Article(id=1320037751727174345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651125126, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651125126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651125126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651125126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037688510628614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651110055, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656236652, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=80, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037751903335114, articleId=1320037751727174345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Development of a heat and mass transfer model for IEC based on unsteady spray water liquid film, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the accuracy of the heat and mass transfer mathematical model for indirect evaporative cooling (IEC),a set of heat and mass transfer equations considering the coupled convection and conduction processes of the spray water liquid film was established.Based on the variation of spray water flow rate,the relationship between liquid film velocity and thickness was derived,and the influence of liquid film velocity and thickness on IEC performance was simulated.The accuracy of the model was validated using experimental results.The results indicate that compared with the original model,the proposed modified model improves the prediction accuracy of the air state parameters on the secondary side by up to 5.57%.When the spray water liquid film velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.4 m/s,the wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency increase significantly from 51% and 50% to 54% and 53%,respectively.When the velocity continues to increase to 0.9 m/s,the growth of wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency slows down,eventually reaching 56% and 55%,respectively.When the liquid film thickness increases from 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm,the wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency drop sharply from 0.81 and 0.90 to 0.59 and 0.52,respectively.As the spray water liquid film velocity increases,both the system enthalpy efficiency and wet‑bulb efficiency increase.As the spray water liquid film thickness increases,the thermal conduction resistance increases,and the heat transfer effect is weakened.This study can provide data support for the optimal design of spray water systems in indirect evaporative coolers.

, authors=Ruxue BAI1, Chunmei GUO2, Qianli MA3, Zhonglu HE2, Yuwen YOU2, Hang XIONG2, authorsList=Ruxue BAI, Chunmei GUO, Qianli MA, Zhonglu HE, Yuwen YOU, Hang XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunmei GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037758693913317, articleId=1320037751727174345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=基于非稳态喷淋水液膜的间接蒸发冷却传热传质模型开发, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升间接蒸发冷却(IEC)传热传质数学模型的精度,建立了考虑喷淋水液膜对流与导热耦合过程的传热传质方程组,并基于喷淋水流量变化推导了液膜流速与厚度的关系式,模拟了液膜流速和厚度对IEC性能的影响,同时,利用试验结果验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,相比原模型,提出的修正模型对二次侧空气状态参数的预测精度最高提升了5.57%;当喷淋水液膜流速从0.1 m/s增至0.4 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从51%和50%增长至54%和53%;流速继续增至0.9 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率增长趋缓,最终分别达到56%和55%;当液膜厚度从0.1 mm增至0.4 mm时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从0.81和0.90急剧下降至0.59和0.52;随着喷淋水液膜流速的增加,系统焓效率和湿球效率均提高,而随着喷淋水液膜厚度的增大,导热热阻增大,换热效果被削弱。研究可为间接蒸发冷却器喷淋水系统的优化设计提供参考。

, authors=白如雪1, 郭春梅2, 马千里3, 贺中禄2, 由玉文2, 熊航2, authorsList=白如雪, 郭春梅, 马千里, 贺中禄, 由玉文, 熊航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭春梅, authorNote=

白如雪(1998),女,博士研究生,主要从事可再生能源应用、建筑节能方面的研究,E-mail:。

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郭春梅(1971),女,教授,主要从事绿色建筑与建筑节能、可再生能源利用方面的研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=btzK9j0Lr4QvI0ZIXOrpbQ==, magXml=m2qAziya4Bl6n/B1YFGm5g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=spZSAzMykaOvWiPjqtbHOg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/RkcIacx1dC9n8MTS6WHZQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037759142703856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037751727174345, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15128812440@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037759218201330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037751727174345, authorId=1320037759142703856, language=EN, stringName=Ruxue BAI, firstName=Ruxue, middleName=null, lastName=BAI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320037759310476019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037751727174345, authorId=1320037759142703856, language=CN, stringName=白如雪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工业大学 绿色建筑环境与节能技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100124, bio={"content":"

白如雪(1998),女,博士研究生,主要从事可再生能源应用、建筑节能方面的研究,E-mail:。

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白如雪(1998),女,博士研究生,主要从事可再生能源应用、建筑节能方面的研究,E-mail:。

