环的变形量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数动环最大变形量
102 6513.398 1
128 5343.432 3
148 6253.461 3
168 5303.462 2
), ArticleFig(id=1319293398620689121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Material parameters of sealing rings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称弹性模量
Et/GPa
泊松比
μs
热导率
λ/[W⋅(m·K)-1]
热膨胀系数
αh/(℃-1)
密度
ρ/(kg·m-3)
常压热熔/[J⋅(kg·K)-1]
碳化硅2250.171501.15×10-53 200500
石墨250.26456.20×10-61 850520
), ArticleFig(id=1319293398691992290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293389762318974, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

密封环材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称弹性模量
Et/GPa
泊松比
μs
热导率
λ/[W⋅(m·K)-1]
热膨胀系数
αh/(℃-1)
密度
ρ/(kg·m-3)
常压热熔/[J⋅(kg·K)-1]
碳化硅2250.171501.15×10-53 200500
石墨250.26456.20×10-61 850520
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航空发动机燃油泵用机械密封多物理场耦合分析
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梁彦兵 1 , 丁思云 3 , 杨博峰 2 , 刘杰 2 , 彭骞 1 , 谢星 2 , 王永乐 1
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(6): 31-38
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (6) : 31 -38
航空发动机燃油泵用机械密封多物理场耦合分析
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梁彦兵(1995),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事流体动密封研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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梁彦兵1 , 丁思云3, 杨博峰2, 刘杰2, 彭骞1, 谢星2, 王永乐1
作者信息
  • 1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
  • 2通用机械关键核心基础件创新中心(安徽)有限公司,合肥 230031
  • 3机械工业机械密封工程技术中心,合肥 230031
作者简介:

梁彦兵(1995),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事流体动密封研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Multi physics field coupling analysis of mechanical seals for aviation engine fuel pumps
Yanbing LIANG1 , Siyun DING3, Bofeng YANG2, Jie LIU2, Qian PENG1, Xing XIE2, Yongle WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
  • 2General Machinery Key Core Components Innovation Center (Anhui) Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
  • 3Mechanical Industry Mechanical Seal Engineering Technology Center,Hefei 230031,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.005
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针对高温高速等极端工况下某航空发动机燃油泵由于热力变形导致密封失效的问题,基于某加力燃油泵机械密封结构建立上游泵送机械密封的热流固耦合模型,采用专业流场计算软件及热流固耦合计算平台对极端工况下密封环的应力应变情况进行计算,并分析了转速20 000~40 000 r/min、压差0.5~9 MPa机械密封环应力应变的影响规律。结果表明:取密封端面液膜的厚度为2 μm、螺旋槽槽深为6 μm、槽数12个及螺旋角18°作为基础参数时,随着动环转速的升高,密封动静环均产生了一定的应力和应变,且动环的最大应力及最大变形量均大于静环,动静环变形量的最大差值达到了2.5 μm;随着密封压差的增大,密封环的应力和应变值也线性增大,但密封环对压差的敏感程度较低,压差增大1 MPa,密封环的应变增大约0.02 μm,最大应力增大约0.3 MPa;在不同工况参数下,密封环均会产生相应的应力和应变;在设计计算过程中不可忽略密封环应力应变对整体密封性能的影响。研究结果可为上游泵送机械密封在极端工况下的多物理场耦合计算提供一定的参考。

机械密封  /  上游泵送  /  应力应变  /  热流固耦合

Aiming at the problem of seal failure caused by thermal deformation of an aero‑engine fuel pump under extreme conditions such as high temperature and high speed,this study establishes a thermal-fluid-solid interaction model for an upstream pumping mechanical seal based on the mechanical seal structure of an afterburner fuel pump.Professional computational fluid dynamics software and a thermal-fluid-solid coupling platform are employed to calculate the stress and strain on the seal rings under extreme conditions.The influences of varying operating parameters—rotational speeds ranging from 20 000 to 40 000 r/min and pressure differences from 0.5 to 9 MPa—on the stress and strain of the mechanical seal rings are analyzed.Results indicate that when the liquid film thickness on the seal face is 2 μm,the spiral groove depth is 6 μm,the number of grooves is 12,and the spiral angle is 18°(serving as baseline parameters),both the dynamic and static seal rings experience measurable stress and strain as the rotational speed increases.Notably,the maximum stress and deformation of the dynamic ring exceed those of the static ring,with the maximum deformation difference between the two rings reaching 2.5 μm.As the sealing pressure difference increases,the stress and strain values of the seal rings increase linearly.However,the seal rings exhibit low sensitivity to pressure changes:for every 1 MPa increase in pressure difference,the strain increases by approximately 0.02 μm,and the maximum stress increases by approximately 0.3 MPa.Under all tested operating conditions,the seal rings generate corresponding stress and strain.Therefore,during the design and calculation processes,the impact of these stresses and strains on overall sealing performance must not be overlooked.The research results can provide valuable references for multi‑physical field coupling calculations of upstream pumping mechanical seals under extreme conditions.

