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Article(id=1319293372032987178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293303430955712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=1750953600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473651178, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473651178, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473651178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473651178, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293303430955712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473634822, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473634822, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293372183982123, articleId=1319293372032987178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Structural optimization of the three‑phase separator within an internal circulation anaerobic reactor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the low efficiency of internal circulation anaerobic reactors in treating livestock wastewater，this study focuses on the three‑phase separator.By analyzing the relationship between its structural parameters and separation efficiency，the effects of baffle plate angle，reflection cone structure，and inlet velocity on the flow distribution inside the reactor were investigated.A combination of numerical simulation and experimental verification was used to compare separation performance under different parameter conditions.The results show that the optimal structural parameter combination for the new three‑phase separator is achieved when the baffle plate angle θ is 55° and the reflection cone adopts a diamond‑shaped structure.When the inlet velocity v is 0.16 m/s，the reactor exhibits optimal wastewater treatment performance，with solid phase separation efficiency reaching 95.75% and gas phase separation efficiency reaching 81.84%.Compared to the original structure，the separation efficiencies for both solid and gas phases in wastewater improved by over 10%.This study provides valuable insights for the design of internal circulation systems and IC reactors.

, authors=Wenbo HUANG, Pu XING, Hui WU, Mingjun ZUO, Peilin YANG, Ling YU, authorsList=Wenbo HUANG, Pu XING, Hui WU, Mingjun ZUO, Peilin YANG, Ling YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pu XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293375409401936, articleId=1319293372032987178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=内循环厌氧反应器内三相分离器结构优化, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对内循环厌氧反应器处理畜禽废水效率不高的问题，以三相分离器为对象，通过分析其结构参数与分离效率之间的关联，重点探究了折流板夹角、反射锥结构及入口速度对反应器内部流态分布的影响，并采用数值模拟与试验验证相结合的方法，对比了不同参数条件下的分离效果。结果表明，当折流板夹角θ为55°、反射锥为菱形结构时，新型三相分离器达到最佳结构参数组合；当入口速度v为0.16 m/s时，反应器废水处理能力最优，此时污水的固相分离率为95.75%，气相分离率为81.84%。相较于原始结构，污水中固相与气相的分离率均提高了10%以上。研究可为内循环系统及IC反应器的设计提供参考。

, authors=黄文波, 邢普, 吴晖, 左名君, 杨佩林, 虞玲, authorsList=黄文波, 邢普, 吴晖, 左名君, 杨佩林, 虞玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邢普, authorNote=

黄文波（2001），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为污水处理，E-mail：。

, correspAuthorsNote=
邢普（1971），男，博士，教授，研究方向为污水处理、机构优化设计及流体机械，通信地址：330063江西省南昌市丰和南大道696号南昌航空大学航空制造与机械工程学院，E-mail：。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用，则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊，本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=M9n6lax6vwx8i/KLEqBBCQ==, magXml=b7xhUcdvjid9e8yNUmPwyA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xxmjsm3E7PpwtK87SL/pJQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mfkXboKT36Qwjqpl1XkVKg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293375715586133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1121953409@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293375774306391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, authorId=1319293375715586133, language=EN, stringName=Wenbo HUANG, firstName=Wenbo, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Aviation Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering，Nanchang Hangkong University，Nanchang 330063，China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293375837220952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, authorId=1319293375715586133, language=CN, stringName=黄文波, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=南昌航空大学 航空制造与机械工程学院，南昌 330063, bio={"content":"

黄文波（2001），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为污水处理，E-mail：。

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黄文波（2001），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为污水处理，E-mail：。

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（a）方案1 （b）方案2 （c）方案3

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（a）方案1　　（b）方案2　　（c）方案3

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（a）v1=0.08 m/s　　（b）v2=0.12 m/s　　（c）v3=0.16 m/s　　（d）v4=0.20 m/s

