Article(id=1319293171125830395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293151651676781, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=1737820800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473603277, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1748534400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473603277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473603277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473603277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293151651676781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748534400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473598634, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473598634, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=80, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293171448791804, articleId=1319293171125830395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Research status and development trends of steam generation heat pumps, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Industrial decarbonization is a critical challenge for China as it strives to achieve the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goal.While current research efforts on industrial decarbonization primarily concentrate on the supply side,there is a notable scarcity of investigations on the demand side,despite it constituting nearly 30% of the total industrial energy consumption,specifically for producing industrial steam.This significant proportion underscores the importance of directing attention towards the demand side as a key aspect of industrial decarbonization endeavors.Steam generation heat pumps emerge as a promising alternative for achieving decarbonization in the industrial sector due to their ability to substantially enhance energy quality in meeting the demands for industrial steam.This study provides an overview of the existing research landscape on steam generation heat pumps both domestically and abroad.Furthermore,it puts forth recommendations for future research directions relating to improving system efficiency and raising output temperatures.The results show that the prediction of the properties of high‑temperature mixed refrigerants using artificial intelligence and neural networks will be a pivotal focus area.Additionally,enhancements to refrigerant compressors through innovations such as new profile combinations,sealing structures,as well as advancements in axial force balance mechanisms for scroll compressors and innovative sealing methods for piston compressors are suggested.Moreover,optimizing screw compressor geometrical parameters,operational conditions,system structures,and drive configurations will form the primary research trajectory for refrigerant compressors.In the realm of water vapor compressors,the proposed research endeavors entail reducing exhaust temperatures in centrifugal compressors,developing cost‑effective high‑performance blades,implementing precise water spray controls for screw compressors,and enhancing system reliability through design improvements.

, authors=Yuting WU1, 2, Xudong MA1, 2, Yanjun DU1, 2, Biao LEI1, 2, Yuanwei LU1, 2, Cancan ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Yuting WU, Xudong MA, Yanjun DU, Biao LEI, Yuanwei LU, Cancan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanjun DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293174657434377, articleId=1319293171125830395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=热泵蒸汽机的研究现状及发展趋势, columnId=1317484296202474195, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=技术进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

工业脱碳是中国实现“双碳”目标面临的主要挑战,目前,关于工业脱碳的研究集中在供给侧,少有针对需求侧的研究,而需求侧生产工业蒸汽的能耗占总工业能耗近30%,是工业脱碳的有效着力点。热泵蒸汽机针对工业蒸汽需求,凭借其显著的能质提升能力,为工业脱碳提供了一种极具前景的替代方案。本文综述了国内外热泵蒸汽机的研究现状,分别从提高系统效率和提高输出温度两个方面提出了热泵蒸汽机未来的研究方向。结果表明,在制冷剂方面,使用人工智能和神经网络等方法预测高温混合制冷剂的性质将是工质的主要研究方向;在冷媒压缩机方面,对涡旋压缩机提出新的组合剖面、新的密封结构及设计新的轴向力平衡方法,对活塞压缩机使用梯形活塞和阶梯式混合排量活塞等创新密封方法,对螺杆压缩机的几何参数、运行条件、系统结构和驱动配置实施优化策略将是冷媒压缩机的主要研究方向;在水蒸气压缩机方面,对离心压缩机降低排气温度和开发廉价高性能叶片,对螺杆压缩机进行精确喷水控制和系统可靠性设计将是水蒸气压缩机的主要研究方向。

, authors=吴玉庭1, 2, 马旭东1, 2, 杜彦君1, 2, 雷标1, 2, 鹿院卫1, 2, 张灿灿1, 2, authorsList=吴玉庭, 马旭东, 杜彦君, 雷标, 鹿院卫, 张灿灿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜彦君, authorNote=

吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杜彦君(1994),女,博士,主要从事新型储能、热泵系统及制冷压缩机等方面研究,通信地址:100124北京市朝阳区平乐园100号北京工业大学传热与能源应用北京市重点实验室,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3/CwkiZNuQTGWVYmZT4U+g==, magXml=oh/O1xacQbRHT5/Yq3168A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pC5cmsFVlzN1oKV07FuEug==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ctmuieBFoQjlcxMbkTxWrA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293175567598353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wuyuting@bjut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293175911531284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, authorId=1319293175567598353, language=EN, stringName=Yuting WU, firstName=Yuting, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
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吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

