Article(id=1319293033460384259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293032650887902, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=1733760000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473570456, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473570456, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473570456, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473570456, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293032650887902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1743264000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473570263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473570263, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293033615573508, articleId=1319293033460384259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Characteristics of oil-water two‑phase flow pattern evolution and pressure drop change during restart of shutdown pipeline, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address restart challenges in heavy oil‑water ring pipelines caused by water ring instability,an experimental study was conducted using a laboratory‑scale restart loop system with four conventional heavy oils. The research investigated flow pattern evolution and pressure drop characteristics during pipeline restart under constant water velocity,analyzing effects of oil holdup (Ho),oil viscosity (μo),shutdown duration (tst),and water velocity (Ucl). An exponential decay model was established to describe time‑dependent restart pressure drop. Results reveal four distinct flow pattern phases during constant‑flow restart: water shear stripping of oil layer,oil droplet/cluster migration,wall‑adherent film formation and film detachment. The pressure drop exhibits initial peak followed by decay and equilibrium stages,with model predictions showing excellent agreement (goodness‑of‑fit values approaching 1).Within tested ranges (Ho=0.26~0.76,μo=1.055 3~3.02 Pa·s,tst=0.5~1.0 h,Ucl=0.25~1.01 m/s),maximum restart pressure drop increases with Ho,μo,tst,and Ucl (up to 30.38 kPa),while restart duration extends with Ho,μo,and tst but shortens with Ucl (up to 3 616.78 s).This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for optimizing pipeline restart operations.

, authors=Xiaoyun YIN1, 2, Jing LI1, 2, Jun SHEN1, 2, Lihua LIU3, Zihan ZHAO4, Zhen ZHU4, Jiaqiang JING5, 6, Rinat M KARIMOV7, authorsList=Xiaoyun YIN, Jing LI, Jun SHEN, Lihua LIU, Zihan ZHAO, Zhen ZHU, Jiaqiang JING, Rinat M KARIMOV, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293037751157279, articleId=1319293033460384259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=停输管道再启动过程油水两相流型演变与压降变化特性, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对稠油水环输送管线因水环失稳破坏需重新启动的问题,基于自行搭建的室内小型再启动环道模拟试验系统,以4种普通稠油为研究对象,试验研究了恒定水流速度条件下停输管道再启动过程中的流型演变特征与压降变化特性,分析了持油率Ho、油品黏度μo、停输时间tst及恒定水流速度Ucl对再启动行为特性的影响,同时,通过对再启动过程各阶段特征的剖析,建立了再启动压降随时间变化的指数衰减模型。