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Article(id=1319293171918549517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293151651676781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=1739635200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473603467, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1748534400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473603467, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473603467, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473603467, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293151651676781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748534400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473598634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473598634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293173487219214, articleId=1319293171918549517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Stress and strain evolution in coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion by abrasive water jet, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the feasibility of efficient rock breaking and cavitation by abrasive jets with conical nozzles，abrasive jet cavitation tests were carried out.A visualization experimental method based on digital image correlation （DIC） was adopted to study the distribution characteristics of the strain field in horizontal well cavity completion.Combined with the finite-discrete element method （FDEM），the morphological characteristics of cavitation‑induced fractures and the evolution process of stress in cavity completion were characterized.The effects of cavity diameter and in‑situ stress on the stress evolution and fracture extension of the cavity in coalbed methane （CBM） horizontal wells were investigated.The research results show that under the condition of submerged jet，the abrasive jet with a conical nozzle can penetrate a coal body with a length of 62 cm within 30 s under a pressure of 25 MPa and produce a volume‑breaking effect.With the increase of vertical stress and cavity diameter，the strain localization zones increase significantly，and the strain localization zones distributed vertically gradually appear.Natural fractures are the main factor affecting the damage degree of coal rock plates.Stress concentration occurs first around the cavity，and then cracks initiate at the intersection of the bedding/cleat weak planes and the cavity.When the vertical stress is greater than the horizontal stress，a fracture network is more likely to be formed，thus inducing stress release.The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the stress release mechanism of cavity completion in CBM horizontal wells.

, authors=Xiaozhou QIN, Ruiyue YANG, Zhongwei HUANG, Jianxiang CHEN, Jiawen LI, authorsList=Xiaozhou QIN, Ruiyue YANG, Zhongwei HUANG, Jianxiang CHEN, Jiawen LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruiyue YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293176171573798, articleId=1319293171918549517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=煤层气水平井磨料射流造穴应力-应变演化研究, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索锥直型喷嘴磨料射流高效破岩造穴的可行性，开展了磨料射流喷射造穴试验。采用基于数字图像相关技术（DIC）的可视化试验方法，研究了水平井洞穴完井应变场分布特征，并结合有限元-离散元法（FDEM）表征了造穴诱导裂缝形态特征和洞穴完井应力的演化过程，探究了洞穴直径和地应力对煤层气水平井洞穴应力演化和裂缝延伸的影响。结果表明，淹没射流条件下，锥直型喷嘴磨料射流可在25 MPa下，30 s内穿透长度为62 cm的煤体，产生体积破碎效果；随着垂向应力和洞穴直径的增加，应变局部化带明显增多，且沿垂向分布的应变局部化带逐渐显现，天然裂缝是影响煤岩板损伤程度的主要因素；应力集中首先发生在洞穴周围，然后裂缝沿层理/割理弱面与洞穴交汇处萌生，垂向应力大于水平应力时更易形成裂缝网络，进而诱导应力释放。研究结果可为煤层气水平井洞穴完井应力释放机理提供理论基础。

, authors=秦小舟, 杨睿月, 黄中伟, 陈健翔, 李嘉文, authorsList=秦小舟, 杨睿月, 黄中伟, 陈健翔, 李嘉文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨睿月, authorNote=

秦小舟（1998），女，博士研究生，主要从事煤层气水平井磨料射流分段造穴卸压增渗机理研究，E-mail： 。

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杨睿月（1989），女，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事煤层气新型射流增产改造理论与技术研究，通讯地址：102249北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学（北京）石油工程学院，E-mail： 。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用，则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊，本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3RT6rtkb9Y6JMJDP9RXJ+w==, magXml=t89taLN4bn85e99Mhw/bDg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fCwCzEDmvrQc6da2jvU+cQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0vdYET5fPqXgXqWQ39qseA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293178033844780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2022310123@student.cup.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293178113536558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, authorId=1319293178033844780, language=EN, stringName=Xiaozhou QIN, firstName=Xiaozhou, middleName=null, lastName=QIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering，China University of Petroleum，Beijing 102249，China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293178184839727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, authorId=1319293178033844780, language=CN, stringName=秦小舟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=油气资源与工程全国重点实验室 中国石油大学（北京），北京 102249, bio={"content":"

