Article(id=1320037685159383256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037605320802443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766160000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-20, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792651109256, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792651109256, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792651109256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792651109256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320037605320802443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792651090221, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792656224643, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320059140710454212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037605320802443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320059140710454213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1320037605320802443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=110, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320037685415235801, articleId=1320037685159383256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Vibration over‑limit analysis and improvement of a horizontally split multistage water pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the vibration over‑limit issue of a horizontally split multistage pump in the water intake system of a coastal city's pipeline network,vibration velocity testing and spectrum characteristic analysis were carried out using the LMS testing and analysis system.The results showed that the peak vibration velocity in the vertical direction at the non‑drive end of the pump reached 13.8 mm/s,far exceeding the limit specified in the GB/T 29531—2013 standard,posing a serious challenge to the safety and stability of the equipment.To accurately identify the root cause of the fault,a quantitative risk assessment of potential failures was conducted based on the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method.Through failure mode identification,risk priority number (RPN) calculation,and screening of key fault factors,pump shaft misalignment and rotor‑stator interaction between the impeller and casing were determined to be the core causes of the excessive vibration.Accordingly,improvement measures including high‑precision shaft alignment correction,impeller hydraulic profile optimization,and clearance matching adjustment were proposed and implemented.After the improvements,the dominant vibration frequency of the pump was effectively shifted.The dominant frequency amplitudes in the horizontal and vertical directions at the non‑drive end were reduced by 52.6% and 51.5%,respectively.The vibration severity met the operational requirements for Class Ⅱ equipment specified in the GB/T 29531—2013 standard,and the equipment operating condition was significantly improved.This study provides a reference for the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of vibration faults in fluid machinery equipment,and holds important engineering application value for ensuring the reliable operation of urban pipeline network water intake systems.

, authors=Xinru YAN, Wei MENG, Jun FANG, Jun FANG, Xinyu JIANG, Bingfang HUANG, authorsList=Xinru YAN, Wei MENG, Jun FANG, Jun FANG, Xinyu JIANG, Bingfang HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320037687654994156, articleId=1320037685159383256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=水平中开式多级水泵振动超限分析及改进, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对某沿海城市管网取水系统中水平中开式多级泵的振动超限问题,采用LMS测试分析系统开展了振动速度测试与频谱特征分析。结果显示,泵非驱动端竖直方向振动速度峰值达13.8 mm/s,远超GB/T 29531—2013标准规定的限值,设备运行安全性与稳定性面临严峻挑战。为精准定位故障根源,基于失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法对潜在故障进行量化风险评估;通过故障模式识别、风险优先级(RPN)计算及关键故障因子筛选,确定泵轴不对中、叶轮-壳体动静干涉为导致振动超标的核心原因,并据此提出并实施了泵轴高精度对中校正、叶轮水力轮廓优化及间隙匹配调整等改进方案。改进后,泵体振动主频实现有效迁移,非驱动端水平与竖直方向主频幅值分别降低52.6%和51.5%,振动烈度满足GB/T 29531—2013标准中Ⅱ类设备的运行要求,设备运行状态显著改善。研究为流体机械装备振动故障的精准诊断与高效治理提供了参考,对保障城市管网取水系统的可靠运行具有重要的工程应用价值。

, authors=严欣茹, 孟薇, 方珺, 房俊, 江新喻, 黄秉方, authorsList=严欣茹, 孟薇, 方珺, 房俊, 江新喻, 黄秉方, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

严欣茹(1975),女,高级工程师,主要从事市政工程设备成套装置的研究及改进,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QB/+9Bl3zvqZUIsgICsE4A==, magXml=TO/MAOYTGrVMW+ZTVGh/wg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5nDTHT12M1IFznr/RkFocQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6OfJlbz4WtyQ+b5OThNuDA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320037688569352433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037685159383256, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yan77160@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320037688657432819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037685159383256, authorId=1320037688569352433, language=EN, stringName=Xinru YAN, firstName=Xinru, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320037688959422708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037685159383256, authorId=1320037688569352433, language=CN, stringName=严欣茹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

严欣茹(1975),女,高级工程师,主要从事市政工程设备成套装置的研究及改进,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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严欣茹(1975),女,高级工程师,主要从事市政工程设备成套装置的研究及改进,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037685159383256, language=CN, label=图2, caption=振动测试设备

