Article(id=1320037853313216888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037738695475401, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1771516800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651149347, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651149347, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651149347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651149347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037738695475401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651122020, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656245721, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059229113795207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037738695475401, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059229113795208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037738695475401, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=45, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037853468406137, articleId=1320037853313216888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Cavitation characteristics analysis and wrap angle optimization design of inducer of high‑speed centrifugal pumps, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of low head and low efficiency of a high‑speed centrifugal pump used for cooling specific equipment under strict space constraints,a study on cavitation characteristic analysis and inducer wrap angle optimization was carried out.The reliability of the numerical analysis results of the pump was verified by comparing the experimental test results with the simulation calculation results.Based on the basic cavitation equation,cavitation specific speed and suction specific speed methods,the required net positive suction head (NPSHr) of the pump was initially calculated.Combined with the CFD cavitation flow field simulation,the accuracy of the theoretical calculation results and the critical conditions for cavitation occurrence were clarified.On this basis,an inducer was designed,and the effects of wrap angles (ranging from 100° to 200°) on the performance of the inducer and the entire pump were systematically studied.The results show that the inducer wrap angle has a significant impact on the head and efficiency of both the inducer itself and the entire pump.When the wrap angle is 140°,the inducer achieves the optimal efficiency and provides a head of 11.86 m,which can meet the anti‑cavitation requirements.After assembling this inducer,the head of the optimized entire pump is increased to 71.29 m,and the efficiency reaches 81.76%,which are 4.47% and 5.44% higher than those before optimization,respectively.In addition,the critical cavitation point shifts leftward after optimization,and the available net positive suction head (NPSHa) increases to 21.37 m,with an increase of about 1.25 times,indicating that the anti‑cavitation capacity of the system is significantly enhanced,and both the head and efficiency meet the design requirements.This study can provide a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the high‑performance design of high‑speed centrifugal pumps under lightweight constraints.

, authors=Shizhuo WANG1, 2, Qingyi SAI1, 2, Wenwei DENG1, 2, Bing ZHU1, 2, authorsList=Shizhuo WANG, Qingyi SAI, Wenwei DENG, Bing ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingyi SAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037858677731746, articleId=1320037853313216888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=高速离心泵空化特性分析及诱导轮包角优化设计, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对空间严苛限制下某设备冷却用高速离心泵扬程、效率偏低等问题,开展空化特性分析与诱导轮包角优化研究,通过试验测试与仿真计算结果的对比验证该泵数值分析结果的可靠性。基于汽蚀基本方程、汽蚀比转速与吸入比转速方法,初步计算泵的必需汽蚀余量NPSHr,并结合CFD空化流场仿真,明确理论计算结果的准确性和空化发生的临界条件。基于此,设计诱导轮,系统研究包角(100°~200°)对诱导轮及整泵性能的影响。结果表明,诱导轮包角显著影响自身与整泵的扬程和效率,包角为140°时,诱导轮自身效率最佳且提供11.86 m的扬程,可满足抗汽蚀需求;装配该诱导轮得到优化后的整泵扬程提升至71.29 m,效率达81.76%,相比优化前分别提升了4.47%,5.44%;优化后汽蚀临界点左移,NPSHa增至21.37 m,增幅约1.25倍,系统抗汽蚀能力显著增强,扬程与效率均满足设计要求。研究可为高速离心泵在轻量化约束下的高性能设计提供理论依据与工程参考。

, authors=王世卓1, 2, 赛庆毅1, 2, 邓文威1, 2, 朱兵1, 2, authorsList=王世卓, 赛庆毅, 邓文威, 朱兵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赛庆毅, authorNote=