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Three‑phase flow parameter table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/（kg·m-3）直径/m
气相1.225 0.2×10-3
固相1 050 0.6×10-3
液相1 010—
), ArticleFig(id=1319293380736168097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三相流参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/（kg·m-3）直径/m
气相1.225 0.2×10-3
固相1 050 0.6×10-3
液相1 010—
), ArticleFig(id=1319293380807471266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Solid phase separation efficiency under differentinlet velocities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入口速度/（m·s-1）出口固含量占比/%固相分离率/%
0.080100.00
0.120.6499.36
0.161.4998.51
0.202.6897.32
), ArticleFig(id=1319293380895551651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同入口速度下的固相分离率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入口速度/（m·s-1）出口固含量占比/%固相分离率/%
0.080100.00
0.120.6499.36
0.161.4998.51
0.202.6897.32
), ArticleFig(id=1319293380958466212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Solid phase data sheet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入口速度v/（m·s-1）固相质量m/g
0.0857.15
0.12109.92
0.16148.75
0.20191.83
), ArticleFig(id=1319293381029769381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

固相数据

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入口速度v/（m·s-1）固相质量m/g
0.0857.15
0.12109.92
0.16148.75
0.20191.83
), ArticleFig(id=1319293381088489638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293372032987178, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Liquid phase data sheet

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t/sQ1/LQ2/LQ3/LQ4/L
00000
605.287.209.0810.88
12011.2414.3818.3422.04
18014.9821.6027.1632.22
24021.0629.8236.1844.52
30025.8235.1444.6555.86
36031.1443.7254.4864.58
42037.9851.0861.6276.46
48042.3856.6672.5886.12
54047.2663.1281.3497.16
60053.0470.9590.26109.50
66058.2879.58101.14118.56
72061.8486.34109.50131.62
78068.8492.90117.74142.26
84074.06101.12127.32152.44
90080.10108.34136.12163.92
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内循环厌氧反应器内三相分离器结构优化
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黄文波 , 邢普 , 吴晖 , 左名君 , 杨佩林 , 虞玲
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(8): 51-60
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内循环厌氧反应器内三相分离器结构优化
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330063)])])]
黄文波 , 邢普 , 吴晖, 左名君, 杨佩林, 虞玲
作者信息
  • 南昌航空大学 航空制造与机械工程学院，南昌 330063
通讯作者:
邢普（1971），男，博士，教授，研究方向为污水处理、机构优化设计及流体机械，通信地址：330063江西省南昌市丰和南大道696号南昌航空大学航空制造与机械工程学院，E-mail：。
作者简介:

黄文波（2001），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为污水处理，E-mail：。

Structural optimization of the three‑phase separator within an internal circulation anaerobic reactor
Wenbo HUANG , Pu XING , Hui WU, Mingjun ZUO, Peilin YANG, Ling YU
Affiliations
  • School of Aviation Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering，Nanchang Hangkong University，Nanchang 330063，China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.007
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摘要
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针对内循环厌氧反应器处理畜禽废水效率不高的问题，以三相分离器为对象，通过分析其结构参数与分离效率之间的关联，重点探究了折流板夹角、反射锥结构及入口速度对反应器内部流态分布的影响，并采用数值模拟与试验验证相结合的方法，对比了不同参数条件下的分离效果。结果表明，当折流板夹角θ为55°、反射锥为菱形结构时，新型三相分离器达到最佳结构参数组合；当入口速度v为0.16 m/s时，反应器废水处理能力最优，此时污水的固相分离率为95.75%，气相分离率为81.84%。相较于原始结构，污水中固相与气相的分离率均提高了10%以上。研究可为内循环系统及IC反应器的设计提供参考。

三相分离器  /  数值模拟  /  结构参数  /  分离率

To address the low efficiency of internal circulation anaerobic reactors in treating livestock wastewater，this study focuses on the three‑phase separator.By analyzing the relationship between its structural parameters and separation efficiency，the effects of baffle plate angle，reflection cone structure，and inlet velocity on the flow distribution inside the reactor were investigated.A combination of numerical simulation and experimental verification was used to compare separation performance under different parameter conditions.The results show that the optimal structural parameter combination for the new three‑phase separator is achieved when the baffle plate angle θ is 55° and the reflection cone adopts a diamond‑shaped structure.When the inlet velocity v is 0.16 m/s，the reactor exhibits optimal wastewater treatment performance，with solid phase separation efficiency reaching 95.75% and gas phase separation efficiency reaching 81.84%.Compared to the original structure，the separation efficiencies for both solid and gas phases in wastewater improved by over 10%.This study provides valuable insights for the design of internal circulation systems and IC reactors.