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Parameter settings for the IEC numerical model

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参数数值
一次空气温度T1,in/℃32
一次空气相对湿度RH1,in/%50
一次空气流量V1/(m3⋅h-1)400
二次空气温度T2,in/℃27
二次空气相对湿度RH2,in/%50
二次空气流量V2/(m3⋅h-1)400
凝结液膜厚度δc/mm0.15
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间接蒸发冷却数值模型参数设置

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参数数值
一次空气温度T1,in/℃32
一次空气相对湿度RH1,in/%50
一次空气流量V1/(m3⋅h-1)400
二次空气温度T2,in/℃27
二次空气相对湿度RH2,in/%50
二次空气流量V2/(m3⋅h-1)400
凝结液膜厚度δc/mm0.15
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基于非稳态喷淋水液膜的间接蒸发冷却传热传质模型开发
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白如雪 1 , 郭春梅 2 , 马千里 3 , 贺中禄 2 , 由玉文 2 , 熊航 2
流体机械 | 应用技术 2026,54(4): 80-89
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流体机械 |应用技术 2026 , 54 (4) : 80 -89
基于非稳态喷淋水液膜的间接蒸发冷却传热传质模型开发
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白如雪1 , 郭春梅2 , 马千里3, 贺中禄2, 由玉文2, 熊航2
作者信息
  • 1北京工业大学 绿色建筑环境与节能技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
  • 3中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100011
通讯作者:
郭春梅(1971),女,教授,主要从事绿色建筑与建筑节能、可再生能源利用方面的研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

白如雪(1998),女,博士研究生,主要从事可再生能源应用、建筑节能方面的研究,E-mail:。

Development of a heat and mass transfer model for IEC based on unsteady spray water liquid film
Ruxue BAI1 , Chunmei GUO2 , Qianli MA3, Zhonglu HE2, Yuwen YOU2, Hang XIONG2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
  • 2School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
  • 3China Academy of Building Research Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100011,China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.010
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为提升间接蒸发冷却(IEC)传热传质数学模型的精度,建立了考虑喷淋水液膜对流与导热耦合过程的传热传质方程组,并基于喷淋水流量变化推导了液膜流速与厚度的关系式,模拟了液膜流速和厚度对IEC性能的影响,同时,利用试验结果验证了模型的准确性。结果表明,相比原模型,提出的修正模型对二次侧空气状态参数的预测精度最高提升了5.57%;当喷淋水液膜流速从0.1 m/s增至0.4 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从51%和50%增长至54%和53%;流速继续增至0.9 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率增长趋缓,最终分别达到56%和55%;当液膜厚度从0.1 mm增至0.4 mm时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从0.81和0.90急剧下降至0.59和0.52;随着喷淋水液膜流速的增加,系统焓效率和湿球效率均提高,而随着喷淋水液膜厚度的增大,导热热阻增大,换热效果被削弱。研究可为间接蒸发冷却器喷淋水系统的优化设计提供参考。

间接蒸发冷却  /  非稳态液膜  /  湿球效率  /  焓效率  /  数值模拟

To improve the accuracy of the heat and mass transfer mathematical model for indirect evaporative cooling (IEC),a set of heat and mass transfer equations considering the coupled convection and conduction processes of the spray water liquid film was established.Based on the variation of spray water flow rate,the relationship between liquid film velocity and thickness was derived,and the influence of liquid film velocity and thickness on IEC performance was simulated.The accuracy of the model was validated using experimental results.The results indicate that compared with the original model,the proposed modified model improves the prediction accuracy of the air state parameters on the secondary side by up to 5.57%.When the spray water liquid film velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.4 m/s,the wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency increase significantly from 51% and 50% to 54% and 53%,respectively.When the velocity continues to increase to 0.9 m/s,the growth of wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency slows down,eventually reaching 56% and 55%,respectively.When the liquid film thickness increases from 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm,the wet‑bulb efficiency and enthalpy efficiency drop sharply from 0.81 and 0.90 to 0.59 and 0.52,respectively.As the spray water liquid film velocity increases,both the system enthalpy efficiency and wet‑bulb efficiency increase.As the spray water liquid film thickness increases,the thermal conduction resistance increases,and the heat transfer effect is weakened.This study can provide data support for the optimal design of spray water systems in indirect evaporative coolers.