王世卓(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事流体机械的设计研究,E-mail:。

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赛庆毅(1975),男,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事流体机械、动力机械的设计制造研究工作,通信地址:200093上海市杨浦区军工路516号上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院一办309,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Jv7ZNd4KHX4K6IjKUAYvTQ==, magXml=bcfYsPGQlfXyLITFgGnHaA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DdjBllwUaWG2vb8VNPvn5Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6FPFexl9kyJLrommoKvYSQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037859109745066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=14768970709@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037859185242541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, authorId=1320037859109745066, language=EN, stringName=Shizhuo WANG, firstName=Shizhuo, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Energy and Power Engineering,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai 200093,China
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figureFileBig=khyp04H1RBRxfyHjKJNEVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037866487525852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=图6, caption=空化特性曲线, figureFileSmall=tplDLTfFCcD8+T0SZJAU3g==, figureFileBig=khyp04H1RBRxfyHjKJNEVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037866563023325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Contour of vapor volume fraction, figureFileSmall=WBBas+sCpjRqoDW+wLKxkg==, figureFileBig=3laxf2Javwaf+HhdlQab+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037866617549278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=图7, caption=蒸汽体积分数云图, figureFileSmall=WBBas+sCpjRqoDW+wLKxkg==, figureFileBig=3laxf2Javwaf+HhdlQab+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037866680463839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, 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figureFileBig=bn+kV7g3mecub4U30eBuBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037867242500582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同诱导叶包角时流道内的局部流线分布

(a)120°包角 (b)140°包角 (c)160°包角

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(a)120°包角 (b)140°包角 (c)160°包角

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(a)优化前 (b)优化后

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(a)优化前 (b)优化后

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Main parameters of the initial model

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参数名称数值
叶轮进口直径Dj /mm106
叶轮出口直径D2/mm140
叶片出口宽度b2/mm27
叶轮轮毂直径dh/mm34
叶片出口角β2/(°)25
叶轮叶片包角φ1/(°)90
叶轮叶片数Z/个6
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870052684278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始模型主要参数

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参数名称数值
叶轮进口直径Dj /mm106
叶轮出口直径D2/mm140
叶片出口宽度b2/mm27
叶轮轮毂直径dh/mm34
叶片出口角β2/(°)25
叶轮叶片包角φ1/(°)90
叶轮叶片数Z/个6
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870115598839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid independence verification

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网格数量/万扬程H/m
175.4963.32
257.4065.73
344.2066.96
435.8468.18
521.5868.09
602.3668.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870178513400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量/万扬程H/m
175.4963.32
257.4065.73
344.2066.96
435.8468.18
521.5868.09
602.3668.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870254010873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Selection criteria for cavitation specific speed C

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C值范围取值考虑及影响因素
600~800主要考虑效率,可能牺牲汽蚀性能
800~1 200兼顾汽蚀和效率
1 200~1 600对汽蚀性能要求高
1 600~3 000特殊要求,如电厂的凝结水泵、给水泵、火箭用的燃料泵等,可能牺牲效率和扬程
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870337896954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

汽蚀比转速C选取标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
C值范围取值考虑及影响因素
600~800主要考虑效率,可能牺牲汽蚀性能
800~1 200兼顾汽蚀和效率
1 200~1 600对汽蚀性能要求高
1 600~3 000特殊要求,如电厂的凝结水泵、给水泵、火箭用的燃料泵等,可能牺牲效率和扬程
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870488891899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Selection criteria for suction specific speed S

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S值范围取值考虑及影响因素
<8 000主要考虑效率,抗汽蚀性能较差
8 000~11 000标准设计
11 000~13 000抗汽蚀性能良好
>13 000高抗汽蚀性能设计,可能牺牲效率和扬程
), ArticleFig(id=1320037870572777980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037853313216888, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

吸入比转速S选取标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
S值范围取值考虑及影响因素
<8 000主要考虑效率,抗汽蚀性能较差
8 000~11 000标准设计
11 000~13 000抗汽蚀性能良好
>13 000高抗汽蚀性能设计,可能牺牲效率和扬程
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高速离心泵空化特性分析及诱导轮包角优化设计
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王世卓 1, 2 , 赛庆毅 1, 2 , 邓文威 1, 2 , 朱兵 1, 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2026,54(5): 45-55
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流体机械 |设计计算 2026 , 54 (5) : 45 -55
高速离心泵空化特性分析及诱导轮包角优化设计
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王世卓1, 2 , 赛庆毅1, 2 , 邓文威1, 2, 朱兵1, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
  • 2上海市动力工程多相流动与传热重点实验室,上海 200093
通讯作者:
赛庆毅(1975),男,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事流体机械、动力机械的设计制造研究工作,通信地址:200093上海市杨浦区军工路516号上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院一办309,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王世卓(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要从事流体机械的设计研究,E-mail:。