three‑phase separator  /  numerical simulation  /  structural parameters  /  separation efficiency
黄文波, 邢普, 吴晖, 左名君, 杨佩林, 虞玲. 内循环厌氧反应器内三相分离器结构优化. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (8) : 51 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.007
Wenbo HUANG, Pu XING, Hui WU, Mingjun ZUO, Peilin YANG, Ling YU. Structural optimization of the three‑phase separator within an internal circulation anaerobic reactor[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (8) : 51 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.007
正文
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0　引言
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厌氧生物处理技术是目前公认的高效废水处理方法之一。其中，内循环（internal circulation，IC）厌氧反应器因其高效率、低成本等优点而得到广泛应用。然而，在三相分离器的运行过程中，折流板上的污泥颗粒易于堆积，严重影响三相分离效果［1-2］，采用新型三相分离器结构可有效提升污水处理效率。
自20世纪80年代中期欧洲PAQUES公司成功开发出IC厌氧反应器以来，三相分离器的结构一直未有显著改进。目前应用最为广泛的是基于欧洲专利的三相分离器，其采用2~3层呈“倒V”型纵向交错排列的折流板结构［3］。该结构虽简单高效，但在回流缝处存在液相与固相相互干扰的问题，折流板外侧极易发生污泥堆积，影响固相分离效率，严重时甚至可能破坏厌氧反应器的正常运行。因此，亟待进一步解决折流板外侧的污泥积聚问题［4］。针对这一挑战，荷兰研究团队提出了一项新型专利结构IB（improved basic）构型，该构型在B构型基础上作出改进：去除了上层折流板，并在下层折流板的间隙中增设多个反射锥结构［5-6］。这一改进在一定程度上提升了反应器的固相分离效率，然而在回流缝处，沉降颗粒与上升流体之间仍存在相互干扰。
针对三相分离器处理废水效率不高及回流缝处流相干扰等问题［7-10］，采用数值模拟方法，建立了包含折流板、通气槽、导气板与反射锥的三相分离器模型［11-13］。通过分析分离器结构及其对固相分离效率的影响，重点研究了折流板夹角、反射锥结构以及入口速度对反应器内部流态分布的作用［14］。文中模拟了气体与污泥混合物的分离过程，探讨了污泥颗粒难以沉降的原因和气相逃逸现象，进而对三相分离器结构设计进行优化，以提升废水处理效率［15］。
1　结构设计
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结合上述2种常见分离器的优缺点，设计1种新型三相分离器。该分离器主体结构包括1个凹型集气罩，其两侧对称布置有1层三角折流板。折流板顶部三角区域设有开孔通气槽，槽下方布置1组与折流板平行且互不接触的导流板，每组导流板对应的回流缝处均设有反射锥结构。该三相分离器的局部结构设计如图1所示。
回流缝的设计对固液分离至关重要，其核心在于确保污泥的下沉速度高于三相分离器沉淀区最窄断面处混合液的向上流速。在文中提出的结构中，折流板下方设有专门的污泥回流口，可有效避免废水与污泥颗粒间的相互干扰，从而促进固液分离。
根据几何关系，可知：
b1=h /tanθ
b2=b-2b1