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吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

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vapor compression desalination systems[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,95: 125-135., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1319293200423044034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=92, rfOrder=106, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN Y,GENG Y,YUAN H,et al.Investigation on water injection characteristics and its influence on the performance of twin‑screw steam compressor[J].Energy,2022,259:124886., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1319293200511124420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=107, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Z,WU W.Numerical investigation of thermal deformation of meshing pairs in single screw compressor[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2021,188: 116614., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1319293200582427589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=94, rfOrder=108, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Z,YUAN Q,WANG J,et al.Theoretical study on leakage characteristics of water‑injected single screw vapor compressors with a multicolumn envelope meshing pair[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2023,219: 119430., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1319293200653730758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=109, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG J,ZHANG C,ZHANG Z,et al.Study on mechanical vapor recompression system with wet compression single screw compressor [J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,103:205-211., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319293175097836298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319293175123002123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, companyId=1319293175097836298, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319293175135585036, 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figureFileBig=bcui6RB4GKtoCg5uQjkBiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293180529460033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蒸汽产生路径

(a)P-h  (b)T-s

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(a)类型A  (b)类型B  (c)类型C

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Comparative analysis of different types of steam generation heat pumps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型参考文献闭式热泵制冷剂闭式热泵压缩机热源温度/℃输出温度/℃
类型A[7]R245fa螺杆60110
[8]R1233zd(E)螺杆30~7070~130
[9]R141b螺杆45~70100
[10]R245fa—50100~120
[11]R245fa—60109.2~125.2
[12-13]——80~85184
[14]R245fa活塞60~70115~125
[15-16]R245fa—65~80130~136
[17-18]R245fa螺杆25~65100~120
[19]R245fa螺杆65115~135
[20]R1234ze(E)/R1233zd(Z)—30~80100~120
[21]R404a/R245fa螺杆5~35120
[22]R1234ze(E)/R1336mzz(Z)—25~40100~160
[23]—活塞50~85—
[24]R600a涡旋—110
类型B[25]R245fa单螺杆60~100170
[26]R245fa螺杆75~95165
[27]R717—20~90150
[28]R1336mzz(Z)—35~60120~140
[29]R1233zd(E)涡轮30120
[30]—活塞—184
[31]R744——280
类型C[32]—螺杆5~35120
[33]R134a/R245fa螺杆10~90175
), ArticleFig(id=1319293183876514636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型热泵蒸汽机对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型参考文献闭式热泵制冷剂闭式热泵压缩机热源温度/℃输出温度/℃
类型A[7]R245fa螺杆60110
[8]R1233zd(E)螺杆30~7070~130
[9]R141b螺杆45~70100
[10]R245fa—50100~120
[11]R245fa—60109.2~125.2
[12-13]——80~85184
[14]R245fa活塞60~70115~125
[15-16]R245fa—65~80130~136
[17-18]R245fa螺杆25~65100~120
[19]R245fa螺杆65115~135
[20]R1234ze(E)/R1233zd(Z)—30~80100~120
[21]R404a/R245fa螺杆5~35120
[22]R1234ze(E)/R1336mzz(Z)—25~40100~160
[23]—活塞50~85—
[24]R600a涡旋—110
类型B[25]R245fa单螺杆60~100170
[26]R245fa螺杆75~95165
[27]R717—20~90150
[28]R1336mzz(Z)—35~60120~140
[29]R1233zd(E)涡轮30120
[30]—活塞—184
[31]R744——280
类型C[32]—螺杆5~35120
[33]R134a/R245fa螺杆10~90175
), ArticleFig(id=1319293183972983629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of high‑temperature closed heat pumps using scroll compressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源温度/℃输出温度/℃制热量/kW参考文献
R245fa30~5070~120—[47]
NBY-150~7080~13014.0~17.5[48]
OKO150~60100~130250~400[49]
ECO340~6080~13050~200[50]
R1336mzz(Z)80~118100~1609.2~12.3[51]
BY3B/BY652~58100~17022.45[41]
R1234ze(E)/P-15~3090~12011~14[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184056869710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

