Article(id=1320037772061160276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768147200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-12, revisedDate=1773158400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651129973, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651129973, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651129973, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651129973, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037688510628614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651110055, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656236652, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059191075656666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037688510628614, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037772354761557, articleId=1320037772061160276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser peak performance prediction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of insufficient cooling capacity of current air‑cooled units under high‑temperature conditions in summer,a performance analysis of a 3D vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser was conducted from the perspectives of entropy and exergy.The thermal performance of the device was simulated and calculated in conjunction with engineering application conditions,and the influence of different ambient air conditions on the cooling performance of the device was studied.The results show that when the wet‑bulb temperature varies within the range of 25~35 ℃ and other control parameters remain unchanged,the condensing pressure of the 3D vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser increases by 7.87%.When the condensing pressure is kept constant,as the wet‑bulb temperature rises from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃,the condensing capacity decreases by 10.09%.Meanwhile,the pressure loss during the condensation process remains at a low level.The simulation results were verified and validated under the design operating point,showing good agreement with the design parameters.The influence of ambient temperature changes on this condensing device is significantly smaller than that on air‑cooled condensers,which is beneficial for improving the "peak load shifting in summer" capability of air‑cooled units.This device can be considered as a preferred auxiliary cooling device for peak shaving cooling of air‑cooled units in summer.The research provides a theoretical reference for the design optimization of evaporative cooling condensers.

, authors=Zhongxuan LIN1, 3, Aimin TU2, 3, Yaxia LI1, Xuefeng ZHAN4, Jiying YIN4, Xiaohuan CHEN4, Shijie LIU1, 3, Dongsheng ZHU1, 3, authorsList=Zhongxuan LIN, Aimin TU, Yaxia LI, Xuefeng ZHAN, Jiying YIN, Xiaohuan CHEN, Shijie LIU, Dongsheng ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aimin TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037776599397222, articleId=1320037772061160276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=竖管顺流复合型蒸发冷却凝汽器尖峰性能预测, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对当前空冷机组夏季高温工况下冷却能力不足的问题,从熵、㶲角度对三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器进行了性能分析,并结合工程应用工况对其热工性能进行了模拟计算,研究了不同环境空气条件对该装置冷却性能的影响。结果表明:当湿球温度在25~35 ℃范围内变化且其余控制参数不变时,三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器的凝汽压力升高了7.87%;在凝汽压力不变时,湿球温度从25 ℃升至35 ℃,凝汽量降低了10.09%;同时,凝汽过程压损保持在较低的水平。模拟结果在设计工况点下得到校核与验证,与设计参数吻合良好。该凝汽装置受环境温度变化的影响明显小于空冷式凝汽器,有利于提升空冷机组“迎峰度夏”能力,可作为空冷机组夏季尖峰冷却优先考虑的辅助冷却装置。研究可为蒸发冷却凝汽器的设计优化提供理论参考。

, authors=林仲萱1, 3, 涂爱民2, 3, 李雅侠1, 展学峰4, 尹继英4, 陈晓环4, 刘世杰1, 3, 朱冬生1, 3, authorsList=林仲萱, 涂爱民, 李雅侠, 展学峰, 尹继英, 陈晓环, 刘世杰, 朱冬生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=涂爱民, authorNote=

林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
涂爱民(1971),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,通信地址:510640安徽省广州市天河区五山能源路2号节能环保大厦A201,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+6/ZdMZsliqsMPWsyiHh7Q==, magXml=EuyFaYC9gJ5nc2cmgjHB4w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nMYRk6OTHe0Hi09EvWXOQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HXwVDi8aCUvJlR8PkpMUcQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037777224348532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=956823065@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037777299846007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, authorId=1320037777224348532, language=EN, stringName=Zhongxuan LIN, firstName=Zhongxuan, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Shenyang University of Chemical Technology,Shenyang 110142,China
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林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

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林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