(a)SPM50便携式机箱  (b)PCB加速度传感器

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Vibration data statistics of the intake water pump

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类别驱动端振动速度/(mm·s-1)非驱动端振动速度/(mm·s-1)
下限值上限值下限值上限值
机组1x2.94.23.14.0
y1.82.53.05.2
z0.81.51.02.2
机组2x4.25.15.38.6
y4.17.29.213.8
z1.12.34.25.3
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取水泵振动数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别驱动端振动速度/(mm·s-1)非驱动端振动速度/(mm·s-1)
下限值上限值下限值上限值
机组1x2.94.23.14.0
y1.82.53.05.2
z0.81.51.02.2
机组2x4.25.15.38.6
y4.17.29.213.8
z1.12.34.25.3
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Vibration test results and evaluation of the intakepump unit

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测点序列振动方向振动速度/(mm·s-1)振动评级
测点1x4.6C
y5.3
z1.2
测点2x9.1D
y11.2
z2.1
测点3x2.7B
y2.2
z0.9
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取水泵机组振动测试结果及评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点序列振动方向振动速度/(mm·s-1)振动评级
测点1x4.6C
y5.3
z1.2
测点2x9.1D
y11.2
z2.1
测点3x2.7B
y2.2
z0.9
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Comparison of risk priority numbers for eachfailure mode

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故障类型严重度发生频度可探测度失效
风险值
叶轮不平衡72342
叶轮磨损62560
泵轴不对中986432
动静干涉987504
), ArticleFig(id=1320037693518631217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1320037685159383256, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各故障失效风险值对比

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故障类型严重度发生频度可探测度失效
风险值
叶轮不平衡72342
叶轮磨损62560
泵轴不对中986432
动静干涉987504
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水平中开式多级水泵振动超限分析及改进
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严欣茹 , 孟薇 , 方珺 , 房俊 , 江新喻 , 黄秉方
流体机械 | 应用技术 2026,54(3): 110-118
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流体机械 |应用技术 2026 , 54 (3) : 110 -118
水平中开式多级水泵振动超限分析及改进
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严欣茹 , 孟薇, 方珺, 房俊, 江新喻, 黄秉方
作者信息
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
作者简介:

严欣茹(1975),女,高级工程师,主要从事市政工程设备成套装置的研究及改进,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Vibration over‑limit analysis and improvement of a horizontally split multistage water pump
Xinru YAN , Wei MENG, Jun FANG, Jun FANG, Xinyu JIANG, Bingfang HUANG
Affiliations
  • Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.03.013
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针对某沿海城市管网取水系统中水平中开式多级泵的振动超限问题,采用LMS测试分析系统开展了振动速度测试与频谱特征分析。结果显示,泵非驱动端竖直方向振动速度峰值达13.8 mm/s,远超GB/T 29531—2013标准规定的限值,设备运行安全性与稳定性面临严峻挑战。为精准定位故障根源,基于失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法对潜在故障进行量化风险评估;通过故障模式识别、风险优先级(RPN)计算及关键故障因子筛选,确定泵轴不对中、叶轮-壳体动静干涉为导致振动超标的核心原因,并据此提出并实施了泵轴高精度对中校正、叶轮水力轮廓优化及间隙匹配调整等改进方案。改进后,泵体振动主频实现有效迁移,非驱动端水平与竖直方向主频幅值分别降低52.6%和51.5%,振动烈度满足GB/T 29531—2013标准中Ⅱ类设备的运行要求,设备运行状态显著改善。研究为流体机械装备振动故障的精准诊断与高效治理提供了参考,对保障城市管网取水系统的可靠运行具有重要的工程应用价值。