indirect evaporative cooling(IEC)  /  unsteady liquid film  /  wet‑bulb efficiency  /  enthalpy efficiency  /  numerical simulation
白如雪, 郭春梅, 马千里, 贺中禄, 由玉文, 熊航. 基于非稳态喷淋水液膜的间接蒸发冷却传热传质模型开发. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (4) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.010
Ruxue BAI, Chunmei GUO, Qianli MA, Zhonglu HE, Yuwen YOU, Hang XIONG. Development of a heat and mass transfer model for IEC based on unsteady spray water liquid film[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (4) : 80 -89 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.010
据统计,建筑能耗约占全球一次能源消耗的1/3[1],而空调能耗占建筑能耗的1/3左右,采用高效冷却方案是降低能耗的有效途径[2]。蒸发冷却(evaporative cooling,EC)技术的运行能耗仅为常规机械压缩空调设备的20%左右,节能效果可达70%以上[3];间接蒸发冷却(indirect evaporative cooling,IEC)技术利用二次侧蒸发吸热冷却一次侧空气,能够在不增加送风湿度的前提下降低新风温度,应用范围更加广泛[4]。
间接蒸发冷却器传热传质性能的提升,既是当前研究热点,也是工程实践的关键问题。采用数值模拟方法进行传热传质性能研究与优化是常用的研究手段[5]。在传热传质模型的优化研究中,REN等[6]提出一种综合考虑路易斯因子不统一性、表面不完全湿润条件、喷淋蒸发量等因素的IEC模型,并指出降低喷水质量流量和提升表面润湿性可以改善IEC的冷却效果。SHI等[7]基于响应面方法建立了叉流IEC的回归模型,采用中心合成设计生成基于响应面模型的矩阵,并从建立的数值IEC模型中获得矩阵响应数据,同时经试验验证,冷凝状态下的偏差在6.5%以内,非冷凝状态下的偏差在2%以内。ADAM等[8]对考虑表面润湿性因素影响的板式横流IEC系统内的传热传质特性进行了数值模拟,利用文献数据进行了验证,最大误差为1.84%;模拟结果表明,提高润湿系数能够增加制冷量和湿球效率,当润湿系数从0.5增加到1.0时,湿球效率从69%提高到92%。郭春梅等[9]开发了考虑凝结换热的二维板式叉流IEC传热传质解析数学模型,提出了不同凝结状态及凝结面积比的判断与求解方法,同时经试验数据验证,该模型的最大误差为8.6%,表明潜热换热增强了节能效果。HEIDARINEJAD等[10]在REN等[6]的模型基础上,建立了考虑喷淋水温度变化和壁面纵向导热(LHC)的叉流IEC数值模型。DE ANTONELLIS等[11]在文献[6]的研究基础上,提出了考虑二次空气绝热冷却和湿通道壁面润湿率的理论模型。MOSHARI等[12]模拟了叉流、逆流再生式IEC及叉流IEC的传热传质过程,迭代求解了控制方程。CHEN等[13]建立了考虑一次风凝结的一维逆流IEC数值模型,研究了无凝结、部分凝结和完全凝结状态下9个结构参数和运行参数对IEC性能的影响。ZHENG等[4]建立了关于板式叉流IEC冷凝的二维数值模型,引入了一次侧通道凝结面积比σ的概念,实现了不同凝结状态下的自动求解。孟丹东[14]建立了基于二次侧壁面润湿率的IEC数学模型。GUO等[15]在文献[4]模型的基础上,提出基于一次侧凝结面积比σ的二维IEC理论模型。LIU等[16]在文献[15]模型基础上,对二维叉流板式IEC的无凝结求解部分及凝结面积比σ的计算程序进行了优化,提出了无凝结状态下的二维IEC优化模型。WAN等[17]建立了二维逆流IEC的CFD模型,提出了实际换热条件下的传热与传质系数。YANG等[18]提出了基于湿通道润湿系数φ的二维板式叉流IEC传热传质模型,定义了4种凝结情况,综合考虑了干通道凝结和湿通道不完全润湿对换热性能的影响。王衍金等[19]针对喷雾冷却双层皮玻璃幕墙的蒸发冷却效果展开了研究,指出雾滴喷射流量对系统的蒸发冷却效率有显著影响。