使用涡旋压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源温度/℃输出温度/℃制热量/kW参考文献
R245fa30~5070~120—[47]
NBY-150~7080~13014.0~17.5[48]
OKO150~60100~130250~400[49]
ECO340~6080~13050~200[50]
R1336mzz(Z)80~118100~1609.2~12.3[51]
BY3B/BY652~58100~17022.45[41]
R1234ze(E)/P-15~3090~12011~14[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184396608335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of high‑temperature closed heat pumps using piston compressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源温度/℃输出温度/℃制热量/kW参考
文献
R1336mzz(Z)30~9075~15012[58-59]
50~10970~15612[60]
R245fa45~55100—[61]
R6006080~120200[62]
R60050~8090~11050[63]
R60060~80100~120—[64]
R1336mzz(Z)30~8070~1505~10[65,67-69]
R1233zd(E)30~8070~1505~10[66]
R1233zd(Z)80~85130~13339.53[70]
LG640~9570~14010[71]
R290/R6003097~11520[72]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184488883024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

使用活塞压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源温度/℃输出温度/℃制热量/kW参考
文献
R1336mzz(Z)30~9075~15012[58-59]
50~10970~15612[60]
R245fa45~55100—[61]
R6006080~120200[62]
R60050~8090~11050[63]
R60060~80100~120—[64]
R1336mzz(Z)30~8070~1505~10[65,67-69]
R1233zd(E)30~8070~1505~10[66]
R1233zd(Z)80~85130~13339.53[70]
LG640~9570~14010[71]
R290/R6003097~11520[72]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184719569745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of high‑temperature closed heat pumps using screw compressors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源
温度/℃
输出
温度/℃
制热量/kW参考
文献
R404a/R245fa5~35120—[21]
R245fa25~65—380[17-18]
R718—100~16040~180[80]
R71875~85111~150143~285[81]
R245fa/R1234ze50~90100~170—[82]
R1233zd(E)30~7070~130—[8]
R245fa50~7080~120320~510[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184799261522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

使用螺杆压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂热源
温度/℃
输出
温度/℃
制热量/kW参考
文献
R404a/R245fa5~35120—[21]
R245fa25~65—380[17-18]
R718—100~16040~180[80]
R71875~85111~150143~285[81]
R245fa/R1234ze50~90100~170—[82]
R1233zd(E)30~7070~130—[8]
R245fa50~7080~120320~510[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1319293184908313427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293171125830395, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of the performance of different closed heat pump compressors

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类型热源
温度/℃
输出
温度/℃
COP制热量/kW
涡旋压缩机30~11870~1701.72~5.1814~400
活塞压缩机30~10970~1701.9~5.810~200
螺杆压缩机5~9070~1701.2~7.940~1 110
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不同闭式热泵压缩机性能对比

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类型热源
温度/℃
输出
温度/℃
COP制热量/kW
涡旋压缩机30~11870~1701.72~5.1814~400
活塞压缩机30~10970~1701.9~5.810~200
螺杆压缩机5~9070~1701.2~7.940~1 110
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Comparison of the performance of different water vapor compressors

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类型流量/(m3·min-1)压比总效率/%
离心压缩机100~10 0001.1~458.9~85.0
罗茨压缩机0.7~27.01.2~2.430~67
螺杆压缩机0.34~600.001.2~9.021.0~83.7
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不同水蒸气压缩机性能对比

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类型流量/(m3·min-1)压比总效率/%
离心压缩机100~10 0001.1~458.9~85.0
罗茨压缩机0.7~27.01.2~2.430~67
螺杆压缩机0.34~600.001.2~9.021.0~83.7
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热泵蒸汽机的研究现状及发展趋势
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吴玉庭 1, 2 , 马旭东 1, 2 , 杜彦君 1, 2 , 雷标 1, 2 , 鹿院卫 1, 2 , 张灿灿 1, 2
流体机械 | 技术进展 2025,53(5): 80-91
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流体机械 |技术进展 2025 , 53 (5) : 80 -91
热泵蒸汽机的研究现状及发展趋势
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2北京工业大学 国家能源用户侧储能创新研发中心,北京 100124, bio={"content":"

吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

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吴玉庭1, 2 , 马旭东1, 2, 杜彦君1, 2 , 雷标1, 2, 鹿院卫1, 2, 张灿灿1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京工业大学 传热与能源应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2北京工业大学 国家能源用户侧储能创新研发中心,北京 100124
通讯作者:
杜彦君(1994),女,博士,主要从事新型储能、热泵系统及制冷压缩机等方面研究,通信地址:100124北京市朝阳区平乐园100号北京工业大学传热与能源应用北京市重点实验室,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴玉庭(1970),男,博士,研究员,主要从事高温传热蓄热、压缩机/膨胀机、热泵制冷与有机朗肯循环、可再生能源利用等方面研究,E-mail:。

Research status and development trends of steam generation heat pumps
Yuting WU1, 2 , Xudong MA1, 2, Yanjun DU1, 2 , Biao LEI1, 2, Yuanwei LU1, 2, Cancan ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conversion,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
  • 2National User-Side Energy Storage Innovation Research and Development Center,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
出版时间: 2025-05-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.011
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工业脱碳是中国实现“双碳”目标面临的主要挑战,目前,关于工业脱碳的研究集中在供给侧,少有针对需求侧的研究,而需求侧生产工业蒸汽的能耗占总工业能耗近30%,是工业脱碳的有效着力点。热泵蒸汽机针对工业蒸汽需求,凭借其显著的能质提升能力,为工业脱碳提供了一种极具前景的替代方案。本文综述了国内外热泵蒸汽机的研究现状,分别从提高系统效率和提高输出温度两个方面提出了热泵蒸汽机未来的研究方向。结果表明,在制冷剂方面,使用人工智能和神经网络等方法预测高温混合制冷剂的性质将是工质的主要研究方向;在冷媒压缩机方面,对涡旋压缩机提出新的组合剖面、新的密封结构及设计新的轴向力平衡方法,对活塞压缩机使用梯形活塞和阶梯式混合排量活塞等创新密封方法,对螺杆压缩机的几何参数、运行条件、系统结构和驱动配置实施优化策略将是冷媒压缩机的主要研究方向;在水蒸气压缩机方面,对离心压缩机降低排气温度和开发廉价高性能叶片,对螺杆压缩机进行精确喷水控制和系统可靠性设计将是水蒸气压缩机的主要研究方向。

热泵蒸汽机  /  高温热泵  /  混合制冷剂  /  高温压缩机  /  水蒸气压缩机

Industrial decarbonization is a critical challenge for China as it strives to achieve the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" goal.While current research efforts on industrial decarbonization primarily concentrate on the supply side,there is a notable scarcity of investigations on the demand side,despite it constituting nearly 30% of the total industrial energy consumption,specifically for producing industrial steam.This significant proportion underscores the importance of directing attention towards the demand side as a key aspect of industrial decarbonization endeavors.Steam generation heat pumps emerge as a promising alternative for achieving decarbonization in the industrial sector due to their ability to substantially enhance energy quality in meeting the demands for industrial steam.This study provides an overview of the existing research landscape on steam generation heat pumps both domestically and abroad.Furthermore,it puts forth recommendations for future research directions relating to improving system efficiency and raising output temperatures.The results show that the prediction of the properties of high‑temperature mixed refrigerants using artificial intelligence and neural networks will be a pivotal focus area.Additionally,enhancements to refrigerant compressors through innovations such as new profile combinations,sealing structures,as well as advancements in axial force balance mechanisms for scroll compressors and innovative sealing methods for piston compressors are suggested.Moreover,optimizing screw compressor geometrical parameters,operational conditions,system structures,and drive configurations will form the primary research trajectory for refrigerant compressors.In the realm of water vapor compressors,the proposed research endeavors entail reducing exhaust temperatures in centrifugal compressors,developing cost‑effective high‑performance blades,implementing precise water spray controls for screw compressors,and enhancing system reliability through design improvements.