秦小舟（1998），女，博士研究生，主要从事煤层气水平井磨料射流分段造穴卸压增渗机理研究，E-mail： 。

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秦小舟（1998），女，博士研究生，主要从事煤层气水平井磨料射流分段造穴卸压增渗机理研究，E-mail： 。

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and displacement vector under different cavity diameters, figureFileSmall=FECBcF6iyOYm9sulFd/syQ==, figureFileBig=e9L2RawgxMshR7j7CTfy1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293183230587487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同洞穴直径下应变分布和位移矢量

(a)30 mm 　　(b)40 mm 　　(c)50 mm

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（a）单轴压缩试验　　（b）双向应力加载试验

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Mechanical properties of rock specimen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(kg⋅m-3)单轴抗压
强度/MPa		抗拉强
度/MPa		杨氏模量/GPa泊松比
天然煤岩1 50024.591.954.510.45
型煤1 61017.800.963.840.30
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184140751465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩样力学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/(kg⋅m-3)单轴抗压
强度/MPa		抗拉强
度/MPa		杨氏模量/GPa泊松比
天然煤岩1 50024.591.954.510.45
型煤1 61017.800.963.840.30
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184224637546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Experimental scheme of cavitation by abrasive jets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性喷嘴
直径/mm		喷距/mm喷射压力/MPa磨料颗粒大小/目喷射时间/s
天然煤岩510154630
型煤51010，15，20，254630
砂岩51015，20，25，304660
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184300135019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

磨料射流喷射造穴试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性喷嘴
直径/mm		喷距/mm喷射压力/MPa磨料颗粒大小/目喷射时间/s
天然煤岩510154630
型煤51010，15，20，254630
砂岩51015，20，25，304660
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184400798316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental parameters for visualization experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水平应力/MPa垂向应力/MPa洞穴直径/mm
1106，10，14，18，2220
210620，30，40，50
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184488878702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

可视化试验参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号水平应力/MPa垂向应力/MPa洞穴直径/mm
1106，10，14，18，2220
210620，30，40，50
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184555987567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Model calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别参数数值
煤岩弹性属性密度/（kg⋅m-3）1.51
弹性模量/GPa6.03
泊松比0.33
煤岩强度参数摩擦系数0.6
粘聚力/MPa8.85
抗拉强度/MPa1.12
Ⅰ型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）50
II型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）500
天然裂缝强度
参数		粘聚力/MPa0.89
抗拉强度/MPa0.11
Ⅰ型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）5
II型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）10
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184618902128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171918549517, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别参数数值
煤岩弹性属性密度/（kg⋅m-3）1.51
弹性模量/GPa6.03
泊松比0.33
煤岩强度参数摩擦系数0.6
粘聚力/MPa8.85
抗拉强度/MPa1.12
Ⅰ型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）50
II型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）500
天然裂缝强度
参数		粘聚力/MPa0.89
抗拉强度/MPa0.11
Ⅰ型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）5
II型断裂能/（N⋅m-1）10
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煤层气水平井磨料射流造穴应力-应变演化研究
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秦小舟 , 杨睿月 , 黄中伟 , 陈健翔 , 李嘉文
流体机械 | 试验研究 2025,53(5): 1-8
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流体机械 |试验研究 2025 , 53 (5) : 1 -8
煤层气水平井磨料射流造穴应力-应变演化研究
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秦小舟 , 杨睿月 , 黄中伟, 陈健翔, 李嘉文
作者信息
  • 油气资源与工程全国重点实验室 中国石油大学（北京），北京 102249
通讯作者:
杨睿月（1989），女，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事煤层气新型射流增产改造理论与技术研究，通讯地址：102249北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学（北京）石油工程学院，E-mail： 。
作者简介:

秦小舟（1998），女，博士研究生，主要从事煤层气水平井磨料射流分段造穴卸压增渗机理研究，E-mail： 。

Stress and strain evolution in coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion by abrasive water jet
Xiaozhou QIN , Ruiyue YANG , Zhongwei HUANG, Jianxiang CHEN, Jiawen LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering，China University of Petroleum，Beijing 102249，China
出版时间: 2025-05-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.001
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为探索锥直型喷嘴磨料射流高效破岩造穴的可行性，开展了磨料射流喷射造穴试验。采用基于数字图像相关技术（DIC）的可视化试验方法，研究了水平井洞穴完井应变场分布特征，并结合有限元-离散元法（FDEM）表征了造穴诱导裂缝形态特征和洞穴完井应力的演化过程，探究了洞穴直径和地应力对煤层气水平井洞穴应力演化和裂缝延伸的影响。结果表明，淹没射流条件下，锥直型喷嘴磨料射流可在25 MPa下，30 s内穿透长度为62 cm的煤体，产生体积破碎效果；随着垂向应力和洞穴直径的增加，应变局部化带明显增多，且沿垂向分布的应变局部化带逐渐显现，天然裂缝是影响煤岩板损伤程度的主要因素；应力集中首先发生在洞穴周围，然后裂缝沿层理/割理弱面与洞穴交汇处萌生，垂向应力大于水平应力时更易形成裂缝网络，进而诱导应力释放。研究结果可为煤层气水平井洞穴完井应力释放机理提供理论基础。

煤层气  /  水平井洞穴完井  /  磨料射流  /  应力-应变演化  /  裂缝扩展

In order to explore the feasibility of efficient rock breaking and cavitation by abrasive jets with conical nozzles，abrasive jet cavitation tests were carried out.A visualization experimental method based on digital image correlation （DIC） was adopted to study the distribution characteristics of the strain field in horizontal well cavity completion.Combined with the finite-discrete element method （FDEM），the morphological characteristics of cavitation‑induced fractures and the evolution process of stress in cavity completion were characterized.The effects of cavity diameter and in‑situ stress on the stress evolution and fracture extension of the cavity in coalbed methane （CBM） horizontal wells were investigated.The research results show that under the condition of submerged jet，the abrasive jet with a conical nozzle can penetrate a coal body with a length of 62 cm within 30 s under a pressure of 25 MPa and produce a volume‑breaking effect.With the increase of vertical stress and cavity diameter，the strain localization zones increase significantly，and the strain localization zones distributed vertically gradually appear.Natural fractures are the main factor affecting the damage degree of coal rock plates.Stress concentration occurs first around the cavity，and then cracks initiate at the intersection of the bedding/cleat weak planes and the cavity.When the vertical stress is greater than the horizontal stress，a fracture network is more likely to be formed，thus inducing stress release.The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the stress release mechanism of cavity completion in CBM horizontal wells.