在现有研究中,IEC传热传质数学模型取得了较大进展。文献[6,8,11,13-16,18]对喷淋液膜壁面润湿率进行了研究,文献[10,18]对喷淋水温度和流量对IEC传热传质的影响展开了数值模拟研究,文献[12,17,20-21]对不同结构的IEC进行了性能模拟研究。然而,目前的研究中通常将喷淋液膜简化为静态、均匀且仅考虑导热的稳态层,并忽略其对流换热[14,18,22]。这种简化处理方式导致模型无法准确反映喷淋水液膜流动对换热界面的影响,从而限制了模型的预测精度,同时也使得模型难以揭示液膜流动状态对系统性能的影响规律。因此,本文在已有研究基础上,建立以喷淋水液膜厚度和流速为可变量的IEC传热传质数学模型,同时考虑液膜的对流和导热过程,并通过数值模拟和试验测试研究喷淋水液膜厚度及流速对IEC性能的影响,以期为间接蒸发冷却器喷淋水系统优化设计提供数据支撑。
现有模型通常将一次侧凝结水液膜和喷淋水液膜厚度均粗略地设定为0.35 mm,且将喷淋水液膜视为静态液膜,忽略了液膜的流速及其与壁面间的对流换热[15,19,23-24]。针对上述问题,文中以GUO等[15]提出的模型为基础,考虑了二次侧液膜的流动特性,同时完善了一次侧凝结水液膜的传热传质方程,提出了基于喷淋水液膜对流与导热耦合的传热传质修正模型。此外,文中还简化了原模型MATLAB求解程序中的for循环与if-else循环嵌套结构,降低了模型求解流程的复杂程度,缩短了计算时间。
在叉流板式IEC内部,一次空气呈水平方向流动,二次空气自换热器底部垂直向上流动,如图1所示。从换热器中任取一组一次侧和二次侧换热通道,并在其中任取一长度为dx、高度为dy的微元体模型进行分析。
文中提出的修正模型采用以下简化和假设:
(1)间接蒸发冷却器内传热传质过程为稳态;
(2)换热器外部做保温隔热处理,忽略换热器与外界环境的换热过程;
(3)忽略沿壁面的纵向热传导,以及流体沿流动方向的内部热传导;
(4)忽略凝结水液膜与壁面之间的对流换热过程;
(5)喷淋水连续补充,喷淋水液膜均匀且完全覆盖换热器壁面,故假设换热壁面上液膜流速为定值;
(6)忽略沿换热器壁面水平方向的导热过程;
(7)在传热传质过程中,空气和水的对流传热系数及传质系数保持定值;
(8)蒸发与凝结过程中,刘易斯数(Le)保持定值;
(9)喷淋水在换热器内循环使用,假设水温稳定在20 ℃左右,空气和水的物理性质设为定值[14]。
一次空气传热传质能量平衡方程、一次空气凝结质量平衡方程,以及凝结水液膜传热传质能量平衡方程分别如下:
mlHdy∂i1∂xdx=h1Tc-T1σdxdy+hlTpl-T11-σdxdy+rhm1ω1,w-ω1σdxdy
m1Hdy∂ω1∂xdx=hm1ω1,w-ω1σdxdy
mcHdycpc∂Tc∂xdx=λcδcTpl-Tcσdxdy-h1Tc-T1σdxdy-rhm1ω1,w-ω1σdxdy
二次空气与喷淋水液膜传热传质过程能量平衡方程和二次空气蒸发过程质量平衡方程分别如下:
m2Ldx∂i2∂ydy=h2Tw,2-T2dxdy+rhm2ω2,w-ω2dxdy
m2Ldx∂ω2∂ydy=hm2ω2,w-ω2dxdy
考虑液膜流速对对流传热过程的影响,将液膜进行剖切处理,分成近壁侧和近空气侧两部分,分别考虑液膜与壁面及空气的换热,如图2所示。
喷淋水液膜与换热壁面以对流方式进行显热交换,其公式如下:
mwaLdxcpw∂Tw,1∂ydy=hwTpl-Tw,1dxdy