结果表明,以恒定流量再启动过程中,流型演变主要经历水流剪切剥离油层、油滴/油块运移扩散与粘附管壁成膜、油膜脱附4个阶段;压降存在初始峰值且随时间变化,可分为衰减和平衡2个阶段;再启动压降随时间变化的模型预测值与试验测量值吻合较好,其拟合优度值均接近1;在测试范围(Ho=0.26~0.76,μo=1.055 3~3.02 Pa·s,tst=0.5~1.0 h,Ucl=0.25~1.01 m/s)内,再启动最大压降随持油率、油品黏度、停输时间及恒定水流速度的增大而增大,最大达30.38 kPa;再启动时间随持油率、油品黏度和停输时间的增大而增长,但随恒定水流速度的增加而减短,最长为3 616.78 s。研究可为停输管线制定合理的重新启动方案提供理论依据与实际指导。

, authors=尹晓云1, 2, 李静1, 2, 申俊1, 2, 刘力华3, 赵梓涵4, 朱祯4, 敬加强5, 6, Rinat M KARIMOV7, authorsList=尹晓云, 李静, 申俊, 刘力华, 赵梓涵, 朱祯, 敬加强, Rinat M KARIMOV, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bWYx5Ts2zAap4TKtf9DZVQ==, magXml=32KRofpdtLGcdomF4C7F6Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=joeqFNHlU89Txo8e7mokQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P47CU4X/uGivasCJUu0wJA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293040645227063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yinxy0122@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293040833970746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, authorId=1319293040645227063, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoyun YIN, firstName=Xiaoyun, middleName=null, lastName=YIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Safety,Environment and Technology Supervision Research Institute of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company,Chengdu 610041,China
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2页岩气评价与开采四川省重点试验室,成都 610041, bio={"content":"

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of restart pressure drop test value and fitting value under different oil viscosities, figureFileSmall=t240gjUJIN5l0UvlgQva7Q==, figureFileBig=3dM9St2oUKGsNPgLIyyX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293046705996417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同油品黏度下再启动压降试验值与拟合值对比, figureFileSmall=t240gjUJIN5l0UvlgQva7Q==, figureFileBig=3dM9St2oUKGsNPgLIyyX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293046785688194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of test value and fitting value of restart pressure drop under different shutdown time, figureFileSmall=LrjGDv0bxJ2iosDCytIHUw==, figureFileBig=+gB69KqrLP/AW5fqI10qCg==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic physical properties of Lvda heavy oil and tap water at 20 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物性参数稠油水
LD1LD2LD3LD4
密度/(kg·m-3)902.0912.6920.1928.4998.2
黏度/(Pa·s)1.055 32.0382.5503.0200.001
表面张力/(mN·m-1)34.6034.8333.5332.26—