coalbed methane  /  horizontal well cavity completion  /  abrasive water jet  /  stress-strain evolution  /  fracture propagation
秦小舟, 杨睿月, 黄中伟, 陈健翔, 李嘉文. 煤层气水平井磨料射流造穴应力-应变演化研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.001
Xiaozhou QIN, Ruiyue YANG, Zhongwei HUANG, Jianxiang CHEN, Jiawen LI. Stress and strain evolution in coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion by abrasive water jet[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.001
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0　引言
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我国煤层气储量丰富，位居世界第三，截至2023年末，我国煤层气剩余技术可采储量达5 348.4×108 m3［1］，资源潜力巨大。近年来，以大规模水平井压裂为代表的勘探开发技术在深煤层取得重大现场突破［2］，推动我国煤层气由中-浅部迈向深部煤层勘探开发新阶段。然而，由于我国地质条件复杂、资源禀赋差，常规压裂改造主缝延伸短，支撑剂主要集中在井筒附近堆积［3］；大规模体积压裂虽然整体上相对常规压裂改造效果好，但仍有部分井改造效果不理想［2］，且压裂改造成本高、煤层气整体采出程度低，面临着工艺技术对不同煤储层适用性差、压裂施工参数优化设计尚不完善等难题［4］。因此，亟需开展煤层气储层改造技术适应性研究。
前人借鉴直井洞穴完井应力释放原理和煤矿区被保护层采动卸压增透理论，发展了水平井应力释放技术。不同于水力压裂技术增加井底流体压力使地层产生水力裂缝的原理，应力释放煤层气开采技术采用卸压的方式，充分利用地层应力开采煤层气［5-6］。水平井造洞穴应力释放解吸采气技术和水力割缝卸压增渗技术是目前两种主要的技术思路［7］。水平井洞穴完井方面，相关研究人员已开展了大量研究，揭示了应力释放和裂缝网络生成后渗透率提高是水平井增产的主要原因［8］，形成了一系列水平井造穴技术，并在淮南谢一矿、华北油田沁水盆地樊庄、郑庄区块开展了现场试验［7，9］。黄中伟等［4］提出的水平井水力喷射分段造穴应力释放开采煤层气技术在郑庄区块的成功应用，证实该技术的工程可行性。然而，水平井磨料射流喷射造穴洞穴尺寸缺乏定量认识，针对应力和应变演化规律及裂缝扩展特征的直观表征尚需进一步完善。
目前，煤炭开采过程中，非连续结构演化、应力场重构、应变演化主要通过可视化的物理试验（三维数字重构、分形重构、3D打印、应力冻结等［10］）和数值模拟方法（有限元、离散元、边界元、Eshelby等效夹杂模型、有限元-离散元耦合方法等［11］）实现。三维数字重构、分形重构方法主要集中在微观结构重构，重构模型尺寸、效率等需要进一步提升。3D打印、应力冻结方法的材料选择对试验结果具有重要影响，其材料的物理性质与天然岩石尚存在一定的差距。为获得应力加载条件下的全场应变分布规律，本研究采用数字图像相关技术（digital image correlation，DIC）观测造穴后的应变特征。DIC是一种非接触式光学测量方法，可以在任何感兴趣区域内提供全场、实时、非接触和灵活的测量，并获得裂缝位移场。相比于传统的接触式应变片测量方法，DIC方法具有全局测量和非接触式测量的优势，目前，已被广泛应用于材料裂缝扩展和构建损伤。一些研究人员已采用DIC技术研究了煤岩变形破坏特征，包括单轴分级循环加卸载条件下煤体变形破坏［12］、预钻孔单轴压缩煤样破裂特性［13］等，而双向应力加载条件下煤岩洞穴完井应变演化分布特征有待进一步的探索。文献［8，14］采用有限元、有限元-离散元（finite discrete element method，FDEM）等数值模拟方法，针对煤层气洞穴完井应力和应变演化规律开展了研究。然而，连续介质模型在表征岩石破坏方面存在一定的局限性，与连续介质模型相比，非连续介质模型在造穴响应方面表现出更为理想的效果。因此，MUNJIZA等［15］通过结合有限元和离散元方法的优势，提出了FDEM方法，可有效实现含裂缝性岩石复杂运动和断裂模拟。