式中，b1为三角折流板底部水平宽度，m；h为三角折流板的垂直高度，m；θ为折流板斜面与水平方向的夹角，°；b2为2个三角折流板之间的水平回流缝宽，m；b为三角折流板两侧顶点间的距离，m。
va=Q/S1
S1=ab2
式中，va为污泥颗粒在回流缝中的上升流速，m/s；Q为反应器进水流量，m3/s；S1为回流缝总面积，m2；a为反应器的宽度，m。
vb=Q/S2
S2=2ca
式中，vb为污水通过回流缝的流速，m/s；S2为导流板与反射锥面的总面积，m2；c为C点至反射锥斜面的垂直距离，m。
设λ=b2/b，需满足0<λ<1。为保证回流缝和沉淀区中水流稳定及污泥颗粒顺利回流，需结合理论计算与工程经验对λ值进行优化，以确保vb<va。在IC厌氧反应器中，将上升流速va作为试验变量，通过逐步提高上升流速对不同分离器结构进行试验，以获得最佳分离效率时所对应的va。
图2示出三相分离器的3D结构。若回流缝左下方的污泥浓度Cms越低，则污泥返回沉淀区的推动力越大。
若回流缝的总面积S1缩小，则进入三相分离器的气体含量相应减少，Cms降低；然而，该截面处的纵向流速增大，进而引起Cms上升。其中，Cms主要取决于污泥层浓度、污泥沉降速度、反应器内液体流速及通过回流缝的气体量。Cms的具体计算可参照文献［16］中悬浮层污泥浓度的公式：
Cms=KtsCmdΦgd'KtsΦg'+vs1-va
Φgd'=Φg'λ
Φg'=Ksgfmcv0(Cso-Csc)
式中，Cmd为污水中污泥浓度，kg/m3；Cmd为悬浮层污泥浓度，kg/m3；Kts为污泥模型常数；Cmd为悬浮层污泥浓度，kg/s；Φgd'为悬浮层顶部单位时间内每平方米产生气体的体积，m3/（m2⋅h）；Φg'为单位时间内每平方米产生气体的体积，m3/（m2⋅h）；vs1为污泥的截面下沉速度，m/s；Ksg为单位有机物甲烷转化量，m³/kg；v0为流体的初始流速，Cso，Csc分别为进水、出水化学需氧量质量浓度，kg/m3。
为获得最佳气液分离效果，折流板与反射锥的倾斜边应保持一定重叠，且重叠区域越大，气液分离性能越优异。该结构还有助于减小气泡直径，从而降低其对沉淀区固液分离效果的影响。当混合液上升至A点时，将沿AB倾斜面开始缓慢流动，设其流速为vb；同时，气泡在A点以速度va垂直向上运动。因此，气泡的实际运动方向为va和vb的合成速度方向。根据速度合成的平行四边形法则，可得：
vavb=BCAB
确保气泡分离后不进入沉淀区的必要条件为：
vavb>BCAB
在反应器特定负荷条件下，Cms可表示为λ的单目标函数，其优化模型如下［17］：
Cms=fΦgd'λ,va(λ)
以最小化Cms为目标求解λ，其约束条件为0<λ<1。
由于目标函数形式复杂且自变量取值范围较小，采用比较法求解Cms的最小值。在确定回流缝宽度后，即可进一步确定三相分离器其他结构尺寸。该分离器的整体结构如图3所示。基于该整体框架，本研究提出了3种不同的反射锥结构构型，分别为菱形、三角形和扇形，其结构方案如图4所示。
2　建模对象和方法
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2.1　几何模型和网格划分
采用SolidWorks软件建立了IC厌氧反应器的计算模型，如图5所示。该模型包括布水器、新型三相分离器、提升管及第一、第二反应室。布水器的4个布水口设置为气液两相速度入口，气相占比为30%，以沼气为主。入口直径为0.02 m，入口速度范围为0.08~0.20 m/s（即4~10 m/h）。出口静压设置为101 325 Pa，反应器内部2根气体提升管均设为压力出口，压力值同为101 325 Pa。所有壁面均采用无滑移边界条件（即壁面处流体速度为零），近壁区域使用Menter‑Lechner方法处理。三相分离器中三角折流板与水平方向的夹角θ在50°~60°之间。
采用ANSYS Fluent Meshing软件对计算模型进行网格划分。整个模型共计生成约284 万个网格单元，平均单元尺寸为0.212 mm，网格划分结果如图6所示。