), ArticleFig(id=1319293047158981255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20 ℃下稠油与水的基本物性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物性参数稠油水
LD1LD2LD3LD4
密度/(kg·m-3)902.0912.6920.1928.4998.2
黏度/(Pa·s)1.055 32.0382.5503.0200.001
表面张力/(mN·m-1)34.6034.8333.5332.26—
), ArticleFig(id=1319293047238673032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test conditions for shutdown and restart of heavy oil-water ring transportation pipeline

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
持油率Ho0.26,0.35,0.45,0.55,0.66,0.76
油品黏度μo/(Pa·s)1.0553,2.038,2.55,3.02
停输时间tst/h0.5,1.0
恒定水流速度Ucl/(m·s-1)0.25,0.53,0.72,1.01
), ArticleFig(id=1319293047297393289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293033460384259, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

稠油水环输送管道停输再启动试验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
持油率Ho0.26,0.35,0.45,0.55,0.66,0.76
油品黏度μo/(Pa·s)1.0553,2.038,2.55,3.02
停输时间tst/h0.5,1.0
恒定水流速度Ucl/(m·s-1)0.25,0.53,0.72,1.01
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停输管道再启动过程油水两相流型演变与压降变化特性
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尹晓云 1, 2 , 李静 1, 2 , 申俊 1, 2 , 刘力华 3 , 赵梓涵 4 , 朱祯 4 , 敬加强 5, 6 , Rinat M KARIMOV 7
流体机械 | 试验研究 2025,53(3): 17-25
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流体机械 |试验研究 2025 , 53 (3) : 17 -25
停输管道再启动过程油水两相流型演变与压降变化特性
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2页岩气评价与开采四川省重点试验室,成都 610041, bio={"content":"

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

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尹晓云1, 2 , 李静1, 2, 申俊1, 2, 刘力华3, 赵梓涵4, 朱祯4, 敬加强5, 6, Rinat M KARIMOV7
作者信息
  • 1中国石油西南油气田分公司 安全环保与技术监督研究院,成都 610041
  • 2页岩气评价与开采四川省重点试验室,成都 610041
  • 3中国石油西南油气田数字智能技术分公司,成都 610051
  • 4中国石油西南油气田公司,成都 610051
  • 5西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,成都 610500
  • 6油气消防四川省重点试验室,成都 611731
  • 7Department of Transport and Storage of Oil and Gas,Ufa State Petroleum Technological University,Russia Ufa 450062
作者简介:

尹晓云(1995),女,工学博士,在站博士后,主要从事油气集输多相流、油气田节能减排等方面的研究工作,通信地址:610041四川省成都市高新区天府大道北段12号中国石油西南油气田科技大厦,E-mail:。

Characteristics of oil-water two‑phase flow pattern evolution and pressure drop change during restart of shutdown pipeline
Xiaoyun YIN1, 2 , Jing LI1, 2, Jun SHEN1, 2, Lihua LIU3, Zihan ZHAO4, Zhen ZHU4, Jiaqiang JING5, 6, Rinat M KARIMOV7
Affiliations
  • 1Safety,Environment and Technology Supervision Research Institute of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company,Chengdu 610041,China
  • 2Shale Gas Evaluation and Exploitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 610041,China