水平中开式多级泵  /  振动超限  /  频谱分析  /  失效模式与影响分析  /  轴系对中  /  叶轮优化

To address the vibration over‑limit issue of a horizontally split multistage pump in the water intake system of a coastal city's pipeline network,vibration velocity testing and spectrum characteristic analysis were carried out using the LMS testing and analysis system.The results showed that the peak vibration velocity in the vertical direction at the non‑drive end of the pump reached 13.8 mm/s,far exceeding the limit specified in the GB/T 29531—2013 standard,posing a serious challenge to the safety and stability of the equipment.To accurately identify the root cause of the fault,a quantitative risk assessment of potential failures was conducted based on the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method.Through failure mode identification,risk priority number (RPN) calculation,and screening of key fault factors,pump shaft misalignment and rotor‑stator interaction between the impeller and casing were determined to be the core causes of the excessive vibration.Accordingly,improvement measures including high‑precision shaft alignment correction,impeller hydraulic profile optimization,and clearance matching adjustment were proposed and implemented.After the improvements,the dominant vibration frequency of the pump was effectively shifted.The dominant frequency amplitudes in the horizontal and vertical directions at the non‑drive end were reduced by 52.6% and 51.5%,respectively.The vibration severity met the operational requirements for Class Ⅱ equipment specified in the GB/T 29531—2013 standard,and the equipment operating condition was significantly improved.This study provides a reference for the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of vibration faults in fluid machinery equipment,and holds important engineering application value for ensuring the reliable operation of urban pipeline network water intake systems.