2.2　求解器设置
对三相分离器结构开展数值模拟，重点探究其在多种工况下固液与气液两相的流场特性及分离效率。模拟中假设反应器内液体为混合液，其物性参数如表1所示。
选用k‑epsilon湍流模型与欧拉多相流模型进行数值计算，相间作用力通过Schiller‑Naumann模型进行描述。模拟中将液相设置为主相，气、固两相均设为次相。在多相流计算中［18］，采用Phase Coupled SIMPLE算法求解压力-速度耦合场。液相与固相之间的曳力采用Wen‑Yu模型［19］进行计算。时间步长设置为0.002 s，每个时间步内最大迭代次数为20步，收敛残差标准设定为10-3。
3　数值模拟结果与分析
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3.1　夹角θ的影响
图7示出入口表观速度为0.16 m/s时，不同三角折流板夹角（θ=50°，55°，60°）条件下的固相分布云图。可以看出，随着夹角增大，反射锥斜面上的固相积聚程度显著增加。沉淀区内污泥的过量堆积不仅会降低分离效率，还可能造成分离器堵塞，严重时甚至导致反应器失效。
图8示出了不同三角折流板夹角下，一级分离器YZ截面液相速度矢量图。
观察图8中回流缝区域可发现，该处存在强烈的环流运动，导致三相分离器内部流场紊乱且无规则。这种湍流扰动是固液两相之间以及流体与导流板结构共同作用的结果。尽管湍流涡旋有助于抑制颗粒聚集，但对比图8（a）（c），图8（b）所示结构（θ=55°）中的液相流速分布更为稳定均匀。
结合反应器YZ截面的固相分布云图可知，沉淀区内的环流是导致污泥颗粒在反射锥斜面堆积的主要原因。当折流板与水平方向夹角θ=55°时，反应器内部流场结构更为稳定，沉淀区内污泥堆积量最少。
图9示出IC厌氧反应器在XY截面上的3种不同分离器结构对应的径向平均速度分布［13］。从图可以看出，在0~0.2 m范围内，流速随轴向距离增加而逐渐增大。在Z=0.2~0.4 m区间内，当θ=50°时，速度出现显著升高，表明分离器内流体发生剧烈环流并快速上升；当θ=55°时，速度仅小幅增加，流场更为稳定，有利于提高该区域的固相分离效率；而当θ=60°时，该区间的上升流速明显降低，不利于污水处理的进行，从而导致反射锥斜面发生污泥沉积。在Z=0.4~0.7 m范围内，θ=55°结构中的流体流速明显高于另外2种结构，较高的平均流速表明该结构具有良好的内循环效率与流体动力学性能。在Z=0.7 m处，3种结构流场的径向速度基本趋于一致。
上述结果表明，将三角折流板与水平方向的夹角θ设置为55°，是新型三相分离器的最优结构参数。
3.2　反射锥结构的影响
图10示出在折流板夹角55°的设计基础上，3种方案下反应器YZ截面的固相分布云图。
从图可以看出，方案1中第一反应室内的污泥颗粒与液相混合较为均匀，反射锥斜面仅有少量颗粒聚集；方案2中第一反应室内的污泥颗粒与液相混合程度较低，且反射锥斜面存在大量颗粒积聚；方案3中第一反应室内污泥颗粒几乎完全沉淀，反射锥表面无明显颗粒聚集。
图11示出IC厌氧反应器在XY截面上3种方案的径向平均速度分布。图中Z表示距反应器底部的轴向高度。从图可见，在Z=0~0.2 m范围内，方案3的径向速度显著低于另外2种方案，过低的初始上升流速可能导致厌氧反应器无法正常启动；在Z=0.3 m处，3种方案的径向速度均出现上升，这是由于三相分离器对上升流体具有加速作用；在Z=0.4~0.7 m区间内，方案1的流场径向速度最大，方案3的最小。方案1的平均径向速度最高，表明其内循环效率与流体动力学性能最佳；方案2在Z=0.3 m处出现最大径向速度，说明其三相分离器内流场剧烈且紊乱，导致反射锥斜面大量颗粒积聚［20］；方案3整体径向速度最低，且反射锥表面无颗粒附着，表明该反应器未能成功启动。这是由于扇形反射锥结构体积较大，在反应器内形成明显流动阻碍，既延迟了启动过程，也提高了所需初始流速，因而该结构不符合厌氧反应器的运行要求。综上所述，方案1的菱形结构的反射锥为新型三相分离器的最优结构。