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figureFileBig=Tg6mAEVF27ITPkNjXlTLpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037782584669111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Entropy generation and exergy loss analysis, figureFileSmall=9pe2+oqjOoaGBSLnRcFCdg==, figureFileBig=YtAsP4Xyv8BGtqJfeTj5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037782660166584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=CN, label=图8, caption=熵生成量及㶲损分析, figureFileSmall=9pe2+oqjOoaGBSLnRcFCdg==, figureFileBig=YtAsP4Xyv8BGtqJfeTj5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320037782723081145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Correction factor for water film temperature effect

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Tw/℃101520253035
A0.990.980.970.960.950.94
), ArticleFig(id=1320037782798578618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水膜温度对修正系数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Tw/℃101520253035
A0.990.980.970.960.950.94
), ArticleFig(id=1320037782874076091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design parameters of the vertical tube parallel‑flowcomposite evaporative condensation unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
设计工况凝汽量/(t·h-1)33.0
要求乏汽进凝汽器压力/kPa≤23.0
当地大气压/kPa88.6
允许凝汽器最大压降/kPa≤4.0
设计工况空气干/湿球温度/℃38/29.5
设计乏汽冷凝平均压力/kPa18.6
乏汽干度0.96
换热管规格/mm⌀32×1.2,L=1 200
长轴A、短轴B、螺距S/mm37.5,22.36,300
总换热面积/m2743.12
管内冷凝实际计算压降/kPa≤2.5
设计工况进风量/(104 m3·h-1)75~78
设计工况喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)~1 010
), ArticleFig(id=1320037782949573564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

竖管顺流式复合型蒸发式冷凝装置设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
设计工况凝汽量/(t·h-1)33.0
要求乏汽进凝汽器压力/kPa≤23.0
当地大气压/kPa88.6
允许凝汽器最大压降/kPa≤4.0
设计工况空气干/湿球温度/℃38/29.5
设计乏汽冷凝平均压力/kPa18.6
乏汽干度0.96
换热管规格/mm⌀32×1.2,L=1 200
长轴A、短轴B、螺距S/mm37.5,22.36,300
总换热面积/m2743.12
管内冷凝实际计算压降/kPa≤2.5
设计工况进风量/(104 m3·h-1)75~78
设计工况喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)~1 010
), ArticleFig(id=1320037783033459645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Cooling performance of the vertical tube composite evaporative condenser under different inlet wet‑bulb temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况123456789101112
环境干球温度/℃323436384038383838383838
环境湿球温度/℃24262830322526.52829.5313335
总传热系数/(W·m-2·K-1)2 0042 0122 0182 0242 0292 0082 0132 0192 0242 0272 0312 032
风量/(kg·s-1)211.5209.2205.6204.8202.4206.9205.9205.4204.3203.6201.9199.8
喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)1 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 0071 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 008
平均水膜温度/℃42.342.943.443.844.242.64343.443.754444.2744.36
传质潜热占比/%82.583.3584.1384.885.587.6686.8586.0485.0384.1483.1682.28
凝汽压力/kPa17.518.118.418.719.017.818.118.418.618.819.019.2
压降/Pa2 3472 2022 1352 0712 0092 2732 2022 1352 0922 0502 0091 970
), ArticleFig(id=1320037783113151422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同入口湿球温度下竖管复合型蒸发式冷凝器的冷却性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况123456789101112
环境干球温度/℃323436384038383838383838
环境湿球温度/℃24262830322526.52829.5313335
总传热系数/(W·m-2·K-1)2 0042 0122 0182 0242 0292 0082 0132 0192 0242 0272 0312 032
风量/(kg·s-1)211.5209.2205.6204.8202.4206.9205.9205.4204.3203.6201.9199.8
喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)1 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 0071 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 008
平均水膜温度/℃42.342.943.443.844.242.64343.443.754444.2744.36
传质潜热占比/%82.583.3584.1384.885.587.6686.8586.0485.0384.1483.1682.28
凝汽压力/kPa17.518.118.418.719.017.818.118.418.618.819.019.2
压降/Pa2 3472 2022 1352 0712 0092 2732 2022 1352 0922 0502 0091 970
), ArticleFig(id=1320037783238980543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Variation of cooling capacity of the vertical tube composite evaporative condenser under different inlet wet‑bulb temperatures

