Article(id=1319293308313121271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293220169826420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729267200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-19, revisedDate=1742832000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473635985, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473635985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473635985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473635985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293220169826420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473614971, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473614971, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=89, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293308568973816, articleId=1319293308313121271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=System performance analysis of CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant heat pump system for electric vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the feasibility of a CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant heat pump system for electric vehicles,the thermophysical properties of the mixed refrigerant were analyzed.A single‑stage transcritical heat pump system model with an internal heat exchanger was established,and the effects of mass ratios and different operating parameters on system performance were examined.The results show that the optimal mass ratio of the CO2/R1270 mixture is 0.96∶0.04,with the system COP increasing by 13% compared to the single‑refrigerant CO2 system;the optimal high pressure is 8 MPa,representing a 20% reduction.The refrigeration performance of the system improves as the evaporator inlet temperature rises and decreases as the ambient temperature increases.The impact of changing the evaporator inlet temperature on COPc is greater than that of ambient temperature.When the ambient temperature is 30 ℃,the COPc varies most significantly with the evaporation temperature,increasing from 1.18 to 2.81.The most notable factor affecting the system's heating performance is the gas cooler outlet temperature;the system COPh decreases as the gas cooler outlet temperature rises.Maintaining the gas cooler outlet temperature near the critical temperature of the mixed refrigerant (approximately 42 ℃) yields the optimal heating performance,and the effect of changing the gas cooler outlet temperature on COPh becomes more pronounced at higher ambient temperatures.This research can provide a reference for the optimal design of mixed refrigerant heat pumps in electric vehicles.

, authors=Junlan YANG, Kaiyu ZHANG, authorsList=Junlan YANG, Kaiyu ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293312666808853, articleId=1319293308313121271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=电动汽车CO2/R1270混合工质热泵系统性能研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究CO2/R1270混合工质电动汽车热泵系统的可行性,对混合工质进行热物性分析,建立了单级带回热器跨临界热泵系统模型,分析质量配比和不同运行参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明:CO2/R1270混合工质最佳质量配比为0.96∶0.04,系统COP相较于单工质CO2提升了13%,最优高压压力为8 MPa,降低了20%;系统制冷性能随着蒸发器入口温度的升高而提高,随环境温度的升高而降低;改变蒸发器入口温度对COPc的影响大于环境温度的影响,环境温度为30 ℃时,COPc随蒸发温度的变化最为明显,从1.18上升至2.81。对系统制热性能的影响最明显的是气冷器出口温度,系统COPh随气冷器出口温度的升高而降低,使气冷器出口温度维持在混合工质临界温度42 ℃附近,可得到最佳制热性能,且环境温度越高,通过改变气冷器出口温度对COPh的影响越明显。研究可为电动汽车混合工质热泵的优化设计提供参考。

, authors=杨俊兰, 张凯钰, authorsList=杨俊兰, 张凯钰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨俊兰(1971),女,教授,主要从事二氧化碳制冷与热泵技术研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pRD4UDkAmmJy0hPacnJR8w==, magXml=pMzPdFSfKtGMy6GINwloAg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dwNGZEGB6BPg0tla+87XCQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zu+lC/haZiUtC6TzY18chw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293312972993050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293308313121271, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yjlfg@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293313061073436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293308313121271, authorId=1319293312972993050, language=EN, stringName=Junlan YANG, firstName=Junlan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293313157542429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293308313121271, authorId=1319293312972993050, language=CN, stringName=杨俊兰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384, bio={"content":"

杨俊兰(1971),女,教授,主要从事二氧化碳制冷与热泵技术研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。

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杨俊兰(1971),女,教授,主要从事二氧化碳制冷与热泵技术研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。

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articleId=1319293308313121271, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Refrigerant properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂临界
温度/℃
临界
压力/MPa
GWPODP标准
沸点/℃
CO231.17.3810-78.4
R127091.14.5540-47.7
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制冷剂性质