Cavitation characteristics analysis and wrap angle optimization design of inducer of high‑speed centrifugal pumps
Shizhuo WANG1, 2 , Qingyi SAI1, 2 , Wenwei DENG1, 2, Bing ZHU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Power Engineering,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai 200093,China
  • 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering,Shanghai 200093,China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.05.006
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针对空间严苛限制下某设备冷却用高速离心泵扬程、效率偏低等问题,开展空化特性分析与诱导轮包角优化研究,通过试验测试与仿真计算结果的对比验证该泵数值分析结果的可靠性。基于汽蚀基本方程、汽蚀比转速与吸入比转速方法,初步计算泵的必需汽蚀余量NPSHr,并结合CFD空化流场仿真,明确理论计算结果的准确性和空化发生的临界条件。基于此,设计诱导轮,系统研究包角(100°~200°)对诱导轮及整泵性能的影响。结果表明,诱导轮包角显著影响自身与整泵的扬程和效率,包角为140°时,诱导轮自身效率最佳且提供11.86 m的扬程,可满足抗汽蚀需求;装配该诱导轮得到优化后的整泵扬程提升至71.29 m,效率达81.76%,相比优化前分别提升了4.47%,5.44%;优化后汽蚀临界点左移,NPSHa增至21.37 m,增幅约1.25倍,系统抗汽蚀能力显著增强,扬程与效率均满足设计要求。研究可为高速离心泵在轻量化约束下的高性能设计提供理论依据与工程参考。

高速离心泵  /  NPSHr计算  /  空化仿真  /  诱导轮设计  /  包角优化

Aiming at the problems of low head and low efficiency of a high‑speed centrifugal pump used for cooling specific equipment under strict space constraints,a study on cavitation characteristic analysis and inducer wrap angle optimization was carried out.The reliability of the numerical analysis results of the pump was verified by comparing the experimental test results with the simulation calculation results.Based on the basic cavitation equation,cavitation specific speed and suction specific speed methods,the required net positive suction head (NPSHr) of the pump was initially calculated.Combined with the CFD cavitation flow field simulation,the accuracy of the theoretical calculation results and the critical conditions for cavitation occurrence were clarified.On this basis,an inducer was designed,and the effects of wrap angles (ranging from 100° to 200°) on the performance of the inducer and the entire pump were systematically studied.The results show that the inducer wrap angle has a significant impact on the head and efficiency of both the inducer itself and the entire pump.When the wrap angle is 140°,the inducer achieves the optimal efficiency and provides a head of 11.86 m,which can meet the anti‑cavitation requirements.After assembling this inducer,the head of the optimized entire pump is increased to 71.29 m,and the efficiency reaches 81.76%,which are 4.47% and 5.44% higher than those before optimization,respectively.In addition,the critical cavitation point shifts leftward after optimization,and the available net positive suction head (NPSHa) increases to 21.37 m,with an increase of about 1.25 times,indicating that the anti‑cavitation capacity of the system is significantly enhanced,and both the head and efficiency meet the design requirements.This study can provide a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the high‑performance design of high‑speed centrifugal pumps under lightweight constraints.