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工况13141516171819
环境干球温度/℃38383838383838
环境湿球温度/℃2526.52829.5313335
总传热系数/(W·m-2·K-1)2 0132 0172 0202 0242 0262 0292 031
风量/(kg·s-1)207.3206.3205.1204.3204.1202.4200.6
喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)1 0071 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 008
喷淋水膜温度/℃42.943.243.543.754444.2244.35
凝汽量/(t·h-1)34.733.933.33332.732.131.2
传质热占比/%91.4786.6585.985.0384.4283.4182.22
凝汽压力/kPa18.618.618.618.618.618.618.6
), ArticleFig(id=1320037783322866624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037772061160276, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同入口湿球温度下竖管复合型蒸发式冷凝器的冷却能力变化

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工况13141516171819
环境干球温度/℃38383838383838
环境湿球温度/℃2526.52829.5313335
总传热系数/(W·m-2·K-1)2 0132 0172 0202 0242 0262 0292 031
风量/(kg·s-1)207.3206.3205.1204.3204.1202.4200.6
喷淋水量/(m3·h-1)1 0071 0071 0071 0071 0071 0081 008
喷淋水膜温度/℃42.943.243.543.754444.2244.35
凝汽量/(t·h-1)34.733.933.33332.732.131.2
传质热占比/%91.4786.6585.985.0384.4283.4182.22
凝汽压力/kPa18.618.618.618.618.618.618.6
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竖管顺流复合型蒸发冷却凝汽器尖峰性能预测
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林仲萱 1, 3 , 涂爱民 2, 3 , 李雅侠 1 , 展学峰 4 , 尹继英 4 , 陈晓环 4 , 刘世杰 1, 3 , 朱冬生 1, 3
流体机械 | 设计计算 2026,54(4): 55-62
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流体机械 |设计计算 2026 , 54 (4) : 55 -62
竖管顺流复合型蒸发冷却凝汽器尖峰性能预测
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林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

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林仲萱1, 3 , 涂爱民2, 3 , 李雅侠1, 展学峰4, 尹继英4, 陈晓环4, 刘世杰1, 3, 朱冬生1, 3
作者信息
  • 1沈阳化工大学 机械与动力工程学院,沈阳 110142
  • 2中国科学院 可再生能源重点实验室,广州 510640
  • 3中国科学院 广州能源研究所,广州 510640
  • 4哈尔滨空调股份有限公司,哈尔滨 150078
通讯作者:
涂爱民(1971),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,通信地址:510640安徽省广州市天河区五山能源路2号节能环保大厦A201,E-mail:。
作者简介:

林仲萱(2001),女,硕士,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,E-mail:。

Vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser peak performance prediction
Zhongxuan LIN1, 3 , Aimin TU2, 3 , Yaxia LI1, Xuefeng ZHAN4, Jiying YIN4, Xiaohuan CHEN4, Shijie LIU1, 3, Dongsheng ZHU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Shenyang University of Chemical Technology,Shenyang 110142,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
  • 3Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
  • 4Harbin Air Conditioning Co.,Ltd.,Harbin 150078,China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.007
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针对当前空冷机组夏季高温工况下冷却能力不足的问题,从熵、㶲角度对三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器进行了性能分析,并结合工程应用工况对其热工性能进行了模拟计算,研究了不同环境空气条件对该装置冷却性能的影响。结果表明:当湿球温度在25~35 ℃范围内变化且其余控制参数不变时,三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器的凝汽压力升高了7.87%;在凝汽压力不变时,湿球温度从25 ℃升至35 ℃,凝汽量降低了10.09%;同时,凝汽过程压损保持在较低的水平。模拟结果在设计工况点下得到校核与验证,与设计参数吻合良好。该凝汽装置受环境温度变化的影响明显小于空冷式凝汽器,有利于提升空冷机组“迎峰度夏”能力,可作为空冷机组夏季尖峰冷却优先考虑的辅助冷却装置。研究可为蒸发冷却凝汽器的设计优化提供理论参考。