steam generation heat pumps  /  high temperature heat pumps  /  mixed refrigerants  /  high temperature compressors  /  water vapor compressors
吴玉庭, 马旭东, 杜彦君, 雷标, 鹿院卫, 张灿灿. 热泵蒸汽机的研究现状及发展趋势. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (5) : 80 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.011
Yuting WU, Xudong MA, Yanjun DU, Biao LEI, Yuanwei LU, Cancan ZHANG. Research status and development trends of steam generation heat pumps[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (5) : 80 -91 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.011
国际能源机构(IEA)报告称,中国2019年的一次能源消费和CO2排放量均占全球总量的20%以上,已成为全球最大的能源消费国和碳排放国[1],其中,用于生产高温蒸汽的工业部门贡献最大[2]。图1示出不同工业部门的蒸汽温度需求范围,可以看出,各工业部门对温度在100~160 ℃的蒸汽需求较大。目前,工业脱碳研究大多数集中在电网去碳化、零碳燃料等供给侧,基于需求侧脱碳的公开报道较少[3]。热泵蒸汽机可以通过少量电力驱动,将低品位能源转化为高温蒸汽,从而助力工业需求侧脱碳[2,4]。因此,近年来关于热泵蒸汽机的研究逐渐受到关注。然而,热泵蒸汽机的研究现状仅限于一些针对具体技术的分散性研究,且关于热泵蒸汽机的综述多为对其组成部分的概述,缺乏系统性的综述。因此,本文将分别从提高系统效率和提高输出温度两个方面针对热泵蒸汽机进行总结分类,概述最新的研究现状,并展望未来的发展趋势。
蒸汽产生的本质是一个从液态到气态、低温低压到高温高压状态的能量升级过程[5],此过程实现路径有多种,但从初始常温水能量升级到蒸汽的所有路径需要的焓增量都相同。目前,热泵蒸汽机的常用路径如图2所示,路径A:液态水(常温常压)→液态水(加温加压)→饱和水(加温加压)→饱和蒸汽(加温加压)→过热蒸汽;路径B:液态水(常温常压)→液态水(加温常压)→饱和水(加温常压)→饱和蒸汽(加温常压)→过热蒸汽(加温加压)。在工业生产中,两种路径分别通过闪蒸罐和开式热泵实现。
根据上述蒸汽产生路径,热泵蒸汽机可以分为三类,如图3所示。3种类型的底部循环都是闭式热泵,其中类型A和类型B产生蒸汽的方式分别与上述蒸汽产生路径A和B相对应。类型C则是类型A的扩展,额外增加了一个开式热泵,以实现供应高温高压蒸汽的需求[6]。
根据上述热泵分类,表1汇总了热泵蒸汽机的最新研究。表1中不同类型热泵蒸汽机的温度范围对比如图4所示。从图可以看出,类型B拥有最高的输出温度。尽管3种类型热泵蒸汽机的输出温度范围不同,但是其可利用热源温度范围差别很小。因此,针对3种类型的热泵蒸汽机,关键研究都可以归类为闭式热泵和开式热泵的研究。
关于闭式热泵的相关研究,主要围绕提高系统性能展开。大量研究人员对热泵蒸汽机闭式热泵的循环结构进行了改进,主要包括:增加过冷器[19]、再热循环[8,26]、双闪蒸罐[10]、中间换热器[14,34]、喷射器[24]等,但上述措施对于系统性能的提升有限。热泵蒸汽机闭式热泵与常规热泵的区别在于输出温度的不同,因此,决定输出最高温度的制冷剂和系统动力来源的压缩机是关键要素。对于开式热泵,由于工质均为水,所以水蒸气压缩机是其关键研究要素。
