Article(id=1320037861664079966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764172800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-27, revisedDate=1779897600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651151338, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1782748800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651151338, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651151338, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651151338, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037798686605953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='122', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782748800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651136322, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656254917, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059267693003414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037798686605953, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=112, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037862851068000, articleId=1320037861664079966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Multi‑domain multi‑body digital twin model of a five‑cylinder pump and its application, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues in traditional data‑driven fault diagnosis methods for five‑cylinder pumps,such as difficulty in obtaining fault data,insufficient diagnostic capability during the early stage of equipment operation,and poor model generalization,a multi‑domain digital twin model of the five‑cylinder pump was established.The motor system,control system,mechanical system,and hydraulic system of the five‑cylinder pump were modeled,the mathematical models and parameter transfer relationships of each subsystem were clarified,and the overall model was consequently constructed.Based on fault mechanism analysis,the injection and response quantitative analysis of four typical faults,namely piston leakage,inlet blockage,bearing damage,and motor open circuit,were realized.A multi‑domain simulation model coupled with electromechanical‑hydraulic‑control was built using MATLAB/Simscape to obtain simulation data after fault injection.The consistency of the digital twin model was verified using experimental data from the XZQ2200 drilling pump.To demonstrate the application of the model,a drilling rig circulation system model was constructed using the five‑cylinder pump digital twin model,and a TimesNet‑based fault diagnosis method was proposed.The results show that the root mean square error between the twin data and the measured data is 0.039 2.The fault diagnosis model achieves a fault location classification accuracy of 98.33% and a fault classification accuracy of 89.44% on the twin dataset.The established five‑cylinder pump digital twin model has high fidelity and can effectively support typical fault mechanism analysis and fault diagnosis model construction.This study provides a new technical approach for predictive maintenance of complex equipment.

, authors=Xin ZHANG1, Zhiliang LIU1, Chenyang WANG1, Chuan XIE2, Meng RAO3, Mingjian ZUO1, 3, authorsList=Xin ZHANG, Zhiliang LIU, Chenyang WANG, Chuan XIE, Meng RAO, Mingjian ZUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiliang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037867477385348, articleId=1320037861664079966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=五缸泵多领域多体数字孪生模型及其应用, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决传统基于数据驱动的五缸泵故障诊断方法存在故障数据获取困难、设备运行初期诊断能力不足、模型泛化能力差的问题,建立了五缸泵多领域数字孪生模型。对五缸泵的电机系统、控制系统、机械系统及液压系统进行建模,明确各子系统数学模型及参数传递关系,进而建立整体模型;并基于故障机理分析,实现了对活塞泄漏、入口堵塞、轴承破损和电机开路4种典型故障的注入与响应定量分析;利用MATLAB/Simscape搭建了机电液控耦合的多域仿真模型,获取了故障注入后的仿真数据;利用XZQ2200型钻井泵实验数据对完成了数字孪生模型的一致性校验;为演示模型用途,本文利用五缸泵数字孪生模型构建了钻机的循环系统模型,提出了基于TimesNet的故障诊断方法。结果表明,孪生数据与实测数据之间的均方根误差为0.039 2,故障诊断模型在孪生数据集上的故障定位分类正确率为98.33%,故障分类正确率为89.44%。所建立的五缸泵数字孪生模型具有较高保真度,可有效支撑典型故障机理分析与故障诊断模型构建。研究为复杂装备预测性维护提供了新的技术途径。

, authors=张鑫1, 刘志亮1, 王晨阳1, 谢川2, 饶猛3, 左明健1, 3, authorsList=张鑫, 刘志亮, 王晨阳, 谢川, 饶猛, 左明健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘志亮, authorNote=

张鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字孪生,E-mail:。

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刘志亮(1984),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂装备智能测试、诊断与运维,通信地址:611731四川省成都市高新区(西区)西源大道2006号电子科技大学机械与电气工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bYvhAjZEyB7tUNwnmT1gUg==, magXml=JdFpVyhOWjtSHzS/SqYYZQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+pym+wUiB9H+wrwgXz8Weg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LSl2j3dNSRD11LDXNysNWw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037867989090447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=480340213@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037868060393617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, authorId=1320037867989090447, language=EN, stringName=Xin ZHANG, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320037868152668306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, authorId=1320037867989090447, language=CN, stringName=张鑫, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院,成都 611731, bio={"content":"

张鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字孪生,E-mail:。

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stage of testing, figureFileSmall=LAQ95nr/mY3H1l1Go55jKQ==, figureFileBig=E1ZmVqjcF9FRgGDLLPYgGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037876939735250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, language=CN, label=图17, caption=试验第二阶段定位结果混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=LAQ95nr/mY3H1l1Go55jKQ==, figureFileBig=E1ZmVqjcF9FRgGDLLPYgGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037877023621331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mechanical system model parameters

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参数数值参数数值
Le /m0.1 mc/kg59.712
L1d /m0 mp/kg91.087
L2d /m0.57 Patm/Pa101 325
L3d /m1.14 J0/(kg⋅m2)4 348.098
L4d /m1.71 Jc/(kg⋅m2)389.153
L5d /m2.28 Sin/m20.000 15
Lg /m0.405 Sout/m20.000 452
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机械系统模型参数

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参数数值参数数值
Le /m0.1 mc/kg59.712
L1d /m0 mp/kg91.087
L2d /m0.57 Patm/Pa101 325
L3d /m1.14 J0/(kg⋅m2)4 348.098
L4d /m1.71 Jc/(kg⋅m2)389.153
L5d /m2.28 Sin/m20.000 15
Lg /m0.405 Sout/m20.000 452
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Hydraulic system model parameters

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参数数值参数数值
Cd0.7 Aport/m20.03
ρ¯/(kg⋅m-3)1 000 pmax/Pa120 000
pcrack/Pa80 000 Amax/m20.000 1
β/(N⋅m-1)2.2×109 Aleak/m21×10-12
ν/(kg⋅s-1)0.001 Recrit150
Aorifice/m23.6×10-5 VQ/m31.0×10-3
V0/m31.45×10-3
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液压系统模型参数

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参数数值参数数值
Cd0.7 Aport/m20.03
ρ¯/(kg⋅m-3)1 000 pmax/Pa120 000
pcrack/Pa80 000 Amax/m20.000 1
β/(N⋅m-1)2.2×109 Aleak/m21×10-12
ν/(kg⋅s-1)0.001 Recrit150
Aorifice/m23.6×10-5 VQ/m31.0×10-3
V0/m31.45×10-3
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Fault parameters

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参数数值
m˙orifice-leak/m20.003 0
Cdr0.000 4
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故障参数

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参数数值
m˙orifice-leak/m20.003 0
Cdr0.000 4
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Dataset sample types

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数据集样本类型样本数目样本长度标签
1号泵电机故障9010 000×11
2号泵电机故障9010 000×12
3号泵电机故障9010 000×13
1号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×14
2号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×15
3号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×16
1号泵入口堵塞9010 000×17
2号泵入口堵塞9010 000×18
3号泵入口堵塞9010 000×19
正常运行工况27010 000×110
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数据集样本类型

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数据集样本类型样本数目样本长度标签
1号泵电机故障9010 000×11
2号泵电机故障9010 000×12
3号泵电机故障9010 000×13
1号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×14
2号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×15
3号泵活塞泄漏9010 000×16
1号泵入口堵塞9010 000×17
2号泵入口堵塞9010 000×18
3号泵入口堵塞9010 000×19
正常运行工况27010 000×110
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Definition of test labels

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信号名称原始标签标签
电机故障信号标签1,2,31
活塞泄漏信号标签4,5,62
入口堵塞信号标签7,8,93
正常信号标签104
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试验标签定义

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信号名称原始标签标签
电机故障信号标签1,2,31
活塞泄漏信号标签4,5,62
入口堵塞信号标签7,8,93
正常信号标签104
), ArticleFig(id=1320037879615701213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037861664079966, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Performance evaluation results of the faultclassification model

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统计指标总体准确率/%宏平均
精度/%
宏平均召回率/%宏平均F1分数/%
数值89.4489.3089.4489.37
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故障分类模型的性能评价结果

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统计指标总体准确率/%宏平均
精度/%
宏平均召回率/%宏平均F1分数/%
数值89.4489.3089.4489.37
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五缸泵多领域多体数字孪生模型及其应用
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张鑫 1 , 刘志亮 1 , 王晨阳 1 , 谢川 2 , 饶猛 3 , 左明健 1, 3
流体机械 | 应用技术 2026,54(6): 112-122
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流体机械 |应用技术 2026 , 54 (6) : 112 -122
五缸泵多领域多体数字孪生模型及其应用
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张鑫1 , 刘志亮1 , 王晨阳1, 谢川2, 饶猛3, 左明健1, 3
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院,成都 611731
  • 2电子科技大学 自动化工程学院,成都 611731
  • 3青岛明思为科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266041
通讯作者:
刘志亮(1984),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂装备智能测试、诊断与运维,通信地址:611731四川省成都市高新区(西区)西源大道2006号电子科技大学机械与电气工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字孪生,E-mail:。