三维竖管  /  复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器  /  性能模拟  /  湿球温度  /  尖峰冷却

To address the issue of insufficient cooling capacity of current air‑cooled units under high‑temperature conditions in summer,a performance analysis of a 3D vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser was conducted from the perspectives of entropy and exergy.The thermal performance of the device was simulated and calculated in conjunction with engineering application conditions,and the influence of different ambient air conditions on the cooling performance of the device was studied.The results show that when the wet‑bulb temperature varies within the range of 25~35 ℃ and other control parameters remain unchanged,the condensing pressure of the 3D vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser increases by 7.87%.When the condensing pressure is kept constant,as the wet‑bulb temperature rises from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃,the condensing capacity decreases by 10.09%.Meanwhile,the pressure loss during the condensation process remains at a low level.The simulation results were verified and validated under the design operating point,showing good agreement with the design parameters.The influence of ambient temperature changes on this condensing device is significantly smaller than that on air‑cooled condensers,which is beneficial for improving the "peak load shifting in summer" capability of air‑cooled units.This device can be considered as a preferred auxiliary cooling device for peak shaving cooling of air‑cooled units in summer.The research provides a theoretical reference for the design optimization of evaporative cooling condensers.

3D vertical tube  /  composite evaporative cooling condenser  /  performance simulation  /  wet‑bulb temperature  /  peak shaving cooling