3.3　入口速度的影响
图12示出不同入口速度下最优结构反应器在YZ截面的固相分布情况。可以看出，入口速度对反应器内部流场特性及固相分布具有决定性影响，入口速度越高，反应器内固相悬浮浓度也相应增大。图13示出不同入口速度下反应器XY截面上的径向速度分布，其中H表示反应器总高度。可以看出，当入口速度成比例增加时，相应截面上的径向流速也呈近似比例增长。对比速度v3与v4可知，较高的入口速度可提升反应器内部整体径向流速，增强混合液的搅动与运动，延长固体颗粒在液相中的悬浮时间，从而有助于提高产气效率。而从速度v1与v2的对比可知，较低入口速度会降低内部流场速度，导致混合液搅拌不均、污泥沉降，进而造成反应器启动困难。因此，选择合适的入口速度有助于改善液相流动状态、提高第一反应室中的混合液浓度，并同时提升产气效率与固相分离效果。
由上文可知，入口速度需高于0.08 m/s，否则反应器将无法成功启动。当入口速度v1=0.08 m/s时，反应器未能正常启动，故不纳入该工况下固相分离效率的分析。通过监测出口固相含量浓度，计算得到各入口速度对应的固相分离率，结果如表2所示。可以看出，固相分离率随入口速度增大而逐渐降低。这是由于较高的入口速度会加剧反应器内流场的扰动，导致部分污泥颗粒被带入提升管，产生污泥夹带现象。尽管较低的入口速度有助于提高固相分离率，但会导致污泥在反应器底部大量积聚，从而降低产气效率。综合以上分析，并结合前文对新型三相分离器最优结构的论证，最终确定最佳入口速度为v3=0.16 m/s，此时反应器可实现最优污水处理效果。
4　结构优化试验
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4.1　试验操作流程
试验中采用与仿真模型一致的结构，以空气、橡胶颗粒和自来水分别模拟气相、固相与液相，通过构建IC厌氧反应器的冷模实验装置，对其三相分离效率进行研究。
试验中将入口速度作为变量，其调节流程如图14所示。通过安全阀控制输水总管流量，并采用进水流量计实时监测流量值。具体试验步骤如下：首先向进水箱注入适量自来水，启动进水泵，使水在泵的驱动下流经流量计；随后，水流经布水孔从反应器底部进入，经布水孔导流后形成旋流上升，依次通过第一反应区、一级三相分离器、第二反应区和二级三相分离器，最终到达反应器出口。待反应器充满水后关闭出水口，系统稳定运行后启动曝气装置，通过调节阀门控制进水流量，记录不同入口速度下各时刻出水桶内的水体积，最后收集滤袋中的固体颗粒，脱水后称重。
4.2　试验装置与材料
图15示出IC厌氧反应器的小型试验装置，主要包括进水箱、进水泵、曝气盘、小型反应器及出水桶。小型IC厌氧反应器试验模型的外壳由有机玻璃制成，其内部两级三相分离器采用树脂材料通过3D打印技术制造。鉴于试验主要目的在于研究三相分离效率，反应器内部的回流管予以省略。反应器内部设置的两根提升管与外部相连，通过软管接入出水桶，以确保整个实验系统的密封性。
整个配水系统以一进四出的五通阀为核心，水流经进水总管进入五通阀后，被分为4股支流，并通过软管输送至各布水孔。布水孔开设于反应器圆周侧面，靠近底部封盖处。4个布水孔沿周向均匀分布，相邻孔间隔90°。各进水软管沿反应器圆周的切线方向接入，使流体在反应器内沿壁面顺时针旋流上升。
检测系统由1个带刻度的集水桶构成，用于收集从反应器提升管溢出的流体。桶内出水管下方安装有过滤孔径为100目的滤袋；溢出的气液混合相经提升管进入滤袋后，其中固相颗粒被截留。由于气体逸出时会携带部分液体进入出水桶，因此通过监测桶内液面变化可间接反映集气量。
除上述主要设备外，试验还需使用高精度电子秤、数显气体流量计、量杯及滤袋等检测设备与材料。
4.3　试验结果
通过控制进口速度，分别在v1=0.08 m/s，v2=0.12 m/s，v3=0.16 m/s，v4=0.20 m/s四种工况下，对出水与固体产出物进行测量，结果见表3。
以Q表示出水桶在不同入口速度下收集到的水量，其中Q1，Q2，Q3，Q4分别对应于入口速度v1，v2，v3，v4条件下的水量，见表4。绘制不同入口速度下时间t与水量Q的关系曲线，并基于相应公式计算进水量Q0、进气量q0及分离效率。