mechanical seals  /  upstream pumping  /  stress strain  /  thermal-fluid-solid interaction
梁彦兵, 丁思云, 杨博峰, 刘杰, 彭骞, 谢星, 王永乐. 航空发动机燃油泵用机械密封多物理场耦合分析. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (6) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.005
Yanbing LIANG, Siyun DING, Bofeng YANG, Jie LIU, Qian PENG, Xing XIE, Yongle WANG. Multi physics field coupling analysis of mechanical seals for aviation engine fuel pumps[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (6) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.005
机械密封具有泄漏量小、功耗低和可靠性高等优点,被广泛应用于石油化工、航空航天及能源等领域[1-2]。近年来,随着机械密封向高参数、大型化、高可靠性及智能化等方向发展,机械密封的使用工况也变得越来越苛刻。
机械密封在极端工况下运转时易产生严重应力应变,影响使用寿命。为探究其应力应变随工况参数的变化规律,研究人员开展了相关工作。BRUNETIÈRE等[3]通过理论计算和试验研究结合,系统阐述了密封端面热量的产生传递及端面热变形情况,且试验与理论计算吻合良好,但传热模型仍需进一步改进。MAOUI等[4]采用3D弹性计算方法对唇形密封的弹性流体力学性能进行了计算,结果表明,唇形密封周向厚度不均会明显影响密封的泵送效率。BŁASIAK等[5]通过试验对密封圈和液膜温度分布的影响因素进行了研究,并开发了一个完整的数学模型。BŁASIAK等[6-9]通过求解耦合偏微分方程模型,计算了周向波度端面、开放式螺旋槽端面和封闭式螺旋槽端面密封环的温度分布情况,得出开放式螺旋槽端面的传热效果最佳,并指出在机械密封的设计过程中不可忽略热变形的影响。MIGOUT等[10]采用均质流体理论对机械密封界面流体汽化问题进行研究,提出当温度超过阈值将会使机械密封的寿命明显降低。ROUILLON等[11]通过理论分析了密封环温度变形及液膜反压之间的关系,建立了热固耦合分析模型,并通过试验验证了模型的准确性。国内研究人员针对机械密封的热流固耦合特性也开展了一系列研究,对机械密封的设计计算及工程应用具有一定的参考指导意义[12-15]。李世聪等[16]采用热流固耦合的方法探究了操作参数对油气两相动压的影响,为两相流态下的动压型机械密封的热流固耦合计算提供一定的参考。郑娆等[17]针对复杂工作环境下机械密封的变形问题进行研究,探讨了不同配对副材料对密封环变形的影响,其分析模型和计算方法对船舶艉轴密封的设计具有一定的指导意义。何强等[18]通过研究辅助密封位置对静压型机械密封性能的影响,得出在设计制造过程中应着重注意密封环背部O形圈对密封性能的影响。
虽然目前在机械密封领域关于热流固耦合的理论计算和试验研究较多,然而,高温高速等极端工况下机械密封的热流固耦合分析计算研究仍存在较大空白,亟待填补。本文以航空发动机燃油泵机械密封为研究对象,针对高温高速工况下机械密封的应力及应变问题进行了热流固耦合分析计算,为后续航空发动机机械密封的高参数化发展奠定了一定的理论基础。
密封环及液膜的相关参数见表1。从整个密封系统中提取密封环和液膜作为研究对象,建立热流固耦合的几何模型,如图1所示。
(1)温度场为稳态温度场,即不随时间发生变化,忽略热辐射带来的影响。
(2)密封动静环及密封介质的材料属性不随温度的变化而变化,即为恒定值。
(3)密封介质为牛顿流体且其流动状态为层流、稳定流动。
在热流固耦合计算过程中,固体域的能量方程为[19]:
∂∂tρE+∇⋅vρE+p=∇⋅kf∇T+τeffv+Sk
E=i-pρ+v22
i=∫ToTcpdT
式中,ρ为介质密度,kg/m3;E为单位能量,J/kg;v为介质速度,m/s;p为介质压力,Pa;kf为流体的导热系数,W/(m·℃);▽T为介质温差,K;τeff为应力张量;Sk为体积热源,J;i为焓,J/kg;cp为比热容;T为温度,℃。
流体与固体的交界面处应满足流体与固体的热流量、位移、应力、温度等关系,其方程为:
nfτf=nsτs,df=dsqf=qs,Tf=Ts
式中,n为周期;τ为应力,MPa;d为位移,m;q为热流密度,W/m2;下标f为流体;下标s为固体。