high‑speed centrifugal pump  /  NPSHr calculation  /  cavitation simulation  /  inducer design  /  wrap angle optimization
王世卓, 赛庆毅, 邓文威, 朱兵. 高速离心泵空化特性分析及诱导轮包角优化设计. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (5) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.05.006
Shizhuo WANG, Qingyi SAI, Wenwei DENG, Bing ZHU. Cavitation characteristics analysis and wrap angle optimization design of inducer of high‑speed centrifugal pumps[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (5) : 45 -55 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.05.006
高速离心泵凭借其高转速、高扬程、大功率及流量稳定等突出优点,已成为航空航天、石油化工及深海勘探等关键领域中不可或缺的核心流体输送设备[1-4]。随着现代工业对泵性能要求的不断提高,以及某些特殊领域对泵体空间体积的限制,高速离心泵正朝着更加高效、稳定、轻量化的方向发展[5]。然而,不同于普通离心泵,高速泵内部流动复杂,此类要求会使得泵内的流动不稳定性急剧增加,其中,由局部低压引发的空化现象不仅会导致泵的水力性能显著下降,还会对过流部件造成汽蚀破坏,严重缩短设备的使用寿命[6-10]。因此,在有限的空间中,开展具有高抗空化能力的高速离心泵研究是十分有必要的。
为此,国内外学者对高速泵特性及优化设计开展了一些研究工作。徐朝晖等[11]利用Fluent软件对高速离心泵内全流道的变化情况进行了仿真分析,为揭示高速泵内部流动规律提供了重要的理论依据;丛小青等[12]采用响应面法,对高速离心泵叶轮与导叶的关键结构参数如包角等进行了多目标优化,最终显著提升了泵的扬程与水力效率;严俊峰等[13]利用装有复合叶轮的离心泵,在设计工况下进行了多相位定常流动数值模拟测试,分析发现,由于叶轮与蜗壳相对位置的变化,从而引起泵内部的压力场、速度场、效率及扬程系数的变化;刘在伦等[14-15]通过数值模拟,研究了复合叶轮与蜗壳形状对高速部分流泵性能的影响,研究表明,采用复合叶轮及优化蜗壳形状可有效提高泵的效率;JAFARZADEH等[16]对不同叶轮叶片数时的高速泵进行数值计算,研究了叶轮叶片数对高速泵水力性能的影响;杨从新等[17-18]利用CFD技术进行数值模拟,系统研究了叶轮外径、叶片数、喉部直径及口环间隙等关键设计参数对高速泵外特性及内部性能的影响规律;齐学义等[19]采用正交试验法对16种不同短叶片型式的复合式叶轮进行试验,并利用Fluent软件,分别对常规叶轮和复合式叶轮进行数值模拟和性能预测;叶晓琰等[20]针对泵的工作环境苛刻、汽蚀性能要求高等问题,利用CFX进行了抗汽蚀性能的改进仿真设计,并制作成实型泵进行汽蚀试验,结果对比发现,误差相差不大且达到了设计要求,证实了CFD技术能够较为准确地预测离心泵的汽蚀性能;CAMPOS-AMEZCUA等[21-22]针对诱导轮的非定常空化,通过数值模拟研究了诱导轮与叶轮的匹配关系对高速离心泵性能的影响,结果表明,诱导轮的吸入压力对空化有重要影响,且空化会对泵内流场产生一定影响;ITO等[23]研究发现,诱导轮进口处回流是由叶片吸力面与压力面的压差引起,并进一步提出了在空化条件下,回流涡空化数与无量纲直径之间存在一定的关系;KANG等[24]探究了诱导轮的叶片数对空化性能的影响,发现随着叶片数增加效率会有所下降;COUTIER-DELGOSHA等[25]发现在诱导轮前安装稳定器可以提高诱导轮的抗空化性能,且在小流量工况条件下几乎所有的不稳定流动都被有效地抑制;李森虎等[26]借助可视化试验装置对离心泵和诱导轮内部汽蚀空泡的产生和发展情况进行了观测,分析得出了轴流诱导轮具有较高抗汽蚀能力的机理。