horizontally split multistage pump  /  vibration over‑limit  /  spectrum analysis  /  failure mode and effects analysis  /  shaft alignment  /  impeller optimization
严欣茹, 孟薇, 方珺, 房俊, 江新喻, 黄秉方. 水平中开式多级水泵振动超限分析及改进. 流体机械, 2026 , 54 (3) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.03.013
Xinru YAN, Wei MENG, Jun FANG, Jun FANG, Xinyu JIANG, Bingfang HUANG. Vibration over‑limit analysis and improvement of a horizontally split multistage water pump[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2026 , 54 (3) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.03.013
随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,我国各地区水资源短缺问题日益凸显,已成为制约当地经济发展和影响人民生活质量的重要因素。因此,取水泵站及二级泵站项目的建设具有重要意义。该类泵站项目的建成投用,能够有效解决水源保障问题,为农业灌溉、工业生产以及居民生活用水提供稳定可靠的水源[1]。
目前,泵站用输水泵大多采用离心泵,其具有输送流量范围大、结构复杂度低和操作运维便捷等诸多优点。然而离心泵在机组不平衡载荷和水力激振等共同作用下,在实际运行过程中,易产生机组振动大、性能劣化等问题,对泵的安全可靠运行具有不利影响,甚至会破坏整个泵站系统的运行稳定性。基于上述原因,相关学者和业内人员就输水系统用离心泵产品振动成因,振动故障诊断、分析和防控措施等做了大量研究。在管路系统振动方面,白治朋等[2]依托国内大型地下泵站工程建立了泵房-流道金属结构-流道内水体三维动力耦联模型,探究了泵房与流道金属结构动力特性,结果表明,在分析泵房自振特性时无需考虑水体影响,但流道内水体会对流道金属结构振动频率产生较大影响,建议采用流固耦合法分析流道金属结构自振特性。姚胜婕等[3]通过试验与仿真结合的方式探究输水管道流固耦合振动特性,发现充液会降低管道固有频率、不连续部位易诱发管道固有频率振动。WANG等[4]针对大型立式泵站进出水流道壳体流道的设计方案,通过流固耦合方法分析了流体域非定常湍流特性与钢壳流道振动响应,明确了壳体进口顶部振动最强烈,为泵站的设计维护提供了有益参考。在泵振动及故障分析方法方面,陈善敏等[5]对多级离心泵的振动原因进行分析、改进和试验,并证明了叶轮、导叶叶片的形状和分布及其间隙也是泵振动的因素之一,对多级离心泵设计制造和检修具有一定的指导作用。马超[6]基于有限元分析方法对多级离心泵转子振动特性进行分析,对比了轴向力和转子支撑刚度对其固有频率的影响,明确了当转子支撑刚度达到2.5×108 N/m时,转子固有频率趋于稳定,泵可长期稳定工作。朱峰等[7]对泵机组振动原因进行了深入分析,发现叶轮旋转是造成压力脉动的主要原因,在忽略次要共振可能性后,存在最优转速以达到固有频率和各阶主频的合理差值。马宏军[8]通过离线监测方法,对长输管道泵频特征频谱进行了分析,提出了快速诊断滚动轴承的方法。陈严飞等[9]基于有限元软件进行管线三维建模、模态分析和谐波响应分析,明确了共振频率下管道的振动结果,并针对振动较大的位置采取了减振措施。SHERVANI‐TABAR等[10]通过收集五种空化程度的试验振动数据,提取时域特征并结合经验模态分解变换得到时频域特征,测试结果表明可在高精度下监测泵现场运行状态。SAKTHIVEL等[11-12]基于振动信号的机器学习监测诊断方法,并采用C4.5决策树算法,利用振动信号统计特征对泵运行工况的优劣程度进行判断,并通过构建模糊分类器进行测试对比,基于优劣工况下振动信号的统计特征,开展不同工况下的泵运行状态监测。