喷淋水液膜近空气侧能量平衡方程如下:
mwbLdxcpw∂Tw,2∂ydy=λwδwTpl-Tw,2dxdy-h2Tw,2-T2dxdy-rhm2ω2,w-ω2dxdy
a,b是用于简化计算空气与液膜交界处饱和空气层含湿量的线性拟合系数[25];喷淋水液膜温度Tw取液膜近壁面侧与近空气侧的平均值。
仅考虑换热器壁面沿长度和高度方向的导热热阻,换热壁面传热过程的数学表达式如下:
∂λpl,x∂Tpl/∂xδpldy∂xdx+∂λpl,y∂Tpl/∂yδpldx∂ydy=λcδcTc-Tplσdxdy+hlT1-Tpl1-σdxdy-hwTpl-Tw,1dxdy-λwδwTpl-Tw,2dxdy
一次空气显热换热量平衡方程:
cpm1Hdy∂T1∂xdx=h1Tc-T1σdxdy+h1Tpl-T11-σdxdy
凝结水液膜能量平衡方程:
mcHdycpc∂Tc∂xdx=λcδcTpl-Tcσdxdy-h1Tc-T1σdxdy-rhm1ω1,w-ω1σdxdy
凝结水液膜厚度可通过文献[22,26]计算得到。二次空气显热换热量平衡方程、二次空气质量平衡方程及喷淋水液膜能量平衡方程如下:
cpm2Ldx∂T2∂ydy=h2Tw,2-T2dxdy
m2Ldx∂ω2∂ydy=hm2ω2,w-ω2dxdy
mwaLdxcpw∂Tw,1∂ydy=hwTpl-Tw,1dxdy
mwbLdxcpw∂Tw,2∂ydy=λwδwTpl-Tw,2dxdy-h2Tw,2-T2dxdy-rhm2ω2,w-ω2dxdy
二次侧通道内,通道上方喷嘴喷出的液滴在换热器表面形成均匀分布的喷淋水液膜。液膜沿壁面做降膜流动,其流动过程受到自身重力与表面张力的影响。喷淋水液膜厚度的计算可参考文献[27]。
为提高模型的计算精度,本模型引入液膜对流传热系数hw。在二次侧通道换热表面上,喷淋水液膜均匀分布并垂直向下流动,其厚度为毫米级,液膜流速范围为0.1~0.6 m/s,可以认为喷淋水液膜的流动状态为层流。对流传热系数的数学表达式如下:
hw=3.552 6λuwvLde1/3
式中,uw为可变量,可将液膜对流项引入数值模型当中。
空气含湿量的计算方程及湿空气中水蒸气的饱和分压力ps可参考文献[28]求得。
当湿空气温度变化范围不大时,湿空气的含湿量与温度近似呈线性关系,计算方法可简化为式(16)。当空气温度在20~40 ℃之间时,a=0.001 445 8,b=-0.015 525。
ω=aT+b
计算得到空气流动状态为层流,对流传热系数h公式如下:
h=1.86Re1/3Pr1/3deL1/3λde
在一次空气凝结和喷淋水液膜蒸发过程中,Le-2/3≈1,对流传质系数可简化如下[29]:
hm=hcp
引入无量纲坐标x^=x/L,y^=y/H,并假设换热壁面内沿长度和高度方向的导热系数一致,即λpl,x=λpl,y,且换热器L=H。通过对不同冷凝状态下的控制方程组进行整理化简,分别得到有冷凝状态下的间接蒸发冷却传热传质控制方程组〔见式(19)~(26)〕和无冷凝状态下的方程组〔见式(27)~(30)〕。
∂T2∂y^=NTUTw,2-T2
∂ω2∂y^=NTULef2ω2,w-ω2
∂T1∂x^=k1,2MNTUTc-T1σ+Tpl-T11-σ
∂ω1∂x^=k1,2MNTULef1ω1,w-ω1σ
∂Tw,1a∂y^=kw1,2Cw*NTUTpl-Tw,1
∂Tw,2b∂y^=kw,2Cw*NTUTpl-Tw,2-Cw*NTU×Tw,2-T2+rcp1Lef2ω2,w-ω2
∂Tc∂x^=kc,2Cc*NTUTpl-Tcσ-k1,2Cc*NTU×Tc-T1σ+rcp1Lef1ω1,w-ω1σ
∂2Tpl∂x^2+∂2Tpl∂y^2=Aδpl2kc,plTc-Tplσ+k1,plT1-Tpl1-σ    -kw1,plTpl-Tw,1-kw2,plTpl-Tw,2
∂T2∂y^=NTUTw,2-T2
∂ω2∂y^=NTULef2ω2,w-ω2
∂Tl∂x^=k1,2MNTUTpl-T1