本文根据空间严苛限制下应用于某设备冷却场景的设计参数,选择的高速泵为单级单吸离心泵结构,由泵体、前泵盖、后盖、密封件等组成,采用泵轴与电机轴一体的直连型式。由于空间限制,叶轮直径需≤140 mm;又根据性能要求,使得该泵在离心式泵中的比转速偏高,这对其空化性能影响较大,效率较低,扬程无法达到设计要求。而加装前置诱导轮不仅能够满足该泵特定应用场景下的空间限制要求,还能够预先对流体做功,提高叶轮进口处的压力,从而延缓空化的发生。此外,在叶轮与诱导轮的诸多结构参数中,叶片包角是一个至关重要的几何因素,其深刻影响着流道的形态、流体的滑移效应,以及空泡的产生、发展与溃灭过程。尽管国内外学者已对诱导轮开展了一定研究,但鲜有文献对高速离心泵进行系统的空化特性分析,并通过研究诱导轮包角对其自身性能影响以优化整泵性能。因此,本文首先在设计阶段对泵进行充分的汽蚀余量理论计算和模拟仿真,可有效预测和评估该泵的空化性能,并预测该泵所需诱导轮提供的扬程。然后,对诱导轮包角进行优化设计以寻求最优模型相匹配,确保泵空化性能的提升,并使得扬程、效率满足设计要求。该工作将为有限空间限制下的高速离心泵及诱导轮的优化设计方向与工程应用提供参考。
为满足空间限制下的高性能需要,采用单级单吸高速离心泵结构。主要设计参数:设计流量Q=210 m3/h,设计扬程H=70 m,转速n=6 000 r/min,比转速ns=218.6。输送介质为20 ℃清水,要求最终泵的水力效率不低于80%。使用三维建模软件CFturbo与CREO对叶轮和蜗壳结构进行实体建模,初始模型主要结构参数和三维模型示意分别如表1和图1所示。
泵水力性能计算通过对内部三维流场进行数值模拟以获得泵的性能。整个流体域由进水段、叶轮和蜗壳三部分组成,使用ANSYS SCDM软件对上述三部分进行实体建模及计算前处理。为了使流动充分发展,将泵进、出口管道进行适当延伸。流体计算域网格如图2所示,采用ANSYS Fluent Meshing对流体域模型进行非结构网格划分,对叶片处进行局部网格加密处理。
使用ANSYS Fluent软件对其进行数值模拟,基于标准SST k-ω湍流模型,采用冻结转子交界面处理泵叶轮与进水段和蜗壳之间动静耦合流动的参数传递。控制方程的离散采用基于有限元的有限体积法。对流项采用高分辨率格式(high resolution scheme)。流场的求解使用全隐式多重网格耦合方法,对动量方程和连续性方程进行耦合求解,克服了传统SIMPLE系列算法需要“假设压力项—求解—修正压力项”的反复迭代过程。设置叶轮段为旋转域,转速根据实际要求限制为6 000 r/min。入口选取速度入口,大小为4.75 m/s;出口选取压力出口,设置静压为0.71 MPa。固壁边界皆设置为静止壁面,应用无滑移条件,近壁区采用可伸缩壁面函数。当各控制方程残差均小于10-5且扬程趋于稳定时,判定计算收敛。为了进行计算域网格无关性验证,分别计算了170~600万网格下的高速泵性能,结果见表2,在网格数超过400万后,网格数量的变化所引起的计算结果误差较小。因此,为了在保证求解精度的同时缩短计算时长,选择网格数为440万对样本点进行网格划分。
计算得到泵在设计工况下的扬程为68.24 m,水力效率为77.54%,均低于设计要求。图3示出研究所采用的试验装置示意,主要包括供水系统、测试管路及数据采集系统等。试验过程中,通过调节阀门开度改变流量工况,分别测量泵在不同工况下的扬程与效率,并与数值模拟结果进行对比分析。由图4可知,因试验过程存在机械损失、机械密封等因素,在各个流量点下的扬程和效率均略低于模拟值,但数值模拟得到的流量-扬程曲线和流量-效率曲线的变化趋势均与试验结果表现出良好的吻合性,扬程误差和效率误差分别在1.5%和2%以内,特别是在设计工况下,扬程、效率的模拟值与试验值误差分别为0.34%和0.66%,表明采用本计算方法及网格数为440万时,该高速离心泵的数值分析结果是可靠的。
为深入分析初始设计模型性能未达预期,尤其是扬程、效率偏低的问题,并为后续优化设计提供理论依据,需对其内流特性中的空化性能进行定量评估[27]。通过离心泵汽蚀基本方程和国内外广泛应用的汽蚀比转速(C)、吸入比转速(S)方法对初始模型进行理论计算,从而初步评估其必需汽蚀余量NPSHr,再通过数值模拟计算与预估结果进行对比,并结合有效汽蚀余量NPSHa对其进行分析确定,旨在为诱导轮的扬程需求及包角等参数的优化设计确立明确的目标。
NPSHr计算式如下:
NPSHr=λ1v022g+λ2w022g