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温度/℃
临界
压力/MPa
GWPODP标准
沸点/℃
CO231.17.3810-78.4
R127091.14.5540-47.7
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Conditions of system simulation

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工况干球温度/℃风量/(kg·min-1)相对湿度/%
车内车外车内车外车内车外
夏季2528~365.5285066
冬季20-2~68405045
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冬季20-2~68405045
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电动汽车CO2/R1270混合工质热泵系统性能研究
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杨俊兰 , 张凯钰
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(6): 89-96
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (6) : 89 -96
电动汽车CO2/R1270混合工质热泵系统性能研究
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杨俊兰(1971),女,教授,主要从事二氧化碳制冷与热泵技术研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。

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杨俊兰 , 张凯钰
作者信息
  • 天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
作者简介:

杨俊兰(1971),女,教授,主要从事二氧化碳制冷与热泵技术研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。

System performance analysis of CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant heat pump system for electric vehicles
Junlan YANG , Kaiyu ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.012
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为研究CO2/R1270混合工质电动汽车热泵系统的可行性,对混合工质进行热物性分析,建立了单级带回热器跨临界热泵系统模型,分析质量配比和不同运行参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明:CO2/R1270混合工质最佳质量配比为0.96∶0.04,系统COP相较于单工质CO2提升了13%,最优高压压力为8 MPa,降低了20%;系统制冷性能随着蒸发器入口温度的升高而提高,随环境温度的升高而降低;改变蒸发器入口温度对COPc的影响大于环境温度的影响,环境温度为30 ℃时,COPc随蒸发温度的变化最为明显,从1.18上升至2.81。对系统制热性能的影响最明显的是气冷器出口温度,系统COPh随气冷器出口温度的升高而降低,使气冷器出口温度维持在混合工质临界温度42 ℃附近,可得到最佳制热性能,且环境温度越高,通过改变气冷器出口温度对COPh的影响越明显。研究可为电动汽车混合工质热泵的优化设计提供参考。

电动汽车热泵系统  /  CO2/R1270混合工质  /  跨临界循环  /  系统性能

To investigate the feasibility of a CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant heat pump system for electric vehicles,the thermophysical properties of the mixed refrigerant were analyzed.A single‑stage transcritical heat pump system model with an internal heat exchanger was established,and the effects of mass ratios and different operating parameters on system performance were examined.The results show that the optimal mass ratio of the CO2/R1270 mixture is 0.96∶0.04,with the system COP increasing by 13% compared to the single‑refrigerant CO2 system;the optimal high pressure is 8 MPa,representing a 20% reduction.The refrigeration performance of the system improves as the evaporator inlet temperature rises and decreases as the ambient temperature increases.The impact of changing the evaporator inlet temperature on COPc is greater than that of ambient temperature.When the ambient temperature is 30 ℃,the COPc varies most significantly with the evaporation temperature,increasing from 1.18 to 2.81.The most notable factor affecting the system's heating performance is the gas cooler outlet temperature;the system COPh decreases as the gas cooler outlet temperature rises.Maintaining the gas cooler outlet temperature near the critical temperature of the mixed refrigerant (approximately 42 ℃) yields the optimal heating performance,and the effect of changing the gas cooler outlet temperature on COPh becomes more pronounced at higher ambient temperatures.This research can provide a reference for the optimal design of mixed refrigerant heat pumps in electric vehicles.