∂Tw,1a∂y^=Aδpl2k1,plT1-Tplσ-kw1,plTpl-T1,w-kw2,plTpl-Tw,2
传热传质方程组中设置的边界条件如下:(1)一次空气入口处温度:T1(x^=0)=T1in;(2)一次空气入口处含湿量:ω1(x^=0)=ω1in(若无冷凝状态,该边界条件不存在);(3)二次空气入口处温度:T2(y^=0)=T2in;(4)二次空气入口处含湿量:ω2(y^=0)=ω2in。
利用MATLAB中的Partial Differential Equation Toolbox对偏微分方程组进行数值求解。建模过程中将IEC换热壁面设置为一个边长为1的正方形,并划分成若干个边长为0.025的微元。文中侧重研究液膜流动特性对IEC性能的影响,在模型求解文件中去掉了IEC机组启停判定的for循环结构,保留了不同冷凝状态判定的if条件判断结构,以提高求解速度。
首先对一次空气和二次空气的入口参数进行设定,由模型计算得出对流传热系数与传质系数。初步假设模型处于完全冷凝状态(凝结面积比σ=1),调用有冷凝状态下的传热传质控制方程组进行数值求解。若一次空气出口含湿量低于入口值且σ=1,则表明该工况为一次通道内完全冷凝;若计算结果显示一次空气出口含湿量不低于入口值,说明该工况下无冷凝发生(σ=0),则调用无冷凝状态下的传热传质控制方程组进行计算,并输出计算结果;否则,该工况处于部分冷凝状态(0<σ<1)。此时,将σ的允许偏差设定为0.01,在传热传质控制方程组中反复迭代σ,直至σ的偏差小于0.01时求解完成,输出σ和空气出口参数。数值求解流程如图3所示。
通过试验对模型的准确性进行检验。间接蒸发冷却实验台如图4所示[15]。实验台设置于封闭空调房间内,利用恒温恒湿空调机组将室内空气的温/湿度控制在相对稳定的范围内。一次侧管道中设加热器和加湿器,将空气处理至设定参数,以模拟室外新风变化。测试工况下,一次空气入口温度范围为28~38 ℃,相对湿度(RH)分别为50%,70%和90%;二次空气入口温度设定值为27 ℃,相对湿度为50%。
模拟与试验结果的对比如图5所示。在3种相对湿度条件下,文中提出的修正模型对一次空气出口温度的预测结果的平均偏差和最大偏差分别为2.86%和5.55%,对一次空气出口含湿量的平均偏差和最大偏差分别为2.6%和6.54%,对二次空气出口温度的平均偏差和最大偏差分别为5.4%和7.7%,对二次空气出口湿度的平均偏差和最大偏差分别为5.73%和8.84%。由于在修正模型的喷淋水液膜传热传质方程组中引入了导热项(液膜厚度δ)和对流项(液膜流速uw),考虑实际过程中液膜流动对换热的影响,因此,计算过程中二次侧通道的得热量数值有所提升。
修正模型与原模型的精确度对比如图6所示。修正模型对二次侧空气状态参数预测的精确度最高提升了5.57%,对一次侧空气状态参数预测的精确度最高提升了2.60%。
以液膜厚度和流速为切入点,研究两者单独变化时对间接蒸发冷却器性能的影响。模型中运行参数的设定如表1所示。
采用湿球效率εwb、焓效率ε及系统理论最小耗水量wc对IEC传热传质效果进行分析[28],其计算公式如下:
εwb=T1,in-T1,outT1,in-T2,in,wb
ε=h1,in-h1,outh1,in-hlimit  tlimit=t2,in,wb, dlimit=d1,in
wc=1 000×3 600m2ω2out-ω2inρw
当液膜流速处于0.1~0.9 m/s区间时,湿球效率与焓效率的变化曲线如图7所示。
从图可以看出,液膜流速由0.1 m/s增至0.4 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率增长明显,分别从51%,50%提高到54%,53%;液膜流速继续增至0.9 m/s时,增长速率逐渐减缓,最终分别达到56%和55%。由此可以看出,随着喷淋水液膜流速的增加,对流换热增强,系统的焓效率和湿球效率均提高。