式中,λ1为相对速度压降系数,λ1=1.0~1.2(中高比转速取偏小值);v0为叶片进口边前液体的绝对速度,m/s;g为重力加速度,m/s2,g=9.81 m/s2;λ2为相对速度压降系数,λ2=0.2~0.3(中高比转速取偏大值);w0为叶片进口边前液体的相对速度,m/s。
由于该泵比转速ns=218.6,为中高比转速,所以分别取λ1=1.0,λ2=0.3。式(1)中绝对速度v0和相对速度w0的计算如下:
v0=Q/A0
w0=v02+u02
其中:
A0=π4Dj2-dh2ψ
u0=πDjn /60
式中,Q为流量,m3/s;A0为叶轮进口有效面积,m2;u0为叶片进口边前液体的圆周速度,m/s;Dj为叶轮进口直径,mm;dh为轮毂直径,mm;ψ为叶片排挤系数,ψ=0.75~0.95,考虑叶片厚度对过流面积的遮挡,取叶片排挤系数ψ=0.9;n为转速,r/min。
由式(2)(5)分别得v0=8.14 m/s、u0=33.30 m/s。如图5所示,由于液体在进入叶轮之前,没有绕泵轴的旋转运动,即无预旋或弱预旋,故v0为径向,进口速度三角形为直角三角形。由式(3)计算得w0=34.28 m/s。
将上述计算结果代入汽蚀基本方程式(1)得NPSHr=21.35 m。
汽蚀比转速C定义式及NPSHr计算式如下:
C=5.62nQNPSHr3/4
NPSHr=5.62nQ/C4/3
式中,C为经验系数。
C的范围标准见表3。根据实际要求,此泵主要考虑其效率。因此,在兼顾汽蚀和效率的较优设计范围内,C取值为850。代入式(7)可得NPSHr=20.35 m。
吸入比转速S定义式及NPSHr计算式如下:
S=n4.403Q3.281NPSHr3/4
NPSHr=n4.403Q/S4/33.281
式中,S为泵的一个特征值;Q为流量,m3/h,Q=210 m³/h。
S的范围标准见表4。根据实际要求,此泵主要考虑其效率。因此,在标准设计的较优范围内,S取值为8 000。由式(9)得NPSHr=19.70 m。
通过上述理论计算结果并结合一般经验可知,该泵的NPSHr偏大,有可能存在较高的汽蚀风险,故需通过数值模拟计算与理论计算结果进行对比,以得到准确的NPSHr来验证推测的准确性。
汽蚀试验是通过逐步降低泵入口压力以降低其有效汽蚀余量NPSHa,并同时监测着泵的扬程[28]。当扬程下降3%时,认为发生了汽蚀[29],测量得到的NPSHa值被定义为泵在该工况下的必需汽蚀余量NPSHr。
空化仿真可以对汽蚀试验进行模拟,引入Mixture混合模型作为多相流模型,并使用具有稳定易收敛特性的Schnerr-Sauer空化模型模拟相变。出口的质量流量设为58.23 kg/s,且以总压进口作为边界条件,能够模拟汽蚀试验,以方便控制空化的产生。将初始进口全压设置为0.35 MPa,每次模拟的进口全压是在上次模拟基础上减小5%~10%左右,直到叶片发生大面积空化,并得到相应扬程下降3%时对应的NPSHa数值,即为该泵的NPSHr。
按照上述设定,可以得到不同进口全压条件下泵的扬程,并通过下式计算相应状态下的有效汽蚀余量NPSHa:
NPSHa=P1,in,abs-Pvρg
式中,P1,in,abs为进口绝对全压,Pa;Pv为20 ℃水的饱和蒸汽压,Pa,Pv=2 338 Pa;ρ为液体密度,kg/m3,ρ=998.2 kg/m3。
根据计算结果绘制出高速离心泵的空化特性曲线,如图6所示,可以看出,随着NPSHa减小,泵的扬程开始减小,而设计工况点此时已位于扬程开始下降区域,说明该泵在此工况条件下受到了较为严重的汽蚀影响。继续减小直到NPSHa=20.83 m时,离心泵扬程下降接近3%,并于此后出现断崖式下降,此时为该泵的汽蚀临界点NPSHc[30-32]。
蒸汽体积分数大小可作为叶片汽蚀程度的体现,故结合叶片表面蒸汽体积分数云图,还可以更加清晰、直观地反映该泵的汽蚀现象。如图7所示,当NPSHa=30.17 m时,叶轮叶片前缘开始受到汽蚀影响;当NPSHa=20.83 m时,扬程下降3%,此时,叶片已经被大面积汽蚀;继续减小有效汽蚀余量NPSHa,直到NPSHa=20.60 m时,叶片已被完全汽蚀,叶轮无法正常工作。
将上述NPSHr的理论计算结果与数值计算结果进行对比可知,其误差在1.1%内,故可认为理论或模拟计算所得即为该泵的NPSHr。由于各计算方式得到的NPSHr结果相差较小,而空化仿真是最接近于泵行业通过试验来判定泵NPSHr的方法,故可将该结果中的NPSHr=20.83作为该泵的必需汽蚀余量。一台设计良好的离心泵,NPSHr占自身扬程的比例通常在10%~20%之间,而该泵却达到了近30%,比例过高。故可基于本小节中得到的NPSHr数值模拟计算结果,用以下方法对其进行优化目标的确定。