Multi‑domain multi‑body digital twin model of a five‑cylinder pump and its application
Xin ZHANG1 , Zhiliang LIU1 , Chenyang WANG1, Chuan XIE2, Meng RAO3, Mingjian ZUO1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China
  • 2School of Automation Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China
  • 3Qingdao Mingserve Technology Ltd.,Qingdao 266041,China
出版时间: 2026-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.014
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为解决传统基于数据驱动的五缸泵故障诊断方法存在故障数据获取困难、设备运行初期诊断能力不足、模型泛化能力差的问题,建立了五缸泵多领域数字孪生模型。对五缸泵的电机系统、控制系统、机械系统及液压系统进行建模,明确各子系统数学模型及参数传递关系,进而建立整体模型;并基于故障机理分析,实现了对活塞泄漏、入口堵塞、轴承破损和电机开路4种典型故障的注入与响应定量分析;利用MATLAB/Simscape搭建了机电液控耦合的多域仿真模型,获取了故障注入后的仿真数据;利用XZQ2200型钻井泵实验数据对完成了数字孪生模型的一致性校验;为演示模型用途,本文利用五缸泵数字孪生模型构建了钻机的循环系统模型,提出了基于TimesNet的故障诊断方法。结果表明,孪生数据与实测数据之间的均方根误差为0.039 2,故障诊断模型在孪生数据集上的故障定位分类正确率为98.33%,故障分类正确率为89.44%。所建立的五缸泵数字孪生模型具有较高保真度,可有效支撑典型故障机理分析与故障诊断模型构建。研究为复杂装备预测性维护提供了新的技术途径。

五缸泵  /  数字孪生  /  故障注入  /  故障诊断  /  钻机

To address the issues in traditional data‑driven fault diagnosis methods for five‑cylinder pumps,such as difficulty in obtaining fault data,insufficient diagnostic capability during the early stage of equipment operation,and poor model generalization,a multi‑domain digital twin model of the five‑cylinder pump was established.The motor system,control system,mechanical system,and hydraulic system of the five‑cylinder pump were modeled,the mathematical models and parameter transfer relationships of each subsystem were clarified,and the overall model was consequently constructed.Based on fault mechanism analysis,the injection and response quantitative analysis of four typical faults,namely piston leakage,inlet blockage,bearing damage,and motor open circuit,were realized.A multi‑domain simulation model coupled with electromechanical‑hydraulic‑control was built using MATLAB/Simscape to obtain simulation data after fault injection.The consistency of the digital twin model was verified using experimental data from the XZQ2200 drilling pump.To demonstrate the application of the model,a drilling rig circulation system model was constructed using the five‑cylinder pump digital twin model,and a TimesNet‑based fault diagnosis method was proposed.The results show that the root mean square error between the twin data and the measured data is 0.039 2.The fault diagnosis model achieves a fault location classification accuracy of 98.33% and a fault classification accuracy of 89.44% on the twin dataset.The established five‑cylinder pump digital twin model has high fidelity and can effectively support typical fault mechanism analysis and fault diagnosis model construction.This study provides a new technical approach for predictive maintenance of complex equipment.