林仲萱, 涂爱民, 李雅侠, 展学峰, 尹继英, 陈晓环, 刘世杰, 朱冬生. 竖管顺流复合型蒸发冷却凝汽器尖峰性能预测. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (4) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.007
Zhongxuan LIN, Aimin TU, Yaxia LI, Xuefeng ZHAN, Jiying YIN, Xiaohuan CHEN, Shijie LIU, Dongsheng ZHU. Vertical tube parallel‑flow composite evaporative cooling condenser peak performance prediction[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (4) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.007
直接空冷机组已成为北方缺水地区的主力,但其冷却性能对环境干球温度高度敏感;夏季高温常导致汽轮机排气压力上升与出力受限,而负荷高峰又要求增供,使“迎峰度夏”能力成为制约因素[1-3]。为缓解该矛盾,配置尖峰冷却装置具有必要性。
管式蒸发式冷却凝汽器通过管外喷淋水蒸发吸热、促使管内蒸汽冷凝,换热主要取决于湿球温度,几乎不受干球温度影响,冷凝效果与换热性能良好,已在制冷空调和小型火电中应用,并成为空冷机组夏季尖峰冷却的有力候选[4-7]。为兼顾材料/投资节约与环境适应性的提高,基于填料式冷却的蒸发冷却凝汽器应运而生。然而,现有装置多为水平盘管布置,存在冷凝液排出不畅、过程阻力偏大(导致实际背压高于设计值)、外表面结垢及抽真空效果不佳等问题,制约其在空冷机组尖峰冷却中的推广应用[9-11]。典型蒸发式冷却凝汽器的结构如图1所示。
近年的理论与试验工作表明:对于蒸发冷却/凝汽器外侧的蒸发-再湿润过程,在恰当的Lewis关系处理下,外部等效热阻的估计误差可显著收敛,从而提高工程化等效模型的可用性[12];同时,喷淋粒径分布、喷淋密度与来流气速对显热-潜热耦合通量及再附着/润湿面积具有一定影响,工程计算中应通过等效面积或经验系数将其纳入,并辅以敏感性分析以检验结论的稳健性[13]。在结构层面,竖向管束与内表面强化已被试验证实可增强外侧膜对流与扰动、改善膜厚分布与均匀性,为竖管顺流构型提供了可制造性与机理证据[14]。从宏观应用视角,蒸发冷却技术在高干球气候下更能锚定“接近湿球”的换热端差,有助于抑制背压抬升、提升高峰时段冷端可用能力[15]。
针对现有蒸发式冷却凝汽器普遍存在水膜分布不均、易结垢、换热效果受限等问题,相关研究多集中于优化流道或改进喷淋方式,但往往难以兼顾防垢与传质强化。为此,本文开发出一种采用三维竖管的复合型顺流蒸发式冷却凝汽器(带填料的蒸发式冷凝装置称为复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器)。该装置以三维变形管作为换热管元件,利用其特殊结构促进水膜在管外均匀覆盖与螺旋扰动,从而改善水膜分布、降低结垢倾向并增强湍动效应;采用空气与水顺流(顺风顺水)的热质交换方式,进一步强化水膜表面更新与蒸发冷却性能[6-8];同时,蒸汽在竖管内单程降膜流动,有利于冷凝液膜形成与旋流分离,使冷凝段压损降低,主要阻力集中在进出口局部,有利于稳定系统背压。搭建样机,并通过数值模拟对不同工况下的性能进行预测。复合型顺流蒸发式冷却凝汽器单模块结构如图2所示。
三维竖管的结构如图3所示,在样机中选用的扭曲椭圆管由do=32 mm的圆管压扁扭曲而成,其中长轴A=37.5 mm,短轴B=22.36 mm,螺距P=300 mm。
依托三维竖管的几何特性,相邻管外椭圆长轴的顶点形成相互支撑,从而在无需设置折流板的情况下亦能满足管束的强度与刚度要求,管内外流体可以实现纯流动。
该塔属于间壁式蒸发冷却塔,其竖管顺流复合型流程如图4所示,与常规方案的关键差异在于:管内工艺流体与管外水膜呈纯逆流,而空气与水膜顺流。因此可获得更大的换热温差,并通过水膜持续更新、逼近湿球温度提升单位干空气的水汽携带能力,减少所需风量并降低风机功率。
传热系数Kfw的计算公式如下:
1Kfw=1hvdodi+Ridodi+δλdodm+Ro+1ho