electric vehicle heat pump system  /  CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant  /  transcritical cycle  /  system performance
杨俊兰, 张凯钰. 电动汽车CO2/R1270混合工质热泵系统性能研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (6) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.012
Junlan YANG, Kaiyu ZHANG. System performance analysis of CO2/R1270 mixed refrigerant heat pump system for electric vehicles[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (6) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.012
随着“双碳”目标的提出及节能减排可持续发展的大力推行,我国正积极推动燃油汽车向新能源汽车的战略转型。然而,目前新能源汽车仍存在续航里程焦虑问题,空调系统的能耗占比较大,尤其冬季采用PTC系统制热的能耗高达33%[1],而采用高效的热泵空调系统可有效减少车载电池的能耗,提高续航里程。
随着《蒙特利尔协定书》及其基加利修正案的相继生效,R134a等全球全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP)高于150的含氟制冷剂被禁止应用于汽车空调[2-3],而经过深加工制取的HCs类物质具有良好的环境友好性,可作为替代工质。刘圣春等[4]分析了HCs类物质作为汽车空调制冷工质的优势及可行性。HUANG等[5]通过搭建性能测试平台,验证了基于R290电动汽车热泵空调系统的可行性和优越性。除HCs类物质外,自然工质CO2由于其优良的制热性能也成为替代工质的研究热点[6-7]。刘业凤等[8]通过仿真模拟研究发现,电动汽车CO2热泵空调系统能耗仅为PTC供暖系统的42.5%。王丹东等[9]通过试验测试了CO2跨临界车用热泵空调系统,发现其在制热能效方面优势显著。
然而,HCs制冷剂具有易燃易爆的特点,CO2也存在系统放热侧压力过高、节流损失较大等问题[10]。如果将这两种自然工质进行混合便可达到优势互补的效果:一方面,HCs可以降低热泵系统的高压侧压力;另一方面,CO2可以起到有效阻燃的作用,抑制HCs的易燃易爆特性。范晓伟等[11]对R744/R1270混合工质进行了热泵循环分析,结果表明,最优配比下COPh达到了4.77。MASSUCHETTO等[12]分析发现,CO2/R1270混合工质的COP高于单工质CO2,且蒸发条件低于单工质CO2;与纯HCs相比,混合工质可燃性低。SÁNCHEZ等[13-14]研究发现,CO2/R1270混合物的COP增强效果较好,达到8.7%;试验研究了加入内部换热器的混合工质热泵系统,COP增幅达到12.1%。然而,关于CO2/HCs混合工质在汽车热泵空调系统方面的研究尚不充分。
综上所述,文中针对CO2/HCs混合工质在电动汽车热泵空调系统的应用进行研究。首先,分析CO2/R1270混合工质的热物性,建立电动汽车跨临界CO2/R1270单级带回热器热泵系统模型,分析计算得出混合工质的最佳配比;进而分析系统的制热及制冷性能,旨在为混合工质在电动汽车热泵系统的应用提供参考。
表1列出CO2和R1270制冷剂的基本物性参数。CO2临界压力较高,会降低系统的运行效率,同时存在一定的安全问题。而R1270的临界温度和标准沸点都远高于CO2,具有良好的降压性能。R1270具有易燃性,CO2可以阻燃。因此,将二者混合可以达到制冷剂优势互补的目的。
混合工质中CO2和R1270组分的变化对其临界温度和临界压力影响如图1所示。