five‑cylinder pump  /  digital twin  /  fault injection  /  fault diagnosis  /  drilling rig
张鑫, 刘志亮, 王晨阳, 谢川, 饶猛, 左明健. 五缸泵多领域多体数字孪生模型及其应用. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (6) : 112 -122 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.014
Xin ZHANG, Zhiliang LIU, Chenyang WANG, Chuan XIE, Meng RAO, Mingjian ZUO. Multi‑domain multi‑body digital twin model of a five‑cylinder pump and its application[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (6) : 112 -122 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.014
钻井泵是油气钻探的关键设备,是向井底输送高压泥浆并将岩屑带回地面的动力核心,被誉为“钻机心脏”[1-2]。国内常用泥浆泵按缸数分类,主要包括三缸泵和五缸泵等型式。近年来,随着陆地和海洋浅层油气资源的锐减,各国开始对深地和深海的油气资源进行勘探[3]。与三缸泵相比,在相同功率下,五缸泵具有更小的体积、更轻的质量,流量波动也更小,正逐步成为钻井泵的主流发展方向[4]。在超深井工况下,钻井泵液力端部件需承受数十兆帕的往复冲击载荷,同时还要面对含沙、岩屑等复杂固液介质的强烈冲蚀,以及高温、高盐度泥浆的化学腐蚀,疲劳累积和局部损伤不可避免[5-7]。当液力端出现密封失效、阀门破损或活塞磨损等故障时,不仅会引发泥浆泄漏、井壁失稳等重大安全风险,还可能进一步导致卡钻、井喷等严重事故[5]。
为解决钻井泵的运维难题,相关研究人员提出了一系列针对钻井泵的故障诊断方法。尤其是随着深度学习技术的发展,大量数据驱动的诊断算法被成功应用于钻井泵故障诊断领域。GUO等[8]提出了一种基于小波核网-卷积块注意力模块的故障诊断方法,并通过自适应试验,验证了所提方法具有较高的鲁棒性。DAI等[9]开发了一种基于时频变换和卷积神经网络的五缸泵故障诊断方法,采用数据滑动分割、时频变换等方法扩大了训练样本,实现了故障的精准诊断。为减小噪声影响,LI等[10]通过扩展操作将一维振动信号转换为三通道图像信号,并利用基于扩展运算的卷积神经网络,实现了五缸泵的液力端故障诊断。TANG等[11]构建了一种基于广义S变换和卷积神经网络的钻井泵液力端故障诊断方法。DAI等[12]提出了一种将物理驱动的特征对齐与动态分布自适应相结合的方法,用于诊断不同速度下的钻井泵故障。CHEN等[13]建立了一种名为WA-Memory Transformer-TCN的五缸泵故障诊断方法,该方法利用时间卷积网络、Memory Transformer分别提取出振动信号的高频和低频部分,有效提取了故障特征。
上述方法有效解决了传统经验维修存在的准确度低、及时性差等问题,但也存在以下不足。
(1)依据单台设备采集的故障数据进行故障特征提取和模型训练,所构建的诊断模型在该特定设备上表现优异,但当设备发生改变时,故障诊断的精准度明显下降。
(2)钻井作业现场通常采用计划维修保障设备安全,且设备长期在野外环境运行,故障数据获取难度大,研究人员不得不通过滑动分割等数据增强手段扩充数据集,但这类操作反而可能进一步削弱模型的泛化能力。
(3)人为制造故障获取训练数据,也可能耗费大量时间、带来试验数据成本高昂的问题,甚至可能对设备造成严重损坏。
数字孪生为解决上述问题提供了可能的途径。KASAT等[14]通过建立离心泵的数字孪生模型,实现了对该类设备性能的评估。AGUILERA等[15]利用数字孪生技术减少结垢对大型商用热泵能源效率的影响,提高了热泵的运行效率,实现了智能运维。李琪飞等[16]利用数字孪生技术,提高了水泵水轮机的监控预测能力。郑兆启等[17]为提高包装机研发生产中异形件的制造效率,采用数字孪生技术设计一种光固化3D 打印机监控系统,可有效保证光固化3D打印机生产异形件的质量。李亚洁等[18]借助离心泵数字孪生模型,实现了对叶轮随机掉落故障的精准诊断。ZHANG等[19]提出了一种基于数字孪生与深度学习的工程机械液压系统故障诊断方法,实现了小样本下的故障诊断。KIM[20]提出了一种基于数字孪生的燃气轮机压缩机故障诊断与可视化监测方法。现有研究多聚焦于单一领域的数字孪生模型构建,而实际工程设备普遍具有结构复杂、机-电-液-控多领域深度耦合的特点,因此研究的难点在于建立多领域耦合的数字孪生模型,并实现基于故障机理的精准故障注入。