本文通过淹没条件下磨料射流喷射煤岩试验，探究锥直型喷嘴造穴的半径；采用二维DIC技术记录样品表面在双向应力加载下的应变演化，观察造穴后煤岩的应变演化与损伤程度；同时，采用FDEM方法揭示双向应力加载下洞穴完井的应力-应变演化规律。研究结果可为揭示煤层气洞穴完井应力重构和裂缝演化提供理论依据。
1　磨料射流喷射造穴试验
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磨料射流破煤岩的穿透距离决定了大直径洞穴的半径，锥直型喷嘴具有较好的集束能力和稳定性，可实现水力深穿透射孔，因此，在淹没射流条件下探索了锥直型喷嘴磨料射流穿孔长度，为开展造穴应变可视化室内试验和数值模拟提供造穴尺寸。
1.1　试验设备和方案
试验主要依托高压磨料射流破岩试验系统开展，如图1所示。
试验系统主要由混砂模块、动力模块、破岩作业模块、数据采集与控制模块、流体循环模块共5个模块相互配合组成，可实现最高工作压力70 MPa，最大输砂流量120 kg/min，最高砂比30%。
分别采用型煤、天然煤岩及砂岩开展试验，煤岩为采自寺河煤矿的无烟煤，该岩样力学性质见表1。
型煤采用煤粉、石英砂、水泥、水按照质量比1∶1∶1∶0.9的配方混合得到，其岩石力学性质与天然煤岩基本保持相似。由于大尺寸煤岩难以完整获取并完好运输，因此，在试验中，岩样普遍加工为边长100~200 mm的正方体。本试验采用沿垂向胶结多块相同岩性、边长为200 mm的正方体岩样模拟地层岩石。在淹没射流条件下开展试验研究，对比不同岩性、不同喷射压力下锥直型喷嘴磨料射流穿透岩样的长度，从而评估磨料射流喷射造穴半径，试验方案见表2。
1.2　试验结果分析
图2示出了不同喷射压力下磨料射流在天然煤岩、型煤及砂岩中的造穴特征。进行了天然煤岩、型煤及砂岩在锥直型喷嘴15 MPa喷射压力下的磨料射流试验，结果发现，磨料射流在天然煤岩中穿透距离最长，约38 cm；其次是型煤，砂岩穿透距离最短，远小于型煤。磨料射流在型煤中穿透距离与天然煤岩相近，因此，可用型煤代替天然煤岩开展规律性试验。
由于天然煤岩中裂隙发育，在磨料射流喷射过程中，射流冲击及流体水楔作用会激活天然煤岩中的层理/割理等结构弱面，相同喷射压力下，天然煤岩穿透距离较型煤更深，且更容易形成体积破碎。砂岩相较于天然煤岩和型煤力学强度更高，磨料射流喷射后，砂岩外部结构保持完整，未产生大块破碎，岩样喷射顶面孔眼规则且未生成沿孔眼向外扩展的裂缝。尽管对砂岩的喷射时间为天然煤岩、型煤的两倍，磨料射流穿透长度仅为天然煤岩、型煤的1/3左右。
图3示出了不同喷射压力下，岩样的穿透长度。随着喷射压力的增加，型煤与砂岩穿透长度均近似呈线性增长，表明高喷射压力可形成大直径洞穴。同时，喷射压力越高，煤体越容易产生体积破碎，形成三维空间的“网格式”切割破岩效果。当以25 MPa喷射压力喷射30 s，磨料射流可穿透62 cm长型煤，型煤发生体积破碎；当以30 MPa喷射压力喷射60 s，磨料射流可穿透长度为25 cm的砂岩。因此，锥直型喷嘴磨料射流在煤岩储层中可高效破岩造穴，砂岩储层中喷射后孔眼稳定性高，难以实现深穿透和体积破碎。在现场施工作业时，针对水平井造穴后易坍塌的煤层，可采用顶/底板水平井穿层造穴的方式保持井壁稳定，同时实现煤岩造穴后大范围应力释放。
岩石的力学性质受地应力的影响显著，磨料射流深穿透造穴半径固然受地应力影响而减小。然而，由于受试验设备条件限制，无法加载围压模拟地应力，并且喷射压力由于受岩样总厚度的限制而无法提高，难以真实模拟现场条件下较高的喷射压力。因此，试验结果与现场实际情况会存在偏差，但本试验在现有条件下可为造穴现场应用提供一定的基础认识。
2　造穴应变可视化试验
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为直观表征造穴后地应力条件下煤岩的应变演化，进一步开展了造穴应变可视化试验。在煤岩岩板中心预制孔眼模拟地层洞穴，在双向应力加载下观测煤岩岩板表面应变分布，探索了不同垂向应力和洞穴尺寸对应变分布的影响规律。
2.1　试验设备和方案
试验主要依托室内三轴伺服控制可视化模拟试验系统开展。试验系统主要包括3个部分：三轴伺服控制系统、应力加载系统和数据采集系统，如图4所示。
X，Y方向上四周每边配有3个液压缸加压，加压活塞总面积与岩样作用力端面面积比为1∶1.12，最大加载力40 MPa，Z方向最大加载液压20 MPa。聚碳酸酯平板提供了均匀的应力加载并且确保了试验过程的可视化。该可视区域最大尺寸为160 mm×160 mm。