从图中可以看出,CO2/R1270混合工质的临界温度随CO2质量分数的增大而逐渐降低。跨临界循环要求气冷器出口温度高于工质的临界温度,电动汽车热泵空调系统一般设定气冷器出口温度Tc≥42 ℃。因此,CO2质量分数在0.88~1时,CO2/R1270在系统中可处于跨临界状态。
临界压力则随CO2质量分数的增大出现先升高后降低的趋势,临界压力最大值为7.78 MPa,出现在CO2/R1270质量分数比为0.8/0.2时。
制冷剂的换热过程是电动汽车热泵空调系统中最为重要的环节,因此,需研究制冷剂在蒸发器和气冷器运行温度及压力下的热物性参数,分别给定工况1为蒸发温度5 ℃,压力2 MPa,工况2为气冷器出口温度42 ℃,压力8 MPa。混合工质比热容随CO2质量分数的变化如图2所示。由图可知,工况1下CO2/R1270的定压比热容在CO2质量分数为0~0.3时缓慢降低,当CO2质量分数大于0.3后迅速降低。工况2下混合工质的定压比热容高于工况1,随CO2质量分数的增大呈现先缓慢升高,随后迅速降低的趋势,在CO2质量分数为0.4时出现最大值,为2.98 kJ/(kg⋅K)。
图3示出CO2质量分数对CO2/R1270导热系数的影响。由图可知,工况1下CO2/R1270的导热系数随CO2质量分数的增大而减小。在CO2质量分数为0~0.3时,混合工质导热系数下降程度很小;在0.3~0.8时,下降程度明显;在0.8~1.0时,基本不变。
在工况2下,混合工质的导热系数低于工况1下的导热系数,其变化趋势与工况1类似。混合工质的导热系数在CO2质量分数为0~0.4范围内下降程度很小;在0.4~0.7范围内,下降幅度变大;在0.7~1时,导热系数缓慢降低。
温度滑移是指非共沸混合制冷剂在某一恒定压力下,发生相变时相变温度的变化值。温度滑移特性有利于匹配变温热源、降低相变换热过程的不可逆损失、改善循环的热力学性能。图4示出CO2/R1270温度滑移随CO2质量分数的变化情况。随着CO2质量分数的增加,混合工质的温度滑移值呈“倒U形曲线”变化。在压力为2 MPa的条件下,CO2质量分数为0.4左右时,混合工质温度滑移达到最大值,为40 ℃。在压力为8 MPa的条件下,混合工质温度滑移的变化趋势与2 MPa时大致相同,但8 MPa时的温度滑移最大值为28.2 ℃,比2 MPa时降低了29.5%。
热泵系统流程如图5所示,系统采用单级带回热器的循环形式,压焓图如图6所示。
低压气态CO2/HCs经压缩机被压缩成高压气态(过程1-2),经气体冷却器进行定压放热(过程2-3),从气体冷却器排出的高温气态工质进入回热器与蒸发器出口的低温工质进行热量交换(过程3-4)进一步冷却至状态点4,随后通过膨胀阀降温减压等焓变化为湿蒸气状态(状态点5),经蒸发器进行定压吸热(过程5-6),最后回到压缩机,从而完成一个循环。利用Matlab软件建立电动汽车跨临界CO2/R1270热泵系统稳态仿真模型。
采用涡旋式压缩机,其理论排气量为0.213 m3/h,压缩机的质量流量Gr计算式如下:
Gr=Vthην3 600vs
式中,Vth为理论排气量,m3/h;ηv为容积效率,取0.9;vs为压缩机吸气时制冷剂的比容,m3/kg。
压缩机耗功W为:
W=Gr(h2'-h1)ηisηm
式中,h2'为等熵压缩的焓,kJ/kg;h1为吸气状态的焓,kJ/kg;ηis为等熵效率,取0.7;ηm为机械效率,取0.8。
选用微通道平行流换热器,为简化模拟过程,作如下假设:
(1)制冷剂从集液管平均分流到每一个微通道管内;
(2)忽略管壁热阻和管壁轴向导热;
(3)均为一维均匀稳态流动;
(4)不计凝结水的热阻;
(5)忽略润滑油的影响。
采用分布参数法,将每一个扁管等长划分成N个单元,对每个单元进行详细分析,逐个计算直到气冷器出口。在上述假设下,简化后的微通道换热器如图7所示。
根据能量平衡,空气侧换热量:
Qa,j=macpa(Tao,j-Tai,j)
式中,ma为空气质量流量,kg/s;cpa为空气定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);Tao,j,Tai,j分别为出口和进口处单元空气温度,K。
制冷剂侧换热量:
Qr,j=mr(hi,j-ho,j)
式中,mr为制冷剂质量流量,kg/s;hi,j,ho,j分别为进口和出口处单元制冷剂焓值,kJ/kg。