图5示出制冷剂的发展历程[35],选择制冷剂首要考虑其安全性、实用性、材料兼容性等。对于高温制冷剂的选择,应综合考虑以下原则[36]:(1)低全球变暖指数(GWP);(2)零/低臭氧损耗指数(ODP);(3)优良的热力学特性;(4)无毒、不易燃;(5)成本低;(6)临界温度高。高温制冷剂可分为纯制冷剂和混合制冷剂,目前,常用的制冷剂为天然制冷剂和HFOs制冷剂。但是欧洲化学品管理局最新的PFAS法规提案禁止使用大多数HFOs制冷剂[37]。此外,符合高温闭式热泵的天然制冷剂R717的安全系数较低,导致其不易推广应用于高温高压环境,另一种天然制冷剂R718的高绝热指数、高蒸汽比热容和低分子量,导致使用R718的系统输出温度和压比升高[38]。因此,迫切需要开发性能更优的高温制冷剂。
由于上述纯制冷剂均存在一定的缺点,混合制冷剂备受关注[39]。MA等[40]开发了BY系列混合高温制冷剂,该系列制冷剂虽然具有优良的热力学特性,但对环境影响也较大。例如,BY6制冷剂的临界温度为203.6 ℃,但其GWP值为670,ODP值为0.08[41]。高温混合制冷剂仍有待开发,且目前的研究重点是计算和预测混合制冷剂的性能。传统的热力学方法依赖于既定的物理定律和数学模型,其适用性受限于模型的准确性和基本假设,而神经网络和机器学习不仅可以有效识别和理解数据中的复杂模式和关系,且能够准确预测新型混合制冷剂的性能,具有更高的灵活性[35]。神经网络要实现高精度且高效处理非线性关系和复杂数据结构,必须依赖充足的训练数据和密集的优化过程,尤其是对于复杂的神经网络架构和大量的数据集。神经网络在混合制冷剂预测中表现出色,但也存在内部决策过程和参数可解释性较低的缺点,其通常被视为“黑箱”模型。这些方法已经对多种混合制冷剂性能进行了预测。ŞENCAN等[42]利用人工神经网络预测了混合制冷剂的传热系数、动态黏度、密度和比热容等物理性质,简化了高温热泵的热力学分析。
综上所述,制冷剂是决定闭式热泵最高输出温度的关键因素,有必要寻找性能更优的替代品以克服天然制冷剂和HFOs制冷剂的缺点。混合制冷剂作为替代品具有广阔的应用前景,传统热力学方法预测其性能的效率受限于模型准确性和基本假设,利用人工智能和神经网络等工具将显著改善这一过程。
由于高温闭式热泵的高输出温度和温差,压缩机必须满足大压比、大体积流量和高输出温度的要求。高温制冷剂的研究尚处于发展阶段,制冷剂、润滑油和压缩机的匹配机理尚不明确,对压缩机提出了更高的要求。目前,常用于高温闭式热泵的压缩机有涡旋式、活塞式和螺杆式三种。
表2列出了使用涡旋压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数。可以看出,使用的制冷剂主要为R245fa和自主研发的制冷剂。涡旋压缩机体积小、重量轻、整机振动小、运行平稳、可靠性高,但由于需要保持一定的运动间隙来实现密封,其压缩量相对较小。因此,涡旋压缩机适用于变频、小功率的高温闭式热泵。为了减小高温对涡旋压缩机的影响,研究人员从型线[43]、泄漏和密封[44]、平衡设计[45]和流动特性[46]等方面对高温涡旋压缩机进行了设计和改进。
表3列出了使用活塞压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数,可以看出,使用的制冷剂主要为HFOs和HCs类。活塞压缩机的关键问题是活塞与气缸之间的密封。压缩机运行时,密封处的工作环境恶劣,降低了密封结构的使用寿命。传统的密封方式分为间隙密封、块状密封、迷宫密封和活塞环密封,目前,主要研究方向是迷宫密封[53-55]和新型密封。VAN等[56]提出了一种液体活塞概念,用黏性摩擦取代滑动密封摩擦来消除气体泄漏,与传统活塞压缩机相比,能耗降低了19%,总效率提高了13%。DENG等[57]发明了一种新型柔性梯形活塞组件,该组件无需软密封部件即可运行,从而使大小活塞的径向运动和气体密封性能相互独立。
表4列出了使用螺杆压缩机的高温闭式热泵参数,可以看出,使用的制冷剂主要为R718,R245fa和HFOs。影响螺杆压缩机效率的因素很多,主要包括几何参数[73]、运行参数[74]、系统结构形式[75]和驱动形式[76]。影响其性能的主要因素是高排气温度。HSIEH等[77]研究了螺杆与制冷剂之间以及转子与吸气侧之间的传热对螺杆转子温度分布的影响。YIN等[78]提出了一种双螺杆压缩机分析模型,研究发现,转子温度从入口到出口显著升高,并伴有不同程度的膨胀,对容积效率将产生不利影响。使用R718的螺杆压缩机降低排气温度的主要方法是喷水冷却[79],而使用其他制冷剂的螺杆压缩机降低排气温度的方法未公开报道。因此,开发降低使用不同制冷剂的螺杆压缩机排气温度的方法是未来研究高温闭式螺杆压缩机的主要方向。