当有效汽蚀余量NPSHa>NPSHr时,泵入口处的压力足够高,足以克服泵内部的压降,使得液体在到达叶轮最低压力点时,其压力仍高于汽化压力,不会发生汽蚀现象;而当NPSHr>NPSHa时,液体在叶轮内压力最低点处的压力低于其汽化压力,会迅速发生汽化并产生大量汽泡,这些汽泡随液体流到高压区时瞬间破裂,产生巨大的局部冲击力,此过程说明泵发生了汽蚀。通过式(11)计算该泵的有效汽蚀余量NPSHa,若得到的NPSHa值小于NPSHr的值,便证实了这台泵的抗汽蚀性能较差。
NPSHa=pAρg-Hg-hw-pvρg
式中,pA为作用于吸入液面上的绝对压力,Pa;Hg为液面到泵轴中心线的垂直高度差,m,吸上为正,倒灌为负,该泵的实际安装几何高度为倒装1.5 m,故Hg=-1.5 m;hw为吸入管路中的流动损失,m,根据工程实际安装情况取值0.2 m。
由上述计算可知,该泵的有效汽蚀余量NPSHa为9.51 m,而通常要求NPSHa>(NPSHr+安全余量),其中,安全余量的经验值一般为0.3 m,故需在其吸入口处提供至少相当于11.62 m水柱的压力,才能保证泵内最低压力点不低于汽化压力,从而避免汽蚀的发生。因此,在空间等因素的特殊要求限制下,对于此类汽蚀问题严重的高速离心泵,通过加装满足所需提供扬程的诱导轮来提升泵的抗汽蚀性能,并对诱导轮结构参数进行优化,以获得更为优良的泵性能。
诱导轮作为前置增压装置,其核心作用是提高叶轮进口压力,提升有效汽蚀余量NPSHa以增强泵的抗汽蚀能力。而在诱导轮的诸多结构参数中,导叶叶片包角φ2是决定其流道形态及空化初生特性的关键因素之一。选取该包角作为优化变量,系统研究其对诱导轮及整泵性能的影响规律。由于空间限制,诱导轮直径尺寸必须小于集流装置直径尺寸116 mm,且诱导轮需要在保证高效的情况下,尽量提供更高的扬程且至少需要大于11.62 m。选用经典的两叶片诱导轮结构并使用三维建模软件对100°~200°包角的诱导轮进行实体建模,其三维模型如图8(a)~(f)所示。
诱导轮的水力性能计算与整泵计算同理,为了流动充分发展,对诱导轮水体进、出口管道进行适当延伸。先对其流体域进行实体建模及计算前处理,再对诱导轮叶片处进行局部网格加密,并对流体域模型进行非结构网格划分,流场计算域网格如图9所示。
通过数值模拟计算,验证计算区域网格划分数量满足网格无关性要求。设置诱导轮流体域为旋转域,由于其与叶轮同轴,故转速也限制为6 000 r/min。入口选取流速入口,速度为4.75 m/s;出口选取压力出口,设置静压为0.21 MPa。
通过计算可以得到诱导叶的外特性-包角曲线,如图10所示。
从图可见,当包角为100°时,扬程为峰值13.19 m;随着包角逐渐增至200°,扬程持续减小,最终降至7.34 m。这是由于随着叶片长度增加,水力损失的增长会抵消甚至超过做功能力的提升,导致诱导轮扬程随导叶包角的增大呈持续下降的趋势。而诱导轮的水力效率随导叶包角的变化则呈现“先升后降”的趋势:包角为100°时效率约为54%;当包角增大至140°附近时,效率达到最优值61.02%,此时扬程为11.86 m,大于所需扬程要求;此后,包角继续增大,流道内流体流动状态偏离最优工况,包角增至200°时,效率逐步衰减至44%。上述变化规律说明导叶包角在研究范围内存在较为合理的取值区间。下面将性能相对最优的140°包角作为基准,与120°和160°的相邻包角方案进行对比分析,以进一步分析不同导叶包角对后续整泵的内部流动与空化特性的影响机理。
不同诱导叶包角时流道内的局部流线分布如图11所示。从图可看出,当包角接近140°时,流线分布相对最为均匀,说明此时流道长度适宜,流体平顺加速,能量传递高效,摩擦与分离损失较小,故效率逐渐达峰值;而当包角远离140°时,在叶片出口区域出现了明显的流动分离与旋涡,这会使得水力损失显著增加。局部流动恶化,能量转换效率降低[33-34],不利于流体高效、稳定进入后续叶轮中做功。