  • 3PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Digital Intelligent Technology Branch,Chengdu 610051,China
  • 4PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas field Company,Chengdu 610051,China
  • 5School of Oil & Natural Gas Engineering,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610500,China
  • 6Oil & Gas Fire Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611731,China
  • 7Department of Transport and Storage of Oil and Gas,Ufa State Petroleum Technological University,Ufa 450062,Russia
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.03.003
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针对稠油水环输送管线因水环失稳破坏需重新启动的问题,基于自行搭建的室内小型再启动环道模拟试验系统,以4种普通稠油为研究对象,试验研究了恒定水流速度条件下停输管道再启动过程中的流型演变特征与压降变化特性,分析了持油率Ho、油品黏度μo、停输时间tst及恒定水流速度Ucl对再启动行为特性的影响,同时,通过对再启动过程各阶段特征的剖析,建立了再启动压降随时间变化的指数衰减模型。结果表明,以恒定流量再启动过程中,流型演变主要经历水流剪切剥离油层、油滴/油块运移扩散与粘附管壁成膜、油膜脱附4个阶段;压降存在初始峰值且随时间变化,可分为衰减和平衡2个阶段;再启动压降随时间变化的模型预测值与试验测量值吻合较好,其拟合优度值均接近1;在测试范围(Ho=0.26~0.76,μo=1.055 3~3.02 Pa·s,tst=0.5~1.0 h,Ucl=0.25~1.01 m/s)内,再启动最大压降随持油率、油品黏度、停输时间及恒定水流速度的增大而增大,最大达30.38 kPa;再启动时间随持油率、油品黏度和停输时间的增大而增长,但随恒定水流速度的增加而减短,最长为3 616.78 s。研究可为停输管线制定合理的重新启动方案提供理论依据与实际指导。

稠油  /  水环  /  再启动特性  /  再启动压降  /  预测模型

To address restart challenges in heavy oil‑water ring pipelines caused by water ring instability,an experimental study was conducted using a laboratory‑scale restart loop system with four conventional heavy oils. The research investigated flow pattern evolution and pressure drop characteristics during pipeline restart under constant water velocity,analyzing effects of oil holdup (Ho),oil viscosity (μo),shutdown duration (tst),and water velocity (Ucl). An exponential decay model was established to describe time‑dependent restart pressure drop. Results reveal four distinct flow pattern phases during constant‑flow restart: water shear stripping of oil layer,oil droplet/cluster migration,wall‑adherent film formation and film detachment. The pressure drop exhibits initial peak followed by decay and equilibrium stages,with model predictions showing excellent agreement (goodness‑of‑fit values approaching 1).Within tested ranges (Ho=0.26~0.76,μo=1.055 3~3.02 Pa·s,tst=0.5~1.0 h,Ucl=0.25~1.01 m/s),maximum restart pressure drop increases with Ho,μo,tst,and Ucl (up to 30.38 kPa),while restart duration extends with Ho,μo,and tst but shortens with Ucl (up to 3 616.78 s).This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for optimizing pipeline restart operations.

heavy oil  /  water ring  /  restart characteristics  /  restart pressure drop  /  predictive model
尹晓云, 李静, 申俊, 刘力华, 赵梓涵, 朱祯, 敬加强, Rinat M KARIMOV. 停输管道再启动过程油水两相流型演变与压降变化特性. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (3) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.03.003
