Article(id=1319294729863413967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319294714340291556, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.11.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753545600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-27, revisedDate=1761667200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473974910, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1764432000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473974910, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473974910, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473974910, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319294714340291556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764432000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473971208, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473971208, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319294730039574736, articleId=1319294729863413967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Experimental study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of drilling fluid power‑law fluid in helical tubes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the special flow and heat transfer issues of drilling fluid power‑law fluid,experimental testing methods were used to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of water‑based drilling fluid in helical tubes,where the Reynolds number of drilling fluid flow ranged from 727 to 6 810,and the heat flux density ranged from 4 849 to 14 546 W/m2.The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of drilling fluid power‑law fluid both increase with Re,while the heating heat flux density has a small impact on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop;the obtained heat transfer Nu of drilling fluid power‑law fluid significantly deviates from the predicted values based on empirical correlations established for Newtonian fluids;the friction factor f aligns well with the predicted values of existing empirical correlations,with relative deviations within 18.11%;based on fitting experimental test data,an empirical correlation for heat transfer Nu of drilling fluid power‑law fluid was obtained,with relative deviations between predicted and experimental values less than 10%.The research results can provide references for the design of efficient and compact cooling heat exchange devices for drilling fluid power‑law fluid.

, authors=Guilei ZHANG1, Chunliang MA1, Miao XIAO1, Chenghui SHI1, Yixuan YUWEN2, Xunfeng LI2, authorsList=Guilei ZHANG, Chunliang MA, Miao XIAO, Chenghui SHI, Yixuan YUWEN, Xunfeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xunfeng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319294736989536491, articleId=1319294729863413967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=钻井液幂律流体在螺旋管内流动传热特性试验研究, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对钻井液幂律流体特殊流动传热问题,采用试验测试的方法对水基钻井液在螺旋管内的流动与换热特性进行研究,其中,钻井液流动雷诺数为727~6 810,热流密度为4 849~14 546 W/m2。结果表明,钻井液幂律流体的对流换热系数和压降均随雷诺数的增加而增加,而加热热流密度对换热系数和压降的影响较小;获得的钻井液幂律流体换热Nu显著偏离基于牛顿流体建立的经验关系式预测值;摩擦因子f与已有经验关联式的预测值吻合较好,相对偏差在18.11%以内;基于试验测试数据拟合,获得了钻井液幂律流体换热Nu经验关联式,其预测值与试验值相对偏差小于10%。研究结果可为钻井液幂律流体高效紧凑降温换热装置设计提供参考。

, authors=张贵磊1, 马春亮1, 肖淼1, 石成辉1, 宇文怡旋2, 李勋锋2, authorsList=张贵磊, 马春亮, 肖淼, 石成辉, 宇文怡旋, 李勋锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李勋锋, authorNote=

张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李勋锋(1978),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事高效换热技术及装备研究工作,通信地址:100190北京市海淀区北四环西路11号中国科学院工程热物理研究所,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Yww/n+1CM/y1bGL91n5Ajw==, magXml=gymTCVVenToEP8GIupYAGw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AI0JakR6L76fsbTgRPbQ8g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YBKL0cfwbSAdh6aOSQgfxA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319294737882923251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhanggl16@cosl.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319294738004558069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, authorId=1319294737882923251, language=EN, stringName=Guilei ZHANG, firstName=Guilei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1China Oilfield Services Limited,Tianjin 300459,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319294738121998582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, authorId=1319294737882923251, language=CN, stringName=张贵磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中海油田服务股份有限公司,天津 300459, bio={"content":"

张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation curves of drilling fluid average temperature with Reg under different heat