在热流固耦合计算前,要先确定边界条件,将与动环接触的壁面设置为动壁面,非接触状态下动壁面的的热流密度计算式如下:
q=f vlFo/Al
式中,f为摩擦系数,取f=0.005;v1为密封环的线速度,m/s;Fo为密封端面开启力,N;A1为密封端面面积,m2。
因为非接触式机械密封端面存在一层微米级的液膜,所以在厚度方向的对流传热系数可视为相等,因此,动静环端面的对流换热系数均采用下式进行计算[20]:
h=0.664kfPr0.33[uf/(ν1Lc)]0.5
Lc=πro+ri
式中,h为密封端面对流换热系数,W/(m2·℃);Pr为密封腔内介质的普朗特准数;uf为密封间隙流体的周向流动速度,m/s;ν1为介质的运动黏度,m2/s;Lc为密封间隙的特征长度,m。
机械密封动环外侧与周围介质的对流换热系数计算式如下[21-28]:
h1=0.135λLDr0.5Rec0.5+2Rea2Pr0.33
Rec=ωDr2/ν1
Rea=VrDr/ν1
Vr=4Q/[π(Di2-Dr2)]
式中,h1为动环对流换热系数,W/m·℃;Dr为动环的外壁面直径,m;Rec为反映介质的旋转搅拌效应的参数;Rea为反映介质横向绕流的参数;ω为动环旋转角速度,s-1;Vr为动环外侧介质的平均横向流速,m/s;Di为密封腔内壁面直径,m。
机械密封静环外侧与周围介质的对流换热系数可采用下式进行计算:
h2=0.023λLDsεlRe0.8Pr0.4
Re=vfDs/ν1
vf=4Q/πDi2-Ds2
式中,h2为静环对流换热系数,W/(m2·℃);εl为修正系数,一般取2;Re为反映介质的旋转搅拌效应的参数;vf为静环外周处流体的轴向平均流速,m/s;Ds为静环凸缘外壁面直径,m;Q为机械密封的冲洗流量,m3/s。
介质黏度的变化对机械密封的密封性能会产生一定的影响,通过NIST数据库获得黏压方程的数据,经最小二乘法数据拟合获得多项表达式,所得黏度的计算精度较高,如下式所示:
μ=fp=a1+a2p+a3p2+a4p3+a5p4+a6p5
式中,a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6为黏压行为系数,其取值分别为1.839×10-5,1.449×10-13,-9.445×10-21,4.127×10-26,-4.247×10-32,1.597×10-38。
分别对流体域和固体域进行网格划分,流体域网格划分涉及跨尺度问题,划分难度较大,密封端面流体域网格划分如图2所示。
固体域采用六面体网格进行划分,且在耦合面处进行加密处理,如图3所示。
分别选取网格数量为102 651,128 534,148 625和168 530的网格,计算不同网格数下密封动环的应变情况,结果见表2。当网格数取148 625时,在同一工况下,密封动环的变形量不会出现较大的变化,因此,为了提高计算精度并加快计算收敛速度,选取网格数量为148 625进行计算。
在机械密封运行过程中,由于石墨材料具有一定的自润滑作用,可以有效降低密封端面的摩擦磨损,而碳化硅硬度较高,能够保证密封的稳定运行。所以将动静环材料分别设置为碳化硅和石墨,具体参数如表3所示。
为了验证计算模型及结果的准确性,选择文献[22]对模拟计算得到的动态特性参数进行验证。具体计算参数如下:密封环内径rin=21.5 mm;密封环外径rout=28.5 mm;槽根半径rg=25 mm;螺旋角α=18°;槽数Ng=12个;密封介质为水。图4示出本模型计算值与文献值的对比。从图中可以看出,模拟计算所得轴向最大变形量与文献数值吻合度较高,变化规律基本一致,验证了模拟计算结果的准确性。
计算端面螺旋槽液膜前,需要先判断流体流态。流体在密封端面之间的流动状态主要通过流动因子ζ来判断,当ζ<9/16时,流动状态为层流;当9/16≤ζ<1时,流动状态为过渡流;当ζ≥1时,流动状态为湍流[23]。ζ的计算式如下:
ξ=Ree1 6002+Rep2 3002
式中,Ree为单独的Couette流动时周向剪切雷诺数,Ree=ρvrh'/μ;Rep为单独的Poseuille流动时径向压差流动雷诺数,Rep=ρvzh'/μ;vr为径向旋转速度,m/s;vz为周向流动速度,m/s。
流场计算时,取转速25 000 r/min、入口压力0.1 MPa、出口压力0.6 MPa、温度100 ℃、液膜厚度2 μm、螺旋槽槽深6 μm、槽数12个,以及螺旋角18°。图5、图6分别示出了机械密封端面液膜稳态温度和压力分布。从图可见,最高温度为110 ℃,位于靠近密封环的外径处;最高压力为7.90 MPa,位于螺旋槽的槽根部,产生较为明显的动压效应。
将该计算结果导入热流固耦合分析计算平台进行热流固耦合计算。