式中,hv为管内蒸汽冷凝换热系数,W/(m2·K);di,do分别为管束的内径和外径,对于三维变形管,其值取椭圆截面的当量外径和当量内径,m;Ri,Ro分别为管内壁和管外壁的污垢热阻,(m2·K)/W;δ为管壁厚度,m;λ为管壁导热系数,W/(m2·K);dm为管束对数平均直径,dm=(do-di)/ln(do/di);ho为管外水膜与管壁间的对流换热系数,,W/(m2·K)。
对于管内蒸汽冷凝换热系数,采用施明恒[16]提出的竖壁膜状冷凝平均表面换热系数计算公式:
hv=0.943grλl3ρl2ηl(ts-tw)x1/4Φ
式中,g为重力加速度,m/s2;r为蒸发潜热,J/kg;λl为液膜平均温度下的液膜导热系数,W/(m2·K);ρl为液膜平均温度下的液膜流的密度,kg/m3;ηl为黏度,Pa·s;ts,tw分别为饱和蒸汽温度和竖壁面平均温度,K;x为竖壁高度,m;Φ为综合修正系数,用于统筹修正管型效应、气流曳力及文献模型试验对比结果等因素,文中取1.794。
三维螺旋竖管外喷淋水的降膜蒸发冷却按竖壁降膜蒸发方法处理:过渡区为自顶端到充分发展段的起点,其降膜高度在水膜流情况下一般约为0.46 m[17];进入充分发展阶段时膜厚取定值。结合三维管的特性修订管外平均膜传热系数,其计算公式如下:
ho=hf1L1L+hf2L-L1Lψ
式中,hf1为过渡段平均界膜导热系数,W/(m2·K);L1,L分别为过渡段长度和竖管总长度,m;hf2为充分发展段的平均界膜导热系数,W/(m2·K);ψ为顺流及管型综合修正系数,根据文献[11]的试验结果取1.08。
过渡区的平均界膜导热系数[18]如下:
hf1=0.094 2μlclRew4L1+1.88λlg1/30.751/3(μl/ρl)2/3⋅Re1/3
式中,μl为液膜在水膜平均温度下的黏度,Pa·s;cl为液膜比热,J/(kg·K);Rew为膜流雷诺数;λl为液膜在水膜平均温度下的导热系数,W/(m2·K);Re为水膜雷诺数。
当Rew<1 600时,充分发展段膜流流态为层流;当Rew≥3 200时,为湍流;当1 600≤Rew<3 200时为过渡流。在间壁式蒸发冷却塔中,较大的喷淋密度有助于维持管束表面的全覆盖膜流,避免局部干斑并促进竖壁水膜表面更新;因此,充分发展段的膜流通常处于湍流或过渡流工况,计算公式分别见式(5)(6)。
hf2=0.006 6×λlδlRe414/15clμlλl0.344
hf2=0.001 12×λlδlRe45/6clμlλl0.344
式(5)(6)中,液膜厚度δ用下式求得:
δ=3μl2gρl21/3Re41/3
水膜雷诺数通过下式计算:
Re=4mμl
式中,m为管束湿周单位长度水流量,kg/(m·s)。
在竖管顺流蒸发式冷却中,管内流体释放的热量最终由空气以潜热与显热的形式带走。鉴于水膜-空气换热过程中,水膜温度与空气湿球温度变化均较小且测量敏感,文中按张祉祐[19]提出的当量换热系数处理:将喷淋水-空气换热分为显热交换与潜热交换两部分,并以刘易斯关系加以统一,以与“管内流体-管外水膜”的传热系数口径一致。当量换热系数计算公式如下:
αj=A(i*-im)βwcpwa(tw-tm)αa
式中,A为对水膜温度影响的修正系数,如表1所示;i*,im分别为水膜温度下的饱和空气焓与空气对数平均温度下的焓值,J/kg;βw为飘散水滴-空气热质交换的综合修正系数(平衡水滴在管间通道的漂移、再附着与传热传质影响),βw=1.3~1.5;cpwa为水的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);tw,tm分别为水膜温度与空气对数平均温度,K;αa为显热交换系数。
显热交换系数αa由下式计算得到:
αa=0.88×CλaRea0.6Pra0.36do
式中,C为管排列影响的修正系数,C=0.35(S1/S2)0.2;Rea为空气侧雷诺数;Pra为空气侧普朗特数。
当水膜温度处于0~50 ℃范围内时,其对应的饱和湿空气焓值如下[15]:
i*=4.186 864.92-4 356-(tw+21.63)2
针对某空冷机组尖峰冷却项目需求,设计并建造了一套凝汽量为33 t/h的三维螺旋竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷凝装置,其原理示意和实物如图5(a)(b)所示,主要参数见表2。
模拟计算时基于以下假设:
(1)冷凝水过冷度0.5 ℃;
(2)总进风的55%流经填料,在填料层进行升温增焓以冷却回水,降低入管束淋水温度;