为解决五缸泵“机-电-液-控”多域耦合复杂设备在数字孪生建模与故障机理分析上的难题,本文构建五缸泵多领域数字孪生模型,实现五缸泵故障机理与动态响应分析,并给出该数字孪生模型在故障诊断中的应用范式,以实现对钻井泵故障的精准诊断。
五缸泵可分为电机、控制、机械、液压等子系统。文中首先对五缸泵的各子系统分别进行独立建模,再依据各子系统数学模型之间的参数传递关系对模型进行连接,最终建立起该设备的整体模型,并对其开展一致性检验。
文中构建的五缸泵数字孪生模型,采用三相永磁同步电机作为动力源。其在自然坐标系下的数学模型如下:
us=Rsis+dψsdtψs=Lsis+γsψf
式中,us为相电压,V;Rs为电阻,Ω;is为电流矢量,A;ψs为相磁链矢量,Wb;Ls为电感系数矩阵,H;γs为磁链系数矩阵;ψf为永磁体在每一相绕组中产生的磁链幅值,Wb。
根据电机转换原理,电机的电磁转矩等于磁场储能对机械角度求导:
Te=12isT∂Ls∂θmis+isT∂γs∂θmψf=
式中,Te为电磁转矩,N⋅m;θm为机械角度,rad;pn为电极对数;θe为电角度,rad。
电机的运动方程如下:
dωmdt=1JTe-Bωm-TL
式中,ωm为机械角速度;J为转动惯量;B为阻尼系数;TL为曲轴受到的负载转矩。
控制算法的离散表达式:
u(k)=Kpe(k)+Ki∑j=0ke(j)+Kde(k)-e(k-1)
式中,u(k)为第k个采样时刻的控制器输出;Kp为比例系数;e(k),e(k-1)分别为第k个和第(k-1)个采样时刻的控制误差;k为当前采样时刻序号;j为积分累加索引;Ki为积分系数;Kd为微分系数。
五缸泵的机械结构如图1所示。为了便于动力学建模,以各刚体质点为原点,以连杆方向为X轴方向,以曲轴轴线方向为Z轴方向,建立右手坐标系。
由于五缸泵机械系统只包含了Z方向的旋转,因此,采用3个平移坐标、1个旋转坐标组成的四维坐标系对刚体位置进行表示。在系统的刚体上建立坐标系,曲轴坐标原点与世界坐标的原点重合,第1根连杆坐标系原点的Z坐标值与曲轴的Z坐标值相同。世界坐标系设为qw=Rw1Rw2Rw3θw,曲轴的刚体坐标系设为q0=R01R02R03θ0),第i根连杆(i∈{1,2,3,4,5})的刚体坐标系设为qic=Ric1Ric2Ric3θic,第i个(i∈{1,2,3,4,5})活塞杆的刚体坐标系设为qip=Rip1Rip2Rip3θip。因此,该系统的广义坐标系为q=q0q1cq1p...q5cq5p。
由此可得到各刚体之间的约束方程如下。
(1)曲轴与地面的约束方程。
R01R02R03=000
(2)第i根连杆与曲轴之间的约束方程。
R01R02R03+cosθ0sinθ00-sinθ0cosθ00001LecosθiLesinθiLid
Ric1Ric2Ric3+cosθicsinθic0-sinθiccosθic0001-Lg00
式中,Le为曲轴半径,m;θi为曲轴相位角,rad,θi∈{0,4π/5,8π/5,2π/5,6π/5};Lid为第i个连杆坐标系与曲轴坐标在Z方向上的距离,m;Lg为连杆重心到曲轴轴颈圆心的距离,m。
(3)第i根连杆与到第i个活塞杆的约束方程。
Ric1Ric2Ric3+cosθicsinθic0-sinθiccosθic0001Lc-Lg00= 
式中,Lc为连杆长度。
联立上述方程,即可推导出系统的约束方程:Φ(q,t)=0。
在建立系统约束方程的基础上,运用动能定理及虚位移原理,求解拉格朗日方程中的系统质量矩阵M、系统的广义外力Q,以及系统的雅可比矩阵Cq,并进行参数设置(见表1),得到机械系统的数学模型。
机械系统的动能由三部分组成,分别为曲轴、连杆和滑块的动能。
曲轴动能:
T0=12J0θ02
式中,T0为曲轴动能,J;J0为曲轴绕轴线的转动惯量,kg⋅m2。
第i根连杆的动能:
Tic=12mc(Ric2)2+12Jc(θic)2