Xiaoyun YIN, Jing LI, Jun SHEN, Lihua LIU, Zihan ZHAO, Zhen ZHU, Jiaqiang JING, Rinat M KARIMOV. Characteristics of oil-water two‑phase flow pattern evolution and pressure drop change during restart of shutdown pipeline[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (3) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.03.003
在石油需求不断增加、常规原油短缺的背景下,全球原油供给正由轻质油转向重质油,丰富的重质油将成为今后数十年内世界能源市场的关键[1]。然而,由于其黏度和密度高,以及较差的流动性,使得其在开采、储运和加工过程中面临着巨大的难度和挑战[2]。目前,重质油的管线运输有3种途径:降黏(加热法、稀释法、乳化法)[3-5]、减阻(减阻剂法、低黏液环法)[6-7]和提质(现场改质法)[8]。这3种途径中,低黏液环法特别是水环输送技术具有能耗低、环境友好等突出优点,受到国内外学者的高度重视,被认为是最有潜力的输送方式[9]。
目前,针对稠油水环输送技术的研究多集中在水环发生装置及附属元件的优化设计、稠油水环输送的润滑减阻机理,以及稠油-水环状流流态特性与压降特性、稠油-水环状流流场稳定控制方法等方面[10-13],较少涉及到针对常规维修或突发事件导致的停输及停输后重启的问题。然而,稠油水环输送技术在现场应用时,不可避免的日常维护检修和紧急事故抢修都可造成稠油润滑管停输或停运,由于油水两相存在密度差异,其在重力作用下分别上浮至管顶和下沉到管底,促使油水环状流动型态快速演变成油水分层流动型态。对于某些类型的油品和亲油性管材,当管道停运时,油相会直接接触并粘附于管壁上,当管道重新启动时,管壁上附着的油污会导致管流摩阻急剧上升,如果此时输液泵无法提供足够的动力,则管道内的流体就不能恢复正常的流动状态。对于倾斜管或立管,油相将自然上浮并不断集中于管段上部,甚至可能导致管道发生永久性堵塞。因此,为了确保停运的管线能够顺利重新启动,有必要摸清停运管线在各种工况下的再启动行为特征,并以此作为管线重新启动时确定其运行参数的依据,这对于稠油水环输送技术的工业化应用和推广具有重要意义。
本研究选取旅大油田典型稠油和自来水作为试验对象,自主研发并搭建稠油水环输送停输再启动模拟试验装置,模拟研究以恒定水流速度方式重新启动停输的稠油水环输送管道的过程中,管道内的流型演变特征与压降变化特性,探讨持油率、油品黏度、停输时间、恒定水流速度4个因素对再启动行为特性的影响规律,并通过分析再启动过程各个阶段的特征,构建描述再启动压降随时间呈指数衰减的数学模型。研究结果可为稠油水环输送管道停输再启动压降的计算提供有效方法,从而为现场停输管线制定合理的重新启动方案提供理论依据与实际指导。
以旅大油田具有代表性的4种常规稠油为试验油样,分别标记为LD1,LD2,LD3,LD4,开展稠油水环输送管道停输再启动试验研究。利用25 mL毛细管塞比重瓶,测量稠油与水的密度,测量过程中试样温度由HH-4数显恒温水浴锅精确控制。采用HAAKE Viscotester iQ Air智能流变仪,测定稠油与水的黏度,其中稠油的流变特性及黏温特性见图1。可以看出,4种油品都呈现出线性粘性流体(牛顿型流体)特性〔见图1(a)〕,其黏度均随温度的升高表现出先迅速下降、后趋于平稳的变化规律〔见图1(b)〕。应用JJ2000B型旋转滴界面张力仪测试稠油-水界面张力。20 ℃下稠油与水的基本物性见表1。
为了探究不同试验条件下再启动压降随时间的变化规律及验证再启动压降随时间变化模型的准确性,本文自行搭建室内小型稠油水环输送停输再启动环道试验模拟系统,如图2所示[14]。
整套试验模拟系统主要由5个部分组成:(1)自来水供给系统(50 L储水罐、LDC-QX315电磁流量计、CVL4-16立式不锈钢多级离心泵、阀门等);(2)稠油供给系统(50 L储油罐、LWGY-830涡轮流量计、ZYB-83.3高温渣油泵、阀门等);(3)管路测试系统(水环生成器、测试管段、100 L混合液分离罐、阀门等);(4)吹扫系统(V-0.60/8皮带传动活塞式空气压缩机、110 L储气罐、调压阀等);(5)数据采集系统(计算机、数据采集器、数据接收器和测量仪表(LDC-QX315电磁流量计、LWGY-830涡轮流量计、CYQ-3051DP差压变送器、CWQ-316温度变送器)等)。该管道系统总长约15 m,管径25 mm,采用硬质聚氯乙烯塑料(UPVC)制成,能够实现稠油与水两相在管道内流动、停输及再启动全过程的可视化模拟。
本试验基于BANNWART[15]提出的稳定环状流形成条件的判别准则,设定正常流动工况下的油相表观流速Uos=0.74 m/s,水相表观流速Uws分别为1.43,0.97,0.65,0.44,0.28,0.17 m/s,相应的入口含油率Co分别为34%,43%,53%,63%,73%,81%。稠油水环输送停输再启动试验均在室温20 ℃下进行,其具体操作步骤如下:首先,开启油泵、水泵及相应阀门,将储油罐内的稠油样与储水罐内的自来水样分别输送至环道试验装置内;其次,通过旁通阀或变频器(ZRD200G3-7.5G/11B油泵变频器、ZRD200G3-4G/5.5B水泵变频器)调节油、水流量至设定值,以形成稠油-水环状流;接着,同时关闭油泵、水泵及测试管段相应阀门,使管道停输一段时间;随后,重新开启水泵及水路阀门,以流速恒定的水流推挤停输管道内稠油-水两相流动;最后,待附着在管壁上的油污被冲洗干净时,开启油路阀门及油泵,重新生成稠油-水环状流。试验过程中,通过安装在测试管段上的差压变送器,测定不同工况条件下再启动压降的动态变化趋势。试验结束后,先使用含有清洗剂的热水冲洗管路,再开启空气压缩机吹扫管路。稠油水环输送管道停输再启动试验条件见表2。