(3)进风量与喷淋水量按设计值附近取值;
(4)参照复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器的实际运行,空气出口相对湿度一般为89%~91%,当进风相对湿度较低时取下限,反之取上限。
结合项目工况,模拟考察了相同凝汽量下不同环境湿球温度变化对凝汽器冷却性能的影响。基于VB平台自编的蒸发式凝汽器计算模型软件[20],采用迭代法求解水膜温度,即认为从管内热流体到水膜的热流密度等于水膜与空气进行热交换的热流密度。迭代初始值的确定基于榆林市的地理位置,采用该市蒸发式冷却设备夏季设计工况条件和初始凝汽饱和压力(见表2),同时将管外循环冷却水的水温初始值设定为20 ℃。为保证收敛与精度要求,两侧热流密度的相对误差和模拟所需换热面积与实际设计面积之间的误差均≤5%,当两项约束同时满足时,即认定迭代得到的水膜温度合理。计算结果见表3。
从表3可以看出,在工况1~5(进风相对湿度接近、湿球温度由24 ℃升至32 ℃)的情况下,管内蒸汽与管外水膜的总传热系数变化不大但略有上升,升高了1.25%。其原因在于管内外水膜流工况基本稳定;同时,内侧冷凝膜与外侧降膜蒸发膜的换热系数均缓慢上升,但由于凝汽质量流强度不变,故管内蒸汽-管外水膜的总传热系数提升有限。与此同时,凝汽压力与传质潜热占比分别上升8.57%和3.64%;管内压降则下降14.4%,且整体显著低于设计限值。
此外,在工况6~12(进风干球温度相同、湿球温度由25 ℃升至35 ℃)时,总传热系数上升1.20%、凝汽压力上升7.87%(见图6),传质潜热占比下降6.14%、管内压降下降13.33%。其中,传质潜热占比的变化趋势与工况1~5相反,表明进风相对湿度对该指标的影响更为显著。
上述差异侧面说明空气侧换热主要由非饱和蒸发的传质过程主导,其驱动力主要来自膜流边界层饱和水蒸气分压与主气流水蒸气分压之间的差值。与空冷式凝汽系统相比,复合型竖管顺流蒸发式冷却冷凝装置对环境温度的敏感性显著降低,同时维持良好的换热性能。采用三维螺旋竖管,在提升凝汽装置冷却能力的同时,亦实现了较低的管内凝汽压损与可控的阻力水平。
在凝汽压力恒定的前提下,考察不同环境温度对凝汽量的影响。需要注意的是,该设定与实际运行(凝汽压力随湿球温度的变化)存在偏差,因此,模拟仅用于在“定压”视角下,以凝汽量变化直观地表征环境湿球温度对冷却能力的影响幅度。
表4示出不同入口湿球温度下冷凝器的冷却能力变化。可以看出,湿球温度由25 ℃升至35 ℃时,管内蒸汽-管外水膜的总传热系数从2 013 W/(m2·K)提升至2 031 W/(m2·K),仅微升0.89%,幅度小于工况7~12。其原因在于该区间冷凝侧换热系数基本不变,总传热系数主要受管外膜流影响;而膜流质量流量近似不变,水膜温度致使物性变化量有限,故管内蒸汽-管外水膜的总传热系数基本不变。此外,凝汽量由34.7 t/h下降至31.2 t/h,降幅约10.09%。随湿球温度升高,空气中水蒸气分压力上升,使膜面饱和蒸汽压与主气流分压力的差值减小,传热-传质推动力削弱,从而冷却能力下降。
喷淋水膜与冷却空气之间的换热以潜热为主。为反映管内蒸汽到管外空气换热能力的变化,以进、出口空气湿球温度与管内蒸汽冷凝温度的平均温差近似作为等效传热驱动力温差,并以综合换热系数表征自管内蒸汽至空气侧的等效传热系数,则有:
q=QF=KvwΔtvw=KvaΔtva
式中,q为热流密度,W/m2;Q为冷却负荷,W;F为管束换热面积,m2;Kvw为饱和蒸汽至喷淋水膜的总换热系数,W/(m2·℃);Δtvw为饱和蒸汽与水膜的传热温差,℃;Kva为饱和蒸汽至空气的等效综合换热系数,W/(m2·℃);Δtva为饱和蒸汽与空气的等效传热温差,℃。
Δtva计算式如下:
Δtva=tc-(taw2-taw1)/2
式中,tc为饱和蒸汽的冷凝温度;taw1,taw2为进、出冷却塔的空气湿球温度。
图7示出工况13~19的综合传热系数与等效传热温差的变化趋势。
可以看出,等效传热温差下降28.55%,而综合传热系数提升28.1%。原因在于水膜温度上升提高了空气载湿能力与潜热交换强度,从而提升了综合传热系数,且水膜温度越高,提升速率越大。据此可更有效压低乏汽侧等效温差与背压上升,抑制高环境温度对机组发电能力的衰减,提升迎峰度夏能力。