不同诱导叶包角时流道内的局部压力分布如图12所示。从图可以看出,流道内不同包角下的压力分布规律基本一致,均呈现出沿流道由进口向出口逐渐升高的特征。这表明诱导叶能够在流体进入叶轮之前对其进行一定程度的预增压。然而,图12(a)(c)显示,在叶片出口处均出现了明显的低压区;反观包角为140°时,图12(b)中低压区范围相对较小,且高压分布均匀连续,局部压力梯度变化趋于平缓。这说明该包角下的诱导轮可以更加平稳地完成压力提升过程,使流道内压力变化更加连续。这有利于提高预增压的稳定性[35],为后续叶轮提供更为有利的进口压力条件,并且更有助于抑制空化的发生。
根据上述分析,选取兼顾扬程及效率的140°包角诱导轮作为优化后组件与初始模型的流经部分实体进行装配,其三维装配图与流体计算域网格剖面图分别如图13和图14所示。
对水力性能进行数值模拟,计算区域网格剖分数量满足网格无关性要求。计算得到优化后的泵在设计工况下的扬程为71.29 m,水力效率为81.76%,相比优化前分别提升了4.47%和5.44%,均满足设计要求。图15示出优化前后的外特性对比曲线,由图可知,诱导轮通过预增压,改善了叶轮进口流态,使得优化后泵的扬程和效率在全流量范围内均获得显著提升,且高效运行区间明显拓宽。
对优化后的泵进行空化仿真模拟,得到优化前后的空化特性对比曲线。如图16所示,优化后该泵的汽蚀临界点NPSHc明显左移,说明泵维持无汽蚀运行所对应的NPSHa范围扩大;在相同的NPSHa下,优化后的泵能在更低的入口压力条件下安全运行,这表明整泵的抗汽蚀能力大幅增强。诱导轮的增压作用使叶轮入口处压力显著提升,其有效汽蚀余量NPSHa提高至21.37 m,增幅约1.25倍。通过2.3节中的分析可知,此值已大于该泵的必需汽蚀余量与工程设计安全余量之和,故在设计工况下运行时将不再受汽蚀影响。
分别选取优化前后汽蚀临界点处的叶片表面蒸汽体积分数云图进行对比,如图17所示。可以发现,该泵在优化前的汽蚀临界点NPSHc为20.83 m时,叶片表面已发生较为严重的汽蚀现象;而对比此时优化后的叶片可以发现,其表面已无蒸汽存在。结合空化特性曲线可以判定这时的泵处于正常运行阶段,并未出现汽蚀。该泵在优化后NPSHc为15.89 m时,叶片表面虽然出现了大面积的蒸汽,但对比此时优化前的叶片可以发现,其表面已被完全汽蚀,结合空化特性曲线可知,此时泵的扬程也已处于陡降阶段,该泵已无法继续运行工作,如图18所示。这也直观地验证了上述空化特性曲线的结论,并清晰地揭示了优化前后泵内部汽蚀发生与发展的显著差异。
(1)所研究的高速离心泵的必需汽蚀余量NPSHr高达20.83 m,远高于其有效汽蚀余量NPSHa的9.51 m,说明其在设计工况下发生严重空化的风险极高。
(2)包角为140°时诱导轮自身水力效率最优,且可提供11.86 m的增压,满足了提升叶轮进口压力、抑制空化所需的扬程需求。
(3)优化后,整泵有效汽蚀余量NPSHa提升至21.37 m,增幅约为原来的1.25倍;在设计工况下,扬程提升至71.29 m,效率达到81.76%,相比优化前分别提高了4.47%和5.44%,全面满足了设计要求,为同类轻量化即空间受限下的高速离心泵抗汽蚀、增性能设计提供了一种有效方案。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 修回日期:2026-02-20
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    1上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,上海 200093
    2上海市动力工程多相流动与传热重点实验室,上海 200093

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赛庆毅(1975),男,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事流体机械、动力机械的设计制造研究工作,通信地址:200093上海市杨浦区军工路516号上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院一办309,E-mail:。
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Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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