为观察再启动过程中油水两相流动形态的变化特征,以持油率0.66的油水两相流为研究对象,分析水平管内静置分层的油水两相在恒定水流速度0.72 m/s推挤下的运移规律,其具体演变过程见图3。
管道初始时刻处于停运状态,静置于管道中的稠油和水因密度不同而在重力作用下发生分层现象,使得管线在重新启动前呈上层油相、下层水相的分层流形态,见图3(a);然后,在保持油泵及油路阀门仍处于关闭的条件下,重新开启水泵及水路阀门,使水相进入管道推挤截留于管道内的液相,位于管道上层的油相由于受到水流的剪切作用而脱离油层,见图3(b);而后,被水流剪切剥离的油相以油滴或油块的形式在整个管道空间中运移扩散,见图3(c);接着,运移扩散至管壁附近的油滴或油块不断撞击管壁面,并附着在管壁面上形成一层薄薄的油膜,见图3(d);最后,油膜在水流的持续冲洗下,逐渐从管壁面上脱附,直至最终管道被完全冲洗干净,见图3(e)。
不同持油率下稠油水环输送管道再启动压降随时间的变化曲线如图4所示。可以看出,随持油率Ho增加,再启动最大压降Δpmax增大。其原因在于,随持油率增加,一方面会使油相与管壁接触面积增加,导致再启动时油液与管壁间的摩擦阻力增大;另一方面会使油相体积分数增加,导致再启动时油液分子间的摩擦阻力增大。图5示出不同持油率条件下管道停输1.0 h后油水两相分层的图片。可以看出,持油率越大,油相在管道中所占据的空间位置越大,油相与管壁接触的区域范围也越大。从图中4还可以看出,随持油率Ho增加,再启动时间tr增长。这是由于当管道再启动时,油相受恒定水流的冲击而被剥离,并以油块或油滴的形式向整个管道运移扩散,若管道内的油相体积比例越大,则运移扩散至管壁附近的油滴或油块就越多,致使油相越容易附着在管壁面上形成薄油层,从而导致再启动时间增长。
不同油品黏度下稠油水环输送管道再启动压降随时间的变化曲线如图6所示。
从图可以看出,随油品黏度μo增大,再启动最大压降Δpmax增大。这是因为水力摩阻系数与流体黏度成正比,随油相黏度增大,水力摩阻系数增大,从而使管流摩阻增大,当再启动时需要消耗更多能量来克服流动阻力,因此造成再启动最大压降增大。同时还可以看出,随油品黏度μo增大,再启动时间tr增长。这是由于油相黏度越大,当再启动时,油相越不容易被水流剪切剥离而脱离油层,从而造成再启动时间增长。
不同停输时间下稠油水环输送管道再启动压降随时间的变化曲线如图7所示。
从图可以看出,停输时间tst对再启动最大压降Δpmax和再启动时间tr的影响都较小,随着tst增长,Δpmax和tr均呈轻微增大的趋势。这可能是因为试验所设定的停输时间都相对较短,在此2种工况下,油水两相流均处于由环状流转变为完全分层流的过渡阶段,且其在管内的空间分布状况较为相似。因此,在油品黏度、恒定水流速度及持油率一定的条件下,不同停输时间所对应的再启动最大压降和再启动时间的差异都较小。然而,STRAZZA等[16-17]的研究都表明,随着停输时间的继续增长,再启动最大压降会出现明显增大的趋势。究其原因,是由于随着停输时间的增长,原滞留于管道上部充当油相与管壁间润滑和隔离介质的水膜有充足的时间全部运移至管道下部,实现油水两相的完全分层,造成位于管道上部的油相与管壁直接接触,故当再启动时,由于失去了水膜的润滑减阻作用,油相与管壁间的摩擦阻力增大,从而引起再启动最大压降增大。相反,随着停输时间的继续增长,再启动时间基本不发生变化。
不同恒定水流速度下稠油水环输送管道再启动压降随时间的变化曲线如图8所示。由图可见,再启动最大压降Δpmax随恒定水流速度Ucl的变化趋势与其随持油率、油品黏度及停输时间的变化趋势一致,即Δpmax随Ucl的增加而增大;而再启动时间tr随恒定水流速度Ucl的变化规律与其随持油率、油品黏度及停输时间的变化规律相反,即tr随Ucl的增加而减短。究其原因,主要是由于恒定水流速度越大,当停输管线重新启动时,其对截留于管道中的油水两相的初始冲击力越大,造成再启动最大压降增高;且其对油相的剪切剥离作用越强,促使再启动时间减短。
对比分析图4、图6~8可知,在不同条件下,再启动压降随时间发展变化的特征具有相似性,即随着时间的推移,再启动压降首先由初始峰值急剧减小,继而缓慢下降,直至趋于单相水流的稳态压降值,这与LIVINUS等[17-19]在其各自的停输再启动试验中观察到的再启动压降随时间的变化规律相同。以Ho=0.55,μo=2.038 Pa·s,tst=1.0 h,Ucl=0.53 m/s试验工况下再启动压降随时间的变化规律为例,剖析稠油水环输送管道的停输再启动过程,见图9。由此可知,以恒定水流速度再启动时,再启动过程总体上可划分为压降衰减与压降恒定2个阶段。在压降衰减阶段(如图9中Ⅰ所示),再启动压降随时间的增大先由初始峰值迅速下降,而后缓慢减小。这是因为恒定水流起初快速带走管道内的大量粘稠油相,随后逐步清除残留在管壁上的粘附油膜,故压降呈先骤降、后缓降的变化规律。在压降恒定阶段(如图9中Ⅱ所示),再启动压降随时间的增长基本不再变化,或在某一恒定值附近轻微波动。这是由于恒定水流已将全部粘稠油相推挤出管道,管道内只存在单相水流流动,故压降保持恒定。由图9可以看出,在该特定试验条件下,其再启动最大压降为11.22 kPa,再启动时间为1 290 s,衰减阶段的函数关系式为Δp=0.42+10.8e-0.003 8t(见第2.3节),恒定阶段的压降为0.42 kPa。
通过拟合再启动压降试验数据可知,再启动过程压降随时间的变化模型满足如下函数关系式:
Δp=Δpr+(Δpmax-Δpr)e-Bt          (0≤t<tr)Δp≈Δpr                                                                                                          (t≥tr )
式中,Δp为再启动压降,Pa;Δpr为再启动恒定压降,Pa;Δpmax为再启动最大压降,Pa;B为衰减指数,1/s;t为再启动过程运行时间,s;tr为再启动时间,s。
从式(1)可以看出,在压降衰减阶段,再启动压降随时间的变化按指数函数关系减小;在压降恒定阶段,再启动压降随时间的变化保持不变,其值即为单相水流的稳态压降值。