取密封端面液膜厚度2 μm、螺旋槽槽深6 μm、槽数12个,以及螺旋角18°作为基础参数,改变转速和进出口压差,探讨工况参数对密封环应力应变的影响规律。
密封环进出口压差为0.6 MPa时,不同转速下密封环的应力应变分布如图7所示。由图可见,不同转速下,密封环的应力和应变存在较大差异。当转速为25 000 r/min时,动静环的最大应力差为35.18 MPa,最大应变差为1.57 μm;当转速为35 000 r/min时,动静环的最大应力差值为38.90 MPa,最大应变的差值为2.24 μm。产生该现象的主要原因是在不同转速下,机械密封应力和应变确实存在显著差异。当转速增加时,由摩擦产生的热量也会增加,导致温度上升。进一步加剧了密封环的材料疲劳和磨损,从而产生更大的应力和应变。特别是在高转速条件下,动静环之间的摩擦和应力分布可能会更加不均匀,导致应力差值和应变差值增大。这种不均匀的应力和应变分布可能导致密封性能下降,从而影响机械密封的使用寿命和可靠性。因此,在设计和使用机械密封时,需要仔细考虑转速对密封性能的影响,确保在各种工况下都能提供稳定的密封效果。
图8示出了转速对密封环应力应变的影响。由图可知,随着转速的增大,动静环的最大应力及最大变形量均呈线性增加趋势,且动环的最大应力与最大变形量均大于静环,主要是由于动环在旋转过程中会产生泵吸效应,且随着转速的不断增大泵吸效应不断增强,密封端面槽区动压效果增加,黏性剪切力及动环表面的温度不断增大,从而使动环产生较大变形,动静环变形量的最大差值为2.51 μm,应力的最大差值为40.64 MPa。
在保证前述基本参数不变的情况下,取转速为25 000 r/min,对不同压差下密封环的应力及应变分布情况进行计算,结果如图9所示。由图可知,随着压差的增大,密封环的应力和应变均增大。当压差为2 MPa时,密封环的最大应力和最大应变的差值分别为33.44 MPa和1.57 μm;当压差为4 MPa时,密封环的最大应力和最大应变的最大差值分别为36.09 MPa。与转速相比,压差对密封环应力应变的影响较小,主要是由于高转速下密封环产生的摩擦热比不同压差下的摩擦热多,因此,可以得出密封环的应力和应变对转速这一参数较为敏感。
图10示出压差对密封环应力应变的影响。
由图可知,随着机械密封进出口压差的增大,动静环的最大应力及最大变形量均呈现缓慢增长的趋势,但动环的最大应力及最大变形量均大于静环。随着压差的增大,液膜产生的摩擦热增多,所以导致密封环产生了一定程度的变形,当压差达到9 MPa时,动环的最大变形量为3.59 μm,静环的最大变形量为2.01 μm。此外,影响密封环最大等效应力的因素还包括密封环的压缩率、介质压力、密封环间隙处倒角、摩擦系数等。由于这些因素的影响,密封环支撑边界也会因不同的结构设计而改变。因此,在设计和使用机械密封时,不仅需要考虑转速的影响,还需要充分考虑压差对密封性能的影响,以确保在各种工况下都能提供稳定的密封效果。
(1)在高温高速等极端工况下,由于流体动压槽的作用,机械密封的端面温度得到了有效控制。当密封介质温度高达100 ℃时,密封端面温升仅有10 ℃,这不仅大幅降低了密封端面的温度,还有效控制了端面变形,并显著减小了热应力的产生。
(2)随着工况参数的不断变化,在转速和压差的影响下,动静环应力及应变均呈现出明显的变形趋势。特别是在泵吸效应的作用下,动环的动压效应逐渐增强,导致其变形程度显著超过静环,当压差达到9 MPa时,动环的最大变形量为3.59 μm。
(3)机械密封在热流固耦合的复杂作用下会产生一定的变形,但经过计算发现产生的应力和应变值均可满足机械密封使用工况的要求,同时也验证了机械密封在端面液膜厚度2 μm、螺旋槽槽深6 μm、槽数12个,以及螺旋角18°时密封性能较好,结构设计合理。

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2025年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.005
  • 接收时间:2024-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-25
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    1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
    2通用机械关键核心基础件创新中心(安徽)有限公司,合肥 230031
    3机械工业机械密封工程技术中心,合肥 230031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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