4.4　水力特性分析
根据试验数据，分析不同入口速度下时间t与水量Q的关系，并绘制如图16所示的关系曲线。
根据时间t与水量Q的关系曲线（见图16）可知，两者呈现显著的线性增长关系，即出水桶中的收集水量随时间延长持续增加。从整体变化趋势可得出结论：在同一时间段内，反应器入口速度越大，水量Q的增加幅度也越大。该现象源于水量Q同时受进水量Q0与进气量q0的共同作用：入口速度与进水量Q0呈正比；尽管进气量q0保持恒定，入口速度仍通过影响小气泡的上升速率进而改变气相的收集效率。因此，更高的入口速度最终体现为更大的Q值。综上所述，该关系图真实反映了入口速度对反应器水量的影响规律，与试验观测到的水力特性一致。
4.5　三相分离效率对比分析
图17示出试验模型和模拟模型在入口速度和固相分离率方面的对比情况。总体来看，固相分离率的试验值与模拟值变化趋势基本一致，且在各入口速度下的数值较为接近，说明入口流速对新型三相分离器固相分离率的影响有限［21-24］。试验值普遍低于模拟值，主要源于数值模拟中假设固相颗粒为直径均一的理想球形，而实际试验中的颗粒形态与尺寸存在显著差异。在最佳工况（0.16 m/s）下，固相分离率的试验值为95.75%，模拟值为98.51%，相对误差为2.76%，表明该三相分离器的试验模型与理论模型吻合较好。
图18对比了试验与模拟模型中入口速度与气相分离效率的关系。
从图可以看出，气相分离率的试验值与模拟值变化趋势基本一致，且在各类入口速度下的数值较为接近，表明入口速度对该分离器的气相分离效率影响有限。试验值普遍低于模拟结果，其主要原因在于数值模拟中假定气相颗粒（气泡）直径均匀不变，而实际试验中气泡尺寸会随水压变化而发生改变。在最佳工况（入口速度0.16 m/s）下，气相分离率的试验值为81.84%，模拟值为85.30%，相对误差为3.46%，表明该三相分离器的试验与理论模型间具有较好的一致性。
5　结论
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（1）通过数值模拟与试验验证，确定当三相分离器中折流板夹角θ为55°且反射锥为菱形结构时，新型三相分离器达到最佳结构参数组合。
（2）当入口速度v为0.16 m/s时，厌氧反应器的废水处理效能达到最优。在该最佳工况下，改进结构三相分离器的固相分离率模拟值与试验值相对误差为2.76%，气相分离率相对误差为3.46%，表明模拟结果与试验数据吻合良好。
（3）在最佳工况下，污水的固相分离率达到95.75%，气相分离率为81.84%，相较于原始结构，两项指标均显著提升超过10%。结果表明，优化后的结构模型在废水处理中表现出优异性能，有效提升了处理效果，具备良好的推广应用潜力，可用于指导内循环系统及IC反应器的工程设计与优化。

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文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.007
  • 接收时间：2025-01-26
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-26
  • 修回日期：2025-06-27
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    南昌航空大学 航空制造与机械工程学院，南昌 330063

通讯作者:

邢普（1971），男，博士，教授，研究方向为污水处理、机构优化设计及流体机械，通信地址：330063江西省南昌市丰和南大道696号南昌航空大学航空制造与机械工程学院，E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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