在离心泵振动控制措施方面,刘红云等[13]对引起离心泵的振动原因,如汽蚀、偏小流量运行、水力设计不合理及泵轴不对中等进行了系统分析,并针对性给出了解决措施,对预防和改善泵振动具有明显效果。胡思源等[14]进行了立式离心泵典型故障的复现试验,分析了转子不平衡、转子不对中和支座连接松动等故障的振动特性及其频谱特征,结果表明,机脚处的振动位移信号对支座连接松动故障的振动特性敏感性更高,轴系的振动信号对转子故障的振动特性敏感性更高;转子不平衡故障和转子不对中故障表现出不同的频谱特征。张瑞媛[15]从施工安装、机组运行及维护方面对ZSY型输油泵的振动问题进行了分析,并相应地制定了振动超标预防措施,提升了泵的运行可靠性。孙永航[16]详细分析转子不平衡、不对中、轴弯曲及松动等故障对某乙烯裂解用循环泵振动的影响特性,并提出了对应的解决措施,使泵的振动值得到有效控制。苏皓南等[17]利用试验台采集所得的离心泵轴承正常及故障状态下的数据,分析了时域、频域、时频域各特征在不同工况中的表现差异,发现了时域特征、频域特征、小波包分解能量特征、完全自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解能量特征可以捕捉到不同工况下的故障信息。代一平[18]对某离心泵机组联轴器故障原因进行了分析,对联轴器故障下的泵振动特征进行了诊断和判别,并提出了整改措施,顺利解决联轴器故障引起的泵异常振动和噪声问题,对从事该类工作的维修人员具有一定的借鉴意义。
综上可知,离心泵及其管路系统的振动现象、故障特征及诊断方法和控制措施一直是研究的热点问题,在各层面均取得了系列成果,对解决泵振动共性问题具有良好的指导作用。然而,由于泵设备实际运行现场环境的复杂性及输送介质的多变性,导致泵产生振动的原因各不相同,需结合泵组振动位置、振动频谱分布等特征进行具体分析。本文以某取水泵站用多级取水泵为研究对象,通过现场测试结合频谱分析的手段,对其振动超限原因进行了分析,并提出了相应改进措施,经实施改进方案后,泵的振动情况有了良好的改善,其振动速度大幅下降,泵连续运行状况良好,效果明显。
以某取水泵站用主泵机组为研究对象,共3台(2用1备),其级数为三级,壳体采用轴向剖分方式,两端支撑,方便转子检修和拆装。在水力设计方面,首级为双吸叶轮,叶片数5枚,次级和末级均为单级叶轮,级间连接采用过渡流道方式,其单级扬程190 m,额定扬程560 m,额定流量1 150 m3/h,额定转速2 980 r/min,配套功率2 050 kW,变频运行。
表1统计了取水泵自运行以来,泵驱动端和非驱动端振动速度历史数据,其运行流量在800~1 050 m3/h区间内,偏小流量工况运行。上述数据来源于泵运行日志和分散控制系统(DCS)历史记录。
由表1可知,机组1的最大振动速度值为5.2 mm/s,未超过GB/T 29531—2013《泵的振动测量与评价方法》规定的Ⅱ类设备烈度限定值7.1 mm/s,振动指标符合要求。机组2的驱动端垂直方向振动速度最大值为7.2 mm/s,超出标准限定值,泵可短时运行,但会造成泵转子部件磨损加快,影响使用寿命。泵非驱动端垂直方向振动速度最大值为13.8 mm/s,较标准限定值高94.4%,已严重偏离标准要求,振动情况恶劣,不满足泵运行要求,这也是造成停机的主要原因。
图1示出泵检修时观察到的滑动轴承轴瓦磨损情况。可以看出,轴瓦在底部区域存在明显的磨损区域,并伴有轻微拉伤痕迹,这说明泵滑动轴承轴瓦和轴套在运行过程中存在一定的偏磨,导致液膜支撑刚度下降,泵的运行状态劣化,对振动具有不利影响。
通过对泵的运行情况和振动超限引起的故障进行梳理,可明确机组2实际运行时,泵振动速度严重超标,导致轴承工作状况恶化,泵抗振性能劣化明显。因此,需结合振动频谱特征,深入分析故障原因,总结故障模式,并针对性提出改进方案。
为详细分析泵组不同位置处振动频谱特征,测试主机设备采用德国SIEMENS公司生产的SPM50便携式机箱,配置多通道且能并联运行;测试系统采用LMS Test Lab系统,可对数据进行前端采集,后端进行分析和处理;振动传感器采用美国PCB公司352C65型加速度传感器,其测试精度≤0.5%,测试设备如图2所示。
机组2振动测点位置分别选择在泵驱动端、非驱动端、底座3个位置,如图3所示。各位置均测试x,y,z共3个方向上的振动速度值和频谱特性。
依据GB/T 29531—2013,对机组整体振动情况进行测试和分析。
对机组2不同位置处进行振动测试,得出泵机组振动速度测试及评价结果如表2所示。
从表可看出,机组2非驱动端在x方向和y方向的振动速度值相对其他位置处明显偏大,其中,泵非驱动端垂直方向振动速度值为11.2 mm/s,已远超设备允许振动值范围,这说明泵在运行过程中,其垂直方向载荷存在极大波动,进而导致振动超标。其次,各测点在轴向上的振动速度相对偏小,最大值不超过2.1 mm/s,完全满足运行要求。最后,基于GB/T 29531—2013标准,对机组各测点位置进行了振级评价,其中,非驱动端评价为D级,振动指标不合格,即在工程应用层面,机组不具备运行条件,需优化整改。