试验岩样取自神府区块，室内试验测得岩样密度1.51 kg/m3，单轴抗压强度35.42 MPa，抗拉强度1.12 MPa，弹性模量6.03 GPa，泊松比0.33，设定水平应力为10 MPa，根据神府区块垂向应力/最大水平主应力比值1.4设置地应力参数。煤岩被切割成200 mm×200 mm×15 mm的岩板，中心孔眼平行于层理方向以模拟水平井洞穴。岩样表面均匀喷涂一层哑光白漆并粘贴自主设计的随机分布散斑贴纸，尺寸为150 mm×150 mm。试验参数设置见表3。
2.2　DIC技术
试验采用DIC技术对数字图像进行后处理。DIC技术基于子区分割获得参考子区和目标子区的相对位移，并计算岩样表面各点的应变。应用Ncorr开源软件［16］计算位移场与应变场，主要采用归一化误差平方和相关系数、反向高斯牛顿法及可靠性引导DIC算法实现子区位移求解和全场位移计算。由于格林-拉格朗日应变张量无法充分表征裂缝，因此采用二维Von-Mises等效应变进行裂缝表征［17］，计算公式如下：
EVM=23Exx2+Eyy2+2Exy2
式中，EVM，Exx，Eyy，Exy分别为Von‑Mises等效应变、x方向应变、y方向应变、剪切应变。
2.3　试验结果分析
试验中全程采集散斑图像，记录样品表面散斑的位置信息。样品受双向应力加载，分别沿X和Y方向，模拟水平应力和垂向应力。
图5示出了受双向应力加载下洞穴直径为20 mm的煤岩表面等效应变空间分布。随着垂向应力的增加，应变局部化带明显增多，且沿垂向分布的应变局部化带逐渐显现，表明可能产生沿垂向的损伤微裂隙，岩板整体损伤程度增加。当垂向应力由6 MPa增加至22 MPa时，等效应变平均值由0.30%增加至0.59%，最大应变分布在煤岩天然裂缝处，最大等效应变由3.13%提高至3.76%。沿X方向和Y方向中心轴线上的应变数据显示，沿X中心轴线上的应变受天然裂缝的影响更小，等效应变在洞穴周围具有最大值；沿Y方向中心轴线上的应变受天然裂缝的影响明显，裂缝处的等效应变值明显高于煤岩基质等效应变。
由于高应变点的平均值可以较好地反映岩样的损伤和裂缝特征，根据应变场数据统计分析获得损伤因子来定量表征煤岩岩板损伤的严重程度。定义ε¯为前7%局部最大应变平均值与岩样表面全部平均值之差，该差值与其最大值之比定义为损伤因子Df［18］。损伤因子计算结果如图6所示。从图可见，当垂向应力由6 MPa提升至14 MPa时，损伤因子提高6.92%；当垂向应力由14 MPa提升至22 MPa时，损伤因子仅增加3.16%。结果表明，随着垂向应力的增加，损伤因子增长率逐渐减小。
洞穴尺寸是影响煤层卸压的主要影响因素，借鉴磨料射流深穿透造穴试验的穿透长度，研究了不同洞穴直径下的应变分布规律。图7示出不同洞穴直径下应变分布和位移矢量，随着洞穴直径增加，洞穴周围的应变局部化带增多，表明增加洞穴直径可有效诱导穴周应变演化。在低垂向应力下，应变局部化带主要表现为天然裂缝被激活，位移矢量在天然裂缝处发生明显偏转，表明裂缝壁面以剪切滑移作用为主。受煤岩天然裂缝的影响，煤岩岩板表面整体损伤程度随洞穴直径变化规律不明显，通过计算损伤因子发现，天然裂缝发育的岩板损伤程度更高，因此，水平井洞穴完井在裂缝发育的煤岩层具有更好的开发效果。
3　造穴应力演化模拟
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通过以上造穴应变可视化试验无法获得连续的应力演化和裂缝扩展规律，因此，采用FDEM方法进行数值模拟，直观表征应力场分布和裂缝扩展形态。
3.1　参数标定和模型验证
参数标定采用室内单轴压缩试验测试与数值模拟结果进行对比。单轴压缩试件为标准试件（⌀50 mm×100 mm），模型设置压板相向加载速度为0.05 m/s，有效加载速度为0.1 m/s。
图8（a）示出了单轴压缩试验模拟结果。单轴压缩裂缝形态与煤岩试样裂缝形态基本一致，应力-应变曲线在偏差允许范围内基本合理。然而，此套模拟参数并非唯一结果，因此，采用相同计算参数，建立与造穴应变可视化试验相匹配的FDEM模型，验证了数值模拟方法的准确性和模型参数设定的合理性。具体参数设置见表4，其中，煤岩密度、弹性模量、泊松比、抗拉强度通过室内单轴压缩试验测试与巴西劈裂试验获得，天然裂缝强度设置为煤岩强度的1/10［19］。