为验证模拟结果在工程设计工况下的适用性,选取项目设计点作为校核基准,并对模拟结果与设计参数进行对比分析。样机设计工况:空气干球温度38 ℃、湿球温度29.5 ℃;设计凝汽量33 t/h;设计乏汽冷凝平均压力18.6 kPa;管内冷凝实际计算压降≤2.5 kPa;设计工况喷淋水量1 010 m3/h。
在此基础上,分别从“定凝汽量”和“定凝汽压力”两个角度进行设计点双向校核。在表3所示的相同凝汽量工况中,设计点对应工况9,模拟得出凝汽压力为18.6 kPa,管内压降为2.092 kPa,喷淋水量为1 007 m3/h;在表4所示的相同凝汽压力工况中,设计点对应工况16,模拟预测凝汽量为33 t/h,喷淋水量为1 007 m3/h。
由此可见,模拟在设计工况下能够正确地预测设计凝汽压力和设计凝汽量;其中,设计点凝汽压力和凝汽量无相对偏差,喷淋水量与设计值相比偏差为0.30%。此外,在“同凝汽量”工况中,管内压降较允许设计值2.5 kPa低16.32%。
综上,模拟计算在项目设计工况下与设计参数吻合较好,能够较准确地反映三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器的热工性能,可用于后续不同环境工况下的性能分析与趋势预测。
熵生成量(S˙gen)是衡量系统不可逆过程的重要指标,熵生成越多,系统的能量损失越大。在热交换器中,温差越大,热阻越大,系统的熵生成也就越多。由Bejan EGM和Gouy-Stodola定理[21-22]可得:
S˙gen≥Q˙1Tc-1Th
E˙dest=T0S˙gen
Q˙=m˙s(hin-hout)
式中,S˙gen为熵生成量,kW/K;Q˙为从热端Th流向冷端Tc的热量传递速率,kW;Tc为冷端的等效温度,K;Th为热端的等效温度,K;E˙dest为㶲损失,kW;T0为环境温度,K。
基于前12个工况点的计算结果如图8所示,得到S˙gen的绝对值范围为5.089~7.263 kW/K,而E˙dest位于1 568.1~2 158.1 kW的区间。整体的趋势体现出典型的“对抗效应”:湿球升高使倒数温差(1/Tc-1/Th)收缩,驱动S˙gen下移;而凝汽压力抬升又会推高Th。E˙dest和S˙gen形态相近,但在高湿球下放大更明显,表明热天同等熵产生对应更大可用能损失。总体来看,三维螺旋管结合顺流气水,使传热传质阻值降低,导致温差与有效温升接近,在多数高湿球工况下实现了熵产生与㶲损的协同抑制。
(1)设计并模拟了一套面向空冷机组“迎峰度夏”需求的三维竖管顺流复合型蒸发式冷却凝汽器。结果表明,系统熵增率为5.089~7.263 kW/K,㶲损失为1 568.1~2 158.1 kW。
(2)当湿球温度由25 ℃提升至35 ℃时,凝汽压力仅升高7.87%,冷却能力仅下降10.09%,且压降保持在2.5 kPa以下,显示良好的环境适应性,满足尖峰冷却要求。
(3)进风湿球温度是影响装置性能的主控因素。随湿球温度升高,装置综合传热系数逐渐提高,在一定程度上抵消了高温环境对冷却能力的不利影响,从而提升空冷机组的“迎峰度夏”能力。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.04.007
  • 接收时间:2026-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-12
  • 修回日期:2026-03-11
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    1沈阳化工大学 机械与动力工程学院,沈阳 110142
    2中国科学院 可再生能源重点实验室,广州 510640
    3中国科学院 广州能源研究所,广州 510640
    4哈尔滨空调股份有限公司,哈尔滨 150078

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涂爱民(1971),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事低品位能源开发利用技术、传热强化与节能和蒸发式冷凝冷却空调技术方面的研究,通信地址:510640安徽省广州市天河区五山能源路2号节能环保大厦A201,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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