再启动压降随时间的变化模型中,再启动最大压降Δpmax依据本项目组拟合的多元非线性回归模型〔式(2)〕[20]计算,恒定压降Δpr(单相水流的稳态压降)根据Darcy-Weisbach公式〔式(3)〕计算[21],则式(1)所示的再启动压降随时间的变化模型可具体化为式(4)。
Δpmax=23.820(-170.644+836.686Ho+436.568Ho2)μo0.480tst0.006Ucl0.726
Δpr=λLDρwUcl22
Δp=λLDρwUcl22+23.820(-170.644         +836.686Ho+436.568Ho2)μo0.480tst-0.006          ×Ucl0.726e-Bt- λLDρwUcl22e-Bt                    (0≤t<tr)Δp≈λLDρwUcl22                                                                                                              (t≥tr )
式中,Ho为持油率,无量纲;μo为油品黏度,Pa·s;tst为停输时间,h;Ucl为恒定水流速度,m/s;λ为水力摩阻系数,无量纲;L为管道长度,m;D为管道直径,m;ρw为水相密度,kg/m3。
为探索稠油水环输送管道再启动过程的行为特性及比较再启动压降模型的拟合结果与试验数据的吻合程度,以不同持油率、油品黏度、停输时间及恒定水流速度条件下的典型工况为例进行分析。图10~13示出4种典型工况下再启动压降的试验测量值与模型拟合值的对比。
从图可以看出,不同试验条件下,稠油水环输送管道再启动过程的行为特征相似,即初始阶段再启动压降由最大值随时间急剧下降,而后随时间缓慢减小,最后随时间不再发生明显变化。以图10(b)为例,在Ho=0.66,μo=1.055 3 Pa·s,tst=0.5 h,Ucl=0.25 m/s的再启动条件下,再启动压降先由初始时刻0 s处的最大值5.05 kPa迅速下降至1.01 kPa(最大值的20%),该过程在较短时间(800 s)内完成;然后,在较长时间(2 047.52 s)范围内,再启动压降由1.01 kPa缓慢减小至0.07 kPa;最后,当运行时间超过2 847.52 s时,再启动压降保持在0.07 kPa附近小幅波动。但描述再启动过程行为特性的2个关键参数(再启动最大压降和再启动时间)的具体数值不同。以图11为例,在Ho=0.55,tst=1.0 h,Ucl=1.01 m/s的再启动条件下,当μo为2.038,3.02 Pa·s时,其Δpmax分别为14.43,17.50 kPa,相应的tr分别为818.19,873.83 s。
分别对比图10~13中(a)(b)两图可以发现,再启动时间的长短可由衰减指数B体现,衰减指数越大,再启动时间越短。以图13为例,在Ho=0.45,tst=0.5 h,μo=3.02 Pa·s的再启动条件下,当Ucl为0.53,1.01 m/s时,其B分别为0.003 0,0.005 5 1/s,相应的tr分别为1 669.85,785.95 s。在实际工程中,可采取增大恒定水流速度或再启动流量的措施来缩短停运管线所需的再启动时间,但还需关注由于恒定水流速度增大而造成再启动最大压降增高的程度是否在管道系统压降允许的范围内。ZAGUSTIN等[22]提出采用逐渐增大恒定水流速度的方法来解决因恒定水流速度增大而导致再启动最大压降过高的问题,此方法在确保再启动最大压降不至过高的同时,可缩短再启动时间。但值得注意的是,该方法只适用于亲油疏水管道,对于亲水疏油管道,直接利用较高的恒定水流速度进行再启动更为有效[26]。此外,4种典型工况下再启动过程压降变化的拟合优度R2分别为0.979〔见图10(a)〕、0.988〔见图10(b)〕、0.983〔见图(11a)〕、0.985〔见图11(b)〕、0.962〔见图12(a)〕、0.958〔见图12(b)〕、0.976〔见图13(a)〕和0.981〔见图13(b)〕,均接近1,说明再启动过程压降变化的模型拟合值与试验测量值吻合较好。
(1)稠油水环输送管道以恒定水流速度再启动过程中,流型演变主要经历水流剪切剥离油层、油滴/油块运移扩散与粘附管壁成膜、油膜脱附4个阶段;再启动压降随着时间的延长而有所变化,呈先迅速下降、后缓慢减小直至恒定的趋势,其总体上可划分为压降衰减与压降恒定2个阶段。
(2)根据稠油水环输送管道再启动行为特征,建立了再启动压降随时间变化的指数衰减模型,再启动过程压降变化的模型拟合值与试验测量值的一致性较好,其拟合优度均接近1。
(3)在Ho=0.26~0.76,μo=1.055 3~3.02 Pa·s,tst=0.5~1.0 h,Ucl=0.25~1.01 m/s条件下,Δpmax随Ho,μo,tst,Ucl的增大而增大,最大达30.38 kPa;tst随Ho,μo,tst的增大、Ucl的减小而增长,最长为3 616.78 s。因此,稠油水环输送管道在油水输送量和油品种类一定的情况下,停运时尽可能缩短停输时间,重新启动时适当增大恒定水流速度有利于减小再启动困难程度。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.03.003
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
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    1中国石油西南油气田分公司 安全环保与技术监督研究院,成都 610041
    2页岩气评价与开采四川省重点试验室,成都 610041
    3中国石油西南油气田数字智能技术分公司,成都 610051
    4中国石油西南油气田公司,成都 610051
    5西南石油大学 石油与天然气工程学院,成都 610500
    6油气消防四川省重点试验室,成都 611731
    7Department of Transport and Storage of Oil and Gas,Ufa State Petroleum Technological University,Russia Ufa 450062
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