式中,Tic为第i个连杆的动能,J;mc为连杆质量,kg;Jc为连杆绕连杆坐标系Z轴的转动惯量,kg⋅m2。
第i个滑块的动能:
Tip=12mp(Rip1)2
式中,Tip为第i个滑块的动能,J;mp为滑块质量,kg。
由系统的动能表达式T=q˙TMq˙/2,得到曲轴的质量矩阵M0、第i根连杆的质量矩阵Mic、第i个滑块的质量矩阵Mip公式如下:
M0=diag(0,0,0,J0)
Mic=diag(mc,mc,0,Jc)
Mip=diag(mp,0,0,0)
联立式(11)~(13)得到系统的质量矩阵:
M=diag(M0,M1c,M1p,...,M5c,M5p)
不考虑摩擦力,系统的虚功:
δW=Qδq
其中:
Q=[Q0Q1cQ1p...Q5cQ5p]
式中,δW为系统外力所做的虚功;Q为系统的广义外力矢量;δq为位移对时间的偏导数;Q0为曲轴的广义外力矢量,Q0=000MT0;Qic为第i根连杆的广义外力,Qic=0mcg00,i=0,1,2,3,4,5;g为重力加速度,m/s2,g取9.8 m/s2;Qip为第i个活塞的广义外力,Qip=0Fpi00;Fpi为第i个滑块受到的压强合力,Fpi=PatmSout-Pi,inSin;Patm为大气压强,Pa;Pi,in为五缸泵第i个缸的内部压强,Pa;Sin,Sout分别为活塞杆的内、外部截面积,m2。
五缸泵液力端的单缸结构包含2个单向阀和1个液压缸。同时,节流阀安装于液力端出口侧,用于控制钻井泵的出口压强。据此,通过分别构建单向阀、节流阀及液压缸的数学模型,并联立液压系统的连续性方程,便可推导得到五缸泵的完整液压模型。液压系统模型的具体参数如表2所示。
单向阀模型包含流量公式和阀口面积公式两部分。
流量模型公式如下:
m˙valve=CdAvalve2ρ¯PRloss1-(Avalve/Aport)2×Δ p(Δ p)2+(Δ pcrit)21/4
其中:
PRloss=1-Avalve/Aport21-Cd2-CdAvalve/Aport1-Avalve/Aport21-Cd2+CdAvalve/Aport
Δpcrit=πρ¯8AvalveνRecritCd2
式中,m˙valve为流经单向阀的质量流量,kg/s;Cd为流量系数;Avalve为单向阀的开启面积,m2;ρ¯为液体平均密度,kg/m3;PRloss为局部压力损失,Pa;Aport为单向阀两端管道的横截面积,m2;Δp为阀门两端的压强差,Pa;Δpcrit为临界雷诺数相关的压强差,是层流和湍流流动之间的流动状态转变点,Pa;Recrit为临界雷诺数;ν为液体动力黏度,kg/(m⋅s)。
阀口面积公式如下:
Avalve=
式中,Avalve为单向阀的开启面积,m2;pcrack为单向阀的最小开启压强差,Pa;pmax为单向阀达到最大开启面积时的压强差,Pa;Amax为阀门最大开启面积,m2;Aleak为阀门泄漏面积,m2。
节流阀流量公式:
m˙orifice=CdAorifice2ρ¯PRloss1-Aorifice/Aport2Δp
式中,m˙orifice为流经节流阀的流量,kg/s;Aorifice为节流阀的开孔面积,m2。
液压缸流量方程:
m˙A=ρ¯Sinvp+1βdpIdtρIV
式中,m˙A为流入液压缸的流量,kg/s;vp为活塞杆运动速度,m/s;β为液压缸内部液体体积模量,N/m²;pI为液压缸内部压强,Pa;V为液压缸瞬时体积,m3,V=V0+Sinxp;V0为活塞缸闭死体积,m3;xp为活塞位移,m。
液压缸中的流量连续性方程如下:
m˙valve-in=m˙valve-out+m˙cylinder
式中,m˙valve-in为吸入阀流量,kg/s;m˙valve-out为排出阀流量,kg/s;m˙cylinder为流入液压缸的流量,kg/s。
同理,排出管汇中的流量连续性方程:
m˙valve-out=m˙orifice+1βdPQdtVQ
式中,PQ为排出阀与节流阀之间的液体压强,Pa;VQ为排出阀与节流阀之间的腔室体积,m3。
钻井泵包含四类典型故障,分别为活塞泄漏、入口堵塞、轴承破损和电机故障[21]。同时,在实际工程中,驱动电机还常出现转子绕组断裂的故障,因此,将上述4种故障注入到数字孪生模型中。
(1)活塞泄漏故障注入。发生活塞泄漏时,液压缸中的一部分液体直接经过泄漏孔进入大气,将泄漏孔等效为节流阀,即可推导出泄漏工况下的液压缸液压方程。该工况下,式(23)可修正如下:
m˙valve-in=m˙valve-out+m˙cylinder+m˙orifice-leak
式中,m˙orifice-leak为泄漏孔的流量,kg/s。
(2)入口堵塞故障注入。当钻井泵发生入口堵塞故障时,吸入阀入口管道横截面积减小,故调整式(23)中m˙valve-in对应的计算参数,就可实现这类故障的注入。
(3)轴承破损故障注入。当轴承出现磨损、润滑不足等故障时,滚动体与内、外圈之间的摩擦因数增大,因此,在式(16)中,曲轴受到的合外力Q0还包含一个因故障引起的阻尼力,Q0修正如下:
Q0=000MT0-Cdrw0
式中,Cdr为轴承阻尼系数;w0为曲轴转速。
(4)电机定子绕组开路故障注入。将一路线圈断开,模拟电机开路故障。
故障状态下,模型的故障参数如表3所示。
根据上述数学模型,基于MATLAB / Simscape建立了五缸泵数字孪生模型的仿真验证模型。构建的钻井泵动力端数字孪生模型如图2所示。其包含机械系统模型、液压系统、电机系统模型、控制系统共四部分。
钻井泵动力端的结构如图2所示。动力端由曲轴、箱体、连杆、活塞等部分组成。按照上述数字孪生模型的建模技术路线,对钻井泵的机械结构进行分析,梳理出设备的最小组成零件,再将这些零件分为标准件和非标准件两类。在此基础上,在MATLAB Simscape多体动力学建模环境中读取STEP格式的零件模型文件和XML格式的装配约束关系文件,得到基础模型;通过修改钻井泵零件模型的属性,定义零件模型中的力和力矩,添加新的零件坐标系连接其他实体和约束,对模型中的运动子集进行修改,使模型能够真实地反映钻井泵零件之间的实际连接关系。
液压系统模型如图3所示。利用MATLAB Simscape中的Translational Multibody Interface模块,将机械模型中的连杆往复运动,转换为流体领域的液体压缩与扩张过程,从而实现机械能到压强能的转化。随后结合钻井泵的实际结构,采用Simscape Fluid库中的Translational Mechanical Converter (IL)模块与Check Valve (IL)模块,搭建流体域液压回路的数字孪生模型。
钻井泵由永磁同步电机提供动力,并通过齿轮箱实现变速。本研究在保证钻井泵运行功能的前提上,对其数字孪生模型结构进行了合理简化,随后基于Simscape Electrical库中的模块搭建了钻井泵电气端的数字孪生模型,如图4所示。
结合设备实际情况,采用MATLAB Simulink库搭建了设备控制端的PID算法模块。同时,为了保证不同MATLAB Simulink库与电气库之间的信号兼容性,搭建过程中通过信号转换模块,将输出的数字信号u(t)转换为电机的转矩输入信号,最终构建完成的控制端数字孪生模型见图5。
将构建完成的各功能模块模型进行整合,并添加电源、管道、液体容器、世界坐标系等各种辅助模块,最终形成的钻井泵数字孪生模型如图6所示。研究人员可通过模型的控制面板设置故障类型。
为了验证数字孪生模型的准确性,文中基于XZQ2200型五缸钻井泵实验平台开展了数据采集试验。实验平台如图7所示。采用PPM-T132A型压强变送器,在20泵冲工况下采集五缸1号泵液力端的出口压强数据,采样频率设置为250 Hz。采集到的信号波形如图8所示。
为进一步验证数字孪生模型的映射准确性,从频域和时域两个方面对实测数据与孪生数据进行对比分析。图9示出2组数据的频谱对比结果。可以看出,实测信号与孪生信号在主要峰值频率处具有较好一致性,说明二者的主导频率成分基本相同,进而证明该数字孪生模型能够有效映射实际系统的压强波动特征。
在时域上,根据式(27),计算得到16个泵冲周期内实测数据与孪生数据的均方根误差为0.039 2,说明二者在时域上具有较高的相似性。
RMSE
式中,RMSE为仿真数据与实测数据之间的均方根误差;n为数据采样点总数;i为采样点序列;Psim(i),Psim(i)分别为采样处的仿真压强和实测压强,MPa。
基于设备故障的理论分析结果,将活塞泄漏、入口堵塞、电机故障、轴承故障注入到模型中。分别计算各工况下的液压均值、波动幅值及压强偏移量,结果如表4所示。
轴承故障的液力端出口压强如图13所示。
当轴承出现点蚀等故障时,其阻尼系数会增大。对五缸泵而言,系统的整体能量损失变大;在系统输入能量保持不变的条件下,输出能量随之减小,因此,出口压强的均值整体降低,但局部液压波动幅值无显著变化。