图4示出各测点在x方向和y方向上的振动速度频谱分布。由图可知,机组在不同方向上都呈现明显的单峰凸出现象,各测点主频频率均为首级叶轮1倍叶频,其值为248.3 Hz。x方向上,非驱动端处主频振动速度幅值最大,其值为7.9 mm/s,驱动端和底座位置处主频振动幅值相对较小,未超过7.1 mm/s;y方向上,非驱动端主频幅值亦是最大,其值为10.1 mm/s,驱动端和底座位置处主频幅值较小,未超过标准规定值。
由上述分析可知,机组2的非驱动端的振动情况恶劣,在水平方向和竖直方向同时超限,并且存在明显的低频宽谱幅值特征(基频和2倍频)。这说明泵在水平和竖直方向存在较大倾覆力矩,其来源主要包括两部分,即流体激励和轴系激振。其中,轴系激振是由叶轮不平衡、叶轮磨损及泵轴不对中等引起,该激励会显著降低轴系支撑刚度,并放大叶轮-壳体动静干涉产生的不均匀压力脉动,从而使叶频及其倍频处的振动幅值过大,即轴系激振与流体激励的耦合作用,显著增强了泵在叶频及其倍频处的主频峰值,增加了泵的运行不稳定性。
通过对振动数据进行分析,初步确定了引起泵振动超限的原因,主要包括叶轮不平衡、叶轮磨损、泵轴不对中和叶轮-壳体动静干涉这4个因素。为了定量化明确机组振动超限的根本原因,并确定改造措施的优先级,基于失效模式与影响分析方法(failure mode and effects analysis,FMEA),通过评估潜在失效模式的风险优先数(risk priority number,RPN),其值越大,说明故障对振动影响越大,从而识别出对系统振动影响较大的故障模式。其计算公式如下:
RPN=SOD
式中,S为故障严重度;O为故障发生频度;D为故障发生可探测度。
结合泵的技术要求、结构型式、使用场景和历史数据,分别列出了4种故障模式下的严重度、发生频度和可探测度值,并计算出了失效风险值,结果如表3所示。
由表3可知,叶轮不平衡和叶轮磨损两种故障的失效风险值较低,泵轴不对中和叶轮-壳体动静干涉两种故障的失效风险值较高,其值分别为432和504,这说明造成泵机组振动超限的主要故障原因是由泵轴不对中和动静干涉引起的,叶轮磨损和叶轮不平衡两种故障模式在本例中为低风险项,各故障对泵组振动影响说明如下。
叶轮不平衡失效风险值为42,其低风险主要体现在其发生概率较低,根据GB/T 5657—2013《离心泵技术条件(Ⅲ类)》,泵在装配前叶轮需做最低等级G6.3级动平衡试验,从而控制叶轮不平衡量,经动平衡后的叶轮残余不平衡量值已不足以引发机组振动超标。其次,从频谱特征来看,取水泵机组振动特征基本以叶频及其倍频为主,而叶轮不平衡的振动特征则以轴频为主,频谱特征吻合度低,故无论从失效概率或频谱特征匹配度来说,均可排除叶轮不平衡故障。
叶轮磨损失效风险值为60,是因为其发生概率低。一般造成叶轮磨损的主要因素包括输送介质含有固体颗粒时,颗粒对壁面的冲蚀磨损;或是泵发生汽蚀时,气泡溃灭产生的高压射流对叶轮壁面的破坏[19]。对本案例来说,一方面泵组输送的介质为清水,不含固体颗粒物;另一方面,通过查询泵设计资料可知,其装置汽蚀余量NPSHa大于泵必需汽蚀余量NPSHr,泵在运行时未发生汽蚀,故叶轮不具备磨损的条件,其故障发生概率极低,因此,叶轮磨损亦不是导致泵组振动超限的原因。
泵轴不对中失效风险值为432,其故障严重度和发生频度高,是泵安装和运行中常见的故障之一。泵轴不对中故障危害严重度高的根本原因是泵轴不对中状态会严重恶化泵转子系统动力学特性,其会在联轴器处产生周期性径向激振力,并且显著削弱轴系等效支撑刚度,从而放大任一外部激励力所引发的振动位移,对振动不利影响大。在发生概率方面,泵轴不对中受施工工艺水平、基础初始找正误差、二次灌浆质量不均和进出口管路应力等因素影响,故障形成原因多且不易规避,导致其发生概率高。
动静干涉失效风险值为504,是4种故障模式中最高的,其风险源于极高的严重度和发生频率。严重度高的根本原因在于动静干涉是离心泵内固有现象,其主要由叶轮旋转与蜗壳隔舌相对运动产生的,其频率特征以叶频及其倍频为主。对于本案例来说,此激振力频率为248.3 Hz,与振动频谱中能量高度集中的主峰频率一致,故动静干涉是振动能量的主要输入源与核心振源。其次,水力激振力会直接作用于叶轮及泵轴,会激发结构的强迫振动,对转子系统和轴承构成持续且显著的动态载荷,从而放大振动。在发生概率方面,动静干涉为蜗壳式泵的固有属性,其强度由叶轮与泵体的原始几何设计参数,如叶片数、隔舌型式、间隙等匹配性所决定,难以根本消除。故叶轮-壳体动静干涉为本次振动超限问题中风险等级最高的根本性振源。
基于上述FMEA分析得出的两类高风险失效模式,即泵轴不对中和叶轮-壳体动静干涉,依次对上述两种故障模式进行验证,制定相应改造措施,并对实施效果进行说明。