忽略管壁之间的导热,根据能量守恒可列出换热量的传热方程式。
空气与管壁之间的对流换热:
Qk1,j=haAa,j(Tao,j-Tai,j)/lnTw,j-Tao,jTw,j-Tai,j
式中,ha为空气对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Aa,j为空气对流换热面积,m2;Tw,j为壁面温度,K。
制冷剂与管壁之间的对流换热:
Qk2,j=hrAr,j(Tr,j-1-Tr,j)/lnTw,j-Tro,jTw,j-Tri,j
式中,hr为制冷剂对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);Ar,j为制冷剂对流换热面积,m2;Tro,j,Tri,j分别为出口和进口处单元制冷剂温度,K。
由能量守恒可知:
Qa,j=Qr,j=Qk,j
空气侧传热系数ha具体计算式如下[15]:
ha=jcpaMa,maxρa/Pra2/3
式中,j为与换热器结构参数相关的参数;cpa为空气定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);Ma,max为空气最大流速,m/s;ρa为空气密度,kg/m3;Pra为空气的普朗特数。
气冷器内为超临界流体,制冷剂侧对流传热系数计算式为[16-17]:
hr=NurλrDr=(ξr/8)(Rer-1000)Prr1+12.7(ξr/8)1/2(Prr2/3-1)λrDr
蒸发器内制冷剂存在相变,过热区传热系数计算式同式(9)。两相区的换热关联式参考文献[18-19],相关计算式如下:
hr=max(hr,NBD,hr,CBD)
hr,NBD=[0.668 3Co-0.2(25Fr)0.3+1 085Bo0.7×1.63]hr,l
hr,CBD=[1.136Co-0.9(25Fr)0.3+667.2Bo0.7×1.63]hr,l
式中,Bo为邦德数,表示热流密度对换热的影响程度;Co为对流数,反映两相流中液相/气相惯性力之比;Fr为弗劳德数,用来评估重力对水平流型的影响。
根据能量方程建立回热器仿真模型,其单位制冷剂的回热量为:
qhr=h3-h4=h1-h6
为验证数学模型的准确性,将气冷器不同管长处壁面温度的仿真结果与试验数据进行对比[17],仿真模型的初始温度根据试验值设定,对比结果如图8所示。由图可知,最大偏差点出现在第15层扁管管长为75 mm处,此处仿真温度值为65.8 ℃,试验值为60.1 ℃,偏差值为9.48%,在合理误差范围之内,因此模型准确性较高。
参考QC/T 656—2019)《汽车空调系统性能要求》,拟定系统仿真工况如表2所示,其中,车外参数以天津市为例。系统中CO2/R1270质量流量为71.64 kg/h,压缩机转速为4 000 r/min。分析不同运行参数对系统制冷、制热性能的影响。
图9示出混合工质单级带回热器热泵循环的COPc随高压压力的变化趋势。可以看出,随着高压压力的升高,COPc值先上升后下降。当R1270被添加到系统中时,系统的COPc峰值随高压压力的降低而前移,最大为2.52,此时混合工质质量配比为0.96∶0.04,相较于单工质CO2的最高COP提高了13%。与单工质CO2相比,最优高压压力从10.0 MPa降至9.5 MPa。因此,在CO2工质中添加R1270可以有效改善热泵系统的性能,并可降低所需的高压压力。
图10示出在不同的高压压力下,CO2/R1270跨临界单级带回热器系统在气冷器出口温度为42 ℃,蒸发器入口温度为5 ℃时,其COPc随环境温度的变化趋势。由图可以看出,随着环境温度的升高,3种压力下,COPc均有明显的降低,且均在28 ℃时达到最大值,36 ℃时达到最小值。同一温度下,压力为8 MPa时的COPc最高,10 MPa时的COPc最低。在压力为8 MPa时,COPc从2.31降至1.79,降低了22.5%。这主要是因为环境温度升高时,换热温差减小,导致车外侧换热器的换热量下降,气冷器出口温度随之增加,节流前工质的比焓增加,从而使蒸发器侧制冷量也急剧下降,而系统中压缩机的吸排气压力变化较小,因此,压缩机耗功变化增幅较小,最终导致系统COPc明显降低。