选用喷淋水耗水量作为IEC耗水情况的评价指标,耗水量随喷淋水液膜流速的变化曲线如图8所示。从图可见,耗水量在液膜流速0.1~0.4 m/s范围内变化较明显,由4.1 L/h骤降至3.69 L/h;在0.4~0.9 m/s范围内趋于稳定,最小值约为3.53 L/h。根据式(15)可知,对流换热系数随液膜流速增大而增大,但液膜流速增加会缩短液膜与壁面及二次空气的接触时间,导致换热不充分;接触时间缩短对换热的削弱作用大于液膜流速增加对换热的促进作用。
为研究液膜厚度与间接蒸发冷却传热传质性能之间的影响规律,对0.1~0.9 mm厚度范围内的间接蒸发冷却性能进行了计算分析,结果如图9所示。
从图可以看出,湿球效率和焓效率均随喷淋水液膜厚度的增加而降低。当液膜厚度由0.1 mm增加至0.4 mm时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从0.81和0.90急剧下降至0.59和0.52;在0.4~0.9 mm范围内,换热效果持续被削弱,但降低幅度逐渐减小。
间接蒸发冷却器理论最小耗水量随喷淋水液膜厚度的变化曲线如图10所示。从图可以看出,耗水量随液膜厚度增加而不断减小:在液膜厚度0.1~0.5 mm范围内变化明显,由2.82 L/h降至2.02 L/h;随后在液膜厚度0.5~0.9 mm范围内逐步降至1.85 L/h。液膜厚度的增大导致换热器内的传热阻力增加,总换热量减少,从而使耗水量降低。
(1)提出了基于二次侧喷淋水液膜对流与导热耦合的IEC传热传质方程,完善了一次侧通道内凝结水液膜厚度的计算方法。修正模型对一次空气出口温度的预测结果最大偏差为5.55%,对一次空气出口含湿量的预测结果最大偏差为6.54%,对二次空气出口温度的预测结果最大偏差为7.7%,对二次空气出口湿度的预测结果最大偏差为8.84%。修正模型对一次侧空气预测精度的最高提升幅度为2.60%,对二次侧空气预测精度相比原模型提升了5.57%。
(2)利用现有模型对IEC性能进行了数值模拟。当液膜流速处于0.1~0.9 m/s区间时,随着喷淋水液膜流速增加,对流换热增强,系统的焓效率和湿球效率均提高。当液膜流速由0.1 m/s增至0.4 m/s时,湿球效率与焓效率增长明显,分别从51%,50%急剧增至54%,53%。当液膜流速继续增至0.9 m/s时,增长速率逐渐减缓,最终分别达到56%和55%。
(3)液膜厚度的增加对换热具有抑制作用。当液膜厚度由0.1 mm增加至0.4 mm时,湿球效率与焓效率分别从0.81和0.90急剧下降至0.59和0.52。在0.4~0.9 mm范围内,随着喷淋水液膜厚度的增大,导热热阻增大,换热效果被进一步削弱。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.010
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
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    1北京工业大学 绿色建筑环境与节能技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    2天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
    3中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100011

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郭春梅(1971),女,教授,主要从事绿色建筑与建筑节能、可再生能源利用方面的研究,通信地址:300384天津市西青区津静公路26号天津城建大学能源与安全工程学院,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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