选取可视化试验中的基础模型为例进行验证，即模型洞穴直径为20 mm，设置为定压边界条件，水平方向应力为10 MPa，垂直方向应力为6 MPa。根据层理/割理分布特征，设置了两组相互垂直的天然裂缝，层理方向与水平应力加载方向一致。根据煤岩参数和网格参数计算临界单位时间步长为6.4×10-7 s，因此，设定单位时间步长为5.0×10-7 s。图8（b）示出基础模型室内试验和数值模拟的应变张量。结果显示，数值模拟获得的应变张量分布特征与室内试验结果基本一致，且裂缝形态相似。
3.2　造穴卸压应力分析
在模型验证的基础上，进一步分析了不同垂向应力和洞穴直径下的应力场分布和裂缝扩展形态。图9示出不同垂向应力下的最大主应力分布和裂缝形态特征。
当水平应力大于垂向应力，裂缝沿着层理与洞穴交汇处萌生，层理对裂缝扩展具有明显的诱导作用，受水平与垂向应力差影响，裂缝沿着层理继续延伸扩展。当水平应力与垂向应力相当时，水平层理与垂向分布的割理均诱导裂缝萌生，但是受层理和割理连通性的影响，裂缝沿水平层理延伸较长，割理受层理截断影响导致裂缝沿割理延伸受限。由于煤岩受各向同性地应力，因此远离洞穴处应力场基本呈现对称分布，穴周受裂缝影响呈现非对称的应力集中区。当水平应力小于垂向应力，裂缝同样在层理/割理弱面与洞穴交汇处萌生，随着垂向应力增加，割理受拉伸破坏形成的裂缝数量明显增多，沿水平层理扩展的裂缝长度受限，仅在穴周交汇处诱导裂缝起裂。洞穴顶部和底部以拉伸裂缝为主沟通天然裂缝，洞穴两侧以剪切裂缝为主，随着裂缝增多，沟通形成裂缝网络，洞穴表面出现岩块剥落，岩体进一步膨胀，导致应力集中区进一步向岩体深部延伸，洞穴周围形成卸压区，促进裂缝进一步扩展。
为量化表征裂缝特征，统计了不同垂向应力下裂缝长度和面积，如图10所示。裂缝长度随垂向应力的增加整体呈现上升趋势，当垂向应力大于水平应力时，垂向应力由14 MPa增加至22 MPa，裂缝长度提高了67.67%。然而，裂缝面积增长速率明显低于裂缝长度，尤其是当垂向应力增加至22 MPa时，裂缝面积发生明显降低，这是由于裂缝面积受裂缝开度的影响，随着煤岩所受应力值增加，裂缝开度逐渐降低。
图11示出不同洞穴尺寸下煤岩最大/最小主应力分布及裂缝扩展特征。由于水平应力大于垂向应力，裂缝主要沿着层理与洞穴的交汇处萌生，随着洞穴直径的增加，层理与洞穴交汇处增多，诱导裂缝萌生作用增强，裂缝生成时间缩短，穴周卸压扰动加剧，导致近洞穴周围裂缝数量进一步增加。当洞穴直径由20 mm增加至50 mm，裂缝长度由450.35 mm增长至760.96 mm。以洞穴为中心沿水平方向的最大/最小主应力分布值显示，随着洞穴直径增加，最大主应力与最小主应力均减小，卸压扰动明显，同时裂缝存在影响岩体的承压能力，扰动应力场分布，卸压效果明显。
4　结论
收起
（1）在相同喷射压力下，磨料射流在天然煤岩中穿透距离最长，其次是型煤，在砂岩中穿透距离最短。在淹没射流条件下，25 MPa喷射压力时，冲蚀速率约为20.7 mm/s，并产生体积破碎，实现三维空间的“网格式”切割破岩效果。
（2）随着垂向应力增加，沿垂向分布的应变局部化带逐渐凸显，存在沿最大主应力方向的微裂缝。天然裂缝是影响煤岩板损伤程度的主要因素。
（3）造穴后裂缝沿层理/割理弱面与洞穴交汇处萌生，穴周出现应力集中和应力释放区，大直径洞穴有助于提高卸压效果。随着垂向应力的增加，造穴由诱导层理向激活割理转变。

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2025年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间：2024-10-12
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-05-30
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-12
  • 修回日期：2025-02-16
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    油气资源与工程全国重点实验室 中国石油大学（北京），北京 102249

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杨睿月（1989），女，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事煤层气新型射流增产改造理论与技术研究，通讯地址：102249北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学（北京）石油工程学院，E-mail： 。
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