相关研究[20-21]表明,泵与电机轴的精确对中是保证泵低振动运行的必要条件,由不对中引起的故障占转子故障的60%以上。本案例中,通过对泵联轴器拆解,对中检查发现电机半联轴器段与泵半联轴器段在直径方向偏差较大,其中,竖直方向上偏差0.21 mm,水平方向上偏差0.17 mm,不符合设备对中要求,需重新找正;而端面偏差较小,其最大偏差值未超过0.05 mm,符合工程使用要求。利用双百分表法对泵和电机轴重新对中找正,其结果为竖直方向偏差0.03 mm,水平方向偏差0.02 mm,对中前后各方向偏差如图5所示。
通过联轴器重新对中后,可显著减小联轴器处产生的附加径向力,并恢复轴系支撑刚度,可有效降低外部激振力振动响应幅值,削弱对水力激振的放大效应。
由前述分析可知,机组振动主频幅值均出现在叶频及其倍频处,与动静干涉特征频率吻合度较高。为了解决动静干涉引发的强烈水力激振带来的泵非驱动端振动速度偏大的问题,对泵首级叶轮进行了水力优化设计,并对叶轮几何参数进行了如下改变:增加叶片数Z、减小叶轮出口直径D2和叶片进口角β1。并针对各参数改变对泵振动性能影响进行分析。
由势流理论可知,增加叶片数可增强对叶轮流道内二次流的约束作用,减小叶轮出口射流-尾际结构的强度,提升流动均匀性,从而降低振源强度。
泵叶轮原叶片数为5枚,对应叶频为248.3 Hz,现将叶片数改为6枚,其对应叶频为298 Hz,可使激振主频有效偏离原主频,从频谱上实现力振动能量的频率错峰,可避免机组共振风险。
泵水力激振力的能量级与流体动能密切相关,其中,水力激振力Fh可表征如下:
Fh∝ρU22A
式中,ρ为流体密度,kg/m3;U2为叶轮出口圆周速度,m/s;A为作用面积,m2。
由式(2)可知,水力激振强度与叶轮出口圆周速度呈正相关,故通过降低叶轮直径可有效降低叶轮出口流速,从而削弱水力激振能量基数。
在本案例中,原叶轮出口直径D2为400 mm,蜗壳基圆直径D3为409 mm,二者间隙为4.5 mm,相对较小。现将叶轮出口直径减至385 mm,泵的扬程由190 m下降至176 m,泵性能有一定程度的下降,但提升了液流的通过性,此时,泵的水力激振强度下降了7.4%,可有效改善机组的振动情况。
由泵运行日志可知,该泵基本运行在小流量工况范围,此时,叶轮入口流态变差,流动不稳定性增强。
图6示出小流工况Ql与正常工况Qh两种运行条件下的叶轮进口速度三角形与流态对比,由图可知,当泵偏小流量运行时,叶轮轴面速度Vm1降低,此时叶轮入口液流角β1'小于进口安放角β1,导致来流冲击叶片背面,并在叶片工作面产生流动分离和旋涡。通过将叶片入口角β1由25°降低至22°,使其接近小流量下的入口液流角β1',确保来流平顺进入叶轮内部,有效抑制进口流动分离,从而降低叶轮内的压力脉动强度。叶轮改造前后形状对比如图7所示。
通过上述系列改造后,利用SIEMENS测振仪对改造后的泵机组振动重新进行测试,测试现场见图8。
实际测试时,泵运行工况保持不变,以泵非驱动端P2处的水平和竖直方向振动速度值作为比较对象,泵改造前后振动速度频谱对比如图9所示。从图可以看出,经过泵轴重新对中和叶轮改造后,泵非驱动段振动主频向后跃迁,由248.3 Hz变为298 Hz,与叶轮改造后的叶频一致。在水平方向上,改造后的主频幅值为3.8 mm/s,较改造前降低52.6%;在竖直方向上,主频幅值由9.9 mm/s降低为4.8 mm/s,降幅为51.5%,削峰效应明显,泵的振动情况得到良好改善。这说明原机组2泵内振动过大主要是由叶轮与壳体在动静干涉作用下的水力激振力引起,该激振力叠加轴系非对中应力导致泵振动能量激增,振动速度超限,这也再次验证了基于FMEA方法对振动故障分析的准确性。通过重新对中和改变叶轮叶片数,消除了二者耦合因素,有效降低了泵振动能级,减振效果明显。
针对某取水泵站卧式离心泵运行振动超限的问题,结合振动速度测试和理论分析及工程数据,查明振动超限原因,并提出改进措施,结论如下。
(1)振动测试结果表明,机组2非驱动端垂直方向振动速度达11.2 mm/s,频谱能量集中于248.3 Hz叶频。结合FMEA量化评估,明确振动超限由叶轮-壳体动静干涉与泵轴不对中叠加导致,前者为振源,后者则通过降低轴系刚度而放大振动响应。
(2)基于FMEA结果,重新对轴系进行了对中校正,消除了振动放大效应;通过开展叶轮几何参数优化设计,即增加叶片数Z、降低叶轮外径D2和叶片入口角β1等措施,在实现主频错峰的同时,削减了振源强度,使泵在非驱动端水平和竖直方向上的主频幅值分别降低52.6%和51.5%,削峰效应明显,烈度等级符合GB/T 29531—2013中Ⅱ类设备要求。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2026.03.013
  • 接收时间:2025-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-20
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