不同闭式热泵压缩机性能对比见表5。可以看出,涡旋压缩机适用于变频、小功率的闭式热泵。活塞压缩机适用于中小流量的闭式热泵。螺杆压缩机适用于移动式、高制热量、多相混合输送的闭式热泵。
高温高压环境下,离心压缩机叶片对水雾颗粒敏感并且叶片容易腐蚀,因此,需要解决离心压缩机与高排气温度和高性能叶片成本问题。常用的降低排气温度的方法是喷水冷却。FABBRIZZI等[83]发现,离心压缩机喷入少量水(质量分数≤10%)后,压缩比有所提高,但过量的喷水会降低压缩比。因此,有必要确定离心压缩机的喷水比。WU等[84]通过Python和CFD模拟证实,通过减小液滴直径和增加喷水比可以降低压缩机的排气温度和功耗。这些结论为通过喷水改善压缩机性能提供参考。
对于离心压缩机的高性能叶片[85],需要考虑其耐腐蚀、耐磨、耐热和耐振动问题,常用材料为不锈钢、钛、铟、钼和铪合金等。此外,一些新材料也被用作离心压缩机叶片,BURANDT等[86]设计了一种由轻质碳纤维材料制成的离心压缩机叶片。
对于罗茨压缩机的研究,目前重点是解决转子间的摩擦和高排气温度问题。对于转子间的摩擦咬合,可以从材料和结构方面进行优化。罗茨压缩机的材料主要有:双相不锈钢、碳钢镀镍、非金属电镀材料、304不锈钢和碳钢[87]。但是上述材料在机械强度、硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等方面都存在一定的缺陷。同时,由于长期处于高温高压环境中,还会导致转子变形,最终出现摩擦咬合现象。因此,有必要开发更适合罗茨压缩机的材料,在保证性能的同时减少转子变形。另一个方向是结构优化,转子间摩擦闭塞的关键原因是转子间隙的减小,但增大间隙会降低压缩机的性能。
降低罗茨压缩机排气温度的方法有两种,分别是结构改进和喷水冷却。江远峰[88]从结构上提出了一种轴向密封的罗茨压缩机。HONG等[89]设计了蒸发量为100 kg/h的喷水冷却MVC系统。俞丽华等[90]研究发现,喷水冷却可以降低罗茨压缩机排气温度和轴功率。
目前,对于螺杆压缩机的研究重点是解决高排气温度问题。其中,双螺杆压缩机的研究重点为其在系统应用中的性能及压缩机内部的传热流动特性。SHEN等[91]在双效MVC海水淡化系统中使用了自主研发的带有同步啮合齿轮的喷水双螺杆压缩机,该系统排气温度显著降低。对于内部传热流动特性,TIAN等[92]建立了双螺杆压缩机的喷水冷却过程模型,研究发现,最佳注水比主要取决于压缩机转速和吸气压力,喷水量满足蒸汽饱和状态时,压缩机的轴功率最小,泄漏也会严重影响喷水螺杆压缩机的性能。
对于单螺杆压缩机的研究主要是减少啮合副的变形和喷水单螺杆压缩机的性能及其在系统中的表现,图6为单螺杆压缩机样机及内部结构。由于单螺杆压缩机啮合副(单螺杆星轮)的热变形会显著影响压缩机效率,ZHANG等[93]使用有限元分析了单螺杆水蒸气压缩机啮合副热变形机制,提出设置保留间隙控制热变形的方法。WANG等[94]使用新型热加工技术,分析了螺杆在热加工过程中的变形特征,为螺杆在加工过程中的预变形提供参考。对于喷水单螺杆压缩机的性能及其在系统中的表现,YANG等[95]使用喷水单螺杆压缩机MVC系统,研究喷水量对其性能的影响,当喷水量为300 kg/h时,压缩比、蒸发率和比水分提取率分别比无喷水时提高了19.7%,14.8%和15.5 kg/(kW·h)。
开式热泵的研究关键是水蒸气压缩机,主要类型包括离心式、罗茨式和螺杆式,3种水蒸气压缩机性能对比如表6所示。离心压缩机设计紧凑,适用于空间有限环境中,而且维护成本较低,适用于大流量、小压缩比的系统。但是其在低压工况下效率较低,在多变的运行条件下或处理较大的负载变化时稳定性较差。
罗茨压缩机内部没有运动零件接触,抗磨性较高,噪声和振动较小。相比于其他压缩机,罗茨压缩机效率较低,体积和重量较大,且性能随着压缩比的增加而明显下降,使其难以在高温高压的工作环境中推广。虽然蒸汽喷射技术可以降低罗茨压缩机的排气温度,但在喷射到高速转子表面的过程中液体很容易破坏转子表面,转子和泵体都容易发生类似气蚀的损坏,从而降低罗茨压缩机的使用寿命。