为展示五缸泵数字孪生模型的实际用途,文中基于该孪生模型,构建了钻机的循环系统模型,其结构如图14所示。该系统由3台钻井泵并联工作,共同驱动循环系统运转。同时,利用该循环系统模型生成的孪生数据,提出了基于TimesNet[22]的钻井泵循环系统故障诊断方法,进而验证基于数字孪生模型仿真数据驱动的诊断策略在实际工业场景中的有效性。
本节试验所使用的数据来源于五缸泵数字孪生模型在故障条件下的出口压强信号。数据集包含正常工况及9种典型故障类型,具体样本构成如表5所示。对于每类样本,首先划分出70%的数据作为训练集,剩余30%作为测试集。在训练阶段,从训练集中再随机抽取30%的样本,作为交叉验证集。
模型首先通过分类模型定位发生故障的泵体,随后再进一步诊断具体的故障类型。同时,依据试验流程对数据标签进行了重新定义,如表6所示。
故障分类混淆矩阵见图15。可以看出,试验第一阶段的标签1样本与标签2样本存在一定程度的混淆。为进一步验证试验效果,基于该混淆矩阵计算了第一阶段的总体准确率,以及各类别的宏平均精度、召回率与F1分数,结果如表7所示。
为进一步验证数字孪生系统所生成仿真数据在特征层面的可分性与判别性,采用T-SNE对两阶段分类模型输出的深层特征进行降维可视化,并将其与对应的混淆矩阵进行对比,验证特征层面与分类结果层面的一致性。
试验第一阶段的T-SNE可视化结果如图16所示。不同泵体的故障类别在二维特征空间中呈现出显著的聚类特性,与正常状态的边界清晰,展现出良好的类别可分性。
图17示出试验第二阶段定位(电机故障泵体定位、活塞泄漏泵体定位、入口堵塞泵体定位)分类结果对应的混淆矩阵。可以看出,试验第二阶段取得了较高的分类准确率,在故障定位上的判别效果较为稳定,说明在第一阶段特征充分分离的基础上,模型已能够较为准确地完成细粒度的故障识别任务。这一结果进一步验证了数字孪生数据驱动的故障诊断模型,在多层级识别流程中的应用潜力与实际价值。故障定位分类正确率为98.33%,故障分类正确率为89.44%。
(1)建立了设备的多领域数字孪生模型,并利用出口压强信号验证了所构建模型的准确性。模型液力端出口压强信号与实测信号的均方根误差为0.039 2,且二者在频域上的主要峰值对应频率保持一致,说明在响应波形与信号组成两方面,二者均保持高度一致性。
(2)通过故障注入获取了四类常见故障的液力端出口压强响应曲线,并从信号均值、波动幅值、偏离值三个方面对信号进行了定量分析。结果显示,在故障工况下,五缸泵能量耗散增加,系统稳定性下降。因此,出口压强的均值下降,信号波动增强,系统运行状态的无序性和不确定性增加,压强信号复杂度提高,表现出类似熵增的状态演化特征。
(3)提出了一种数字孪生辅助的故障诊断方法,所设计的基于TimesNet故障诊断策略,验证了“虚拟机理数据训练+多阶段特征分类”的方法,在无实测故障数据的场景下仍具有较高的诊断精度。在文中构建的孪生数据集上,该方法的故障分类正确率为89.44%,故障定位正确率为98.33%。

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2026年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.06.014
  • 接收时间:2025-11-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-27
  • 修回日期:2026-05-28
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    1电子科技大学 机械与电气工程学院,成都 611731
    2电子科技大学 自动化工程学院,成都 611731
    3青岛明思为科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266041

通讯作者:

刘志亮(1984),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为复杂装备智能测试、诊断与运维,通信地址:611731四川省成都市高新区(西区)西源大道2006号电子科技大学机械与电气工程学院,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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