图11示出在不同的环境温度下,CO2/R1270跨临界单级带回热器系统在气冷器出口温度为42 ℃,高压压力为8 MPa时,其COPc随蒸发器入口温度的变化趋势。
由图可知,3种环境温度下,随着蒸发器入口温度的升高,系统COPc均逐渐增大。在同一蒸发器入口温度下,环境温度的上升导致COPc值下降,这与上述分析相符。在蒸发器入口温度为0~5 ℃内,COPc变化趋势较缓,5~10 ℃范围内,COPc迅速升高。环境温度为30 ℃时,COPc随蒸发器入口温度的变化最为明显,从1.18上升至2.81,增幅达到138.1%。
图12示出在不同的高压压力下,CO2/R1270跨临界单级带回热器系统在气冷器出口温度为42 ℃,蒸发器入口温度为5 ℃时,其COPh随环境温度的变化趋势。
由图可知,在3种压力下,随着环境温度的升高,COPh均有明显的提高。同一温度下,压力为8 MPa时的COPh最高,10 MPa时的COPh最低。在压力为8 MPa时,环境温度对COPh的影响最明显,从3.17升高到4.13,变化了30%。
图13示出CO2/R1270跨临界单级带回热器系统在蒸发温度为5 ℃,气冷器出口温度为42 ℃时,其COPh随高压压力变化的趋势,给定的高压压力范围为7.5~10.0 MPa。
由图可知,随着高压压力的增大,3种环境温度下系统COPh曲线均呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。在环境温度为-2,0,2 ℃时,COPh均在7.5 MPa时最小,在8.0 MPa时达到最大值。环境温度为2 ℃时,COPh最低为3.05,最高为3.58,在最优高压压力下,COPh增幅为17%。所以要尽可能使气冷器在压力为8 MPa下运行。
图14示出在不同环境温度下,CO2/R1270跨临界单级带回热器系统在蒸发器入口温度为5 ℃,高压压力为8 MPa时,其COPh随气冷器出口温度的变化趋势。由图可知,随着气冷器出口温度的升高,COPh均逐渐减小,使气冷器出口温度维持在混合工质临界温度附近可得到最佳制热性能。在气冷器出口温度42 ℃下,环境温度为2 ℃时,COPh最大,可达到3.58;环境温度为-2 ℃时,COPh最小,峰值仅3.17。环境温度为-2 ℃时,COPh的变化最为明显,同时,在气冷器出口温度为42~45 ℃范围内,COPh变化大,在46~52 ℃范围内,COPh变化趋势较缓。3种环境温度下,COPh随气冷器出口温度的降幅分别为43%,46%,47%。因此,环境温度越高时,通过改变气冷器出口温度对COPh的影响越明显。
(1)CO2/R1270混合工质适用于跨临界循环,且明显提高系统COP并降低高压压力。对于单级带回热器热泵系统,CO2/R1270混合工质的最佳质量配比为0.96/0.04。
(2)混合工质最优高压压力为8 MPa,COP随高压压力的增大先迅速升高后缓慢下降。实际运行时,可使气冷器压力略大于最优高压压力,以确保系统高效运转。
(3)改变蒸发器入口温度对COPc的影响大于环境温度造成的影响。系统COPc随着蒸发器入口温度的升高而增大,最大变化幅度达到138%,而环境温度的升高对COPc的变化影响仅为22%。
(4)对系统制热性能影响最明显的运行参数为气冷器出口温度。系统COPh随气冷器出口温度的升高而降低,环境温度越高时,变化越明显。当气冷器出口温度维持在混合工质临界温度附近时可得到最佳制热性能。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.012
  • 接收时间:2024-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-19
  • 修回日期:2025-03-25
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    天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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