螺杆压缩机可靠性高、压比大、适应范围广且能进行多相压缩,但螺杆压缩机在高温高压下的性能会有所下降,且容积流量较小。因此,螺杆压缩机更适合中等流量和大压缩比的系统。由于螺杆压缩机的特殊结构,在高温高压下会出现排气温度高的问题,从而导致压缩机效率的降低。其中,单螺杆压缩机容易出现啮合副变形的情况,螺杆和星轮的磨损将降低单螺杆压缩机寿命。喷水降温可以显著提高螺杆压缩机的效率,但由于螺杆压缩机对喷水量特别敏感,过多或者过少的喷水量都会降低压缩机效率导致能耗增加,所以喷水控制系统需要实现精准控制,导致系统的复杂性。因此,螺杆压缩机在高温高压下的可靠性是下一步需要研究的重要问题。
热泵蒸汽机主要功能是将低品位能量转化为高温水蒸气。具有运行条件苛刻、年平均运行时间长等特点。这些特点决定了系统的设计必须在性能和可靠性之间找到适当的平衡,以获得最大的经济效益。未来有关热泵蒸汽机的研究将重点关注以下主题。
(1)高温制冷剂。制冷剂的热力学性能是决定热泵能否获得高温输出的关键因素。选择制冷剂的主要标准包括低GWP,零ODP和高临界温度等。使用机器学习和神经网络等方法可以更好地厘清混合高温制冷剂分子间的相互作用,提高混合制冷剂预测和选择的效率和准确性。
(2)高温高压缩比压缩机。高温高压缩比压缩机主要包括三种类型:涡旋式、活塞式和螺杆式。在高温高压环境中,涡旋式压缩机的性能受到各种因素的显著影响,包括其外形、泄漏、密封和平衡设计。因此,未来的改进重点应放在提出一种新的组合剖面以改进现有剖面,提出一种新的密封结构以优化迷宫密封,以及为高温涡旋压缩机设计一种新的轴向力平衡方法。
活塞式压缩机在高温高压环境中运行时,需要解决的关键问题是活塞和气缸之间的密封。在压缩机运行期间,密封件面临着恶劣的条件,导致密封结构的使用寿命显著缩短。虽然迷宫密封法被认为是传统密封技术中的最优答案,但其效率仍无法满足要求。因此,灵活的梯形活塞和阶梯式混合排量活塞等创新密封方法有望成为未来发展的主要方向。
螺杆压缩机非常适合高温高压环境中对流动性或制热量要求高的场景。高温螺杆压缩机面临的主要挑战是降低排气温度。为有效解决这一问题,可针对螺杆压缩机的几何参数、运行条件、系统结构和驱动配置实施优化策略。
(3)水蒸气压缩机。常用的水蒸气压缩机主要有离心式、罗茨式和螺杆式。离心压缩机在高温高压中运行时,压缩机叶片容易受到水雾颗粒的腐蚀。因此,降低排气温度和开发更廉价的高性能叶片是离心压缩机未来研究的主要方向。
在高温高压环境中,罗茨压缩机的性能会随着压缩比的升高而显著降低。与其他类型的水蒸气压缩机相比,这一问题阻碍了罗茨压缩机在此类环境中的广泛应用。
高温高压环境中,螺杆压缩机对喷水量的反应非常灵敏,喷水量过多或过少都会导致压缩机效率降低,增加能耗。喷水系统必须精确控制喷水量,从而增加了系统的复杂性。因此,螺杆压缩机在高温高压环境中的可靠性是未来研究的重要方向。

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2025年第53卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.05.011
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
  • 修回日期:2025-01-26
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    1北京工业大学 传热与能源应用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    2北京工业大学 国家能源用户侧储能创新研发中心,北京 100124

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杜彦君(1994),女,博士,主要从事新型储能、热泵系统及制冷压缩机等方面研究,通信地址:100124北京市朝阳区平乐园100号北京工业大学传热与能源应用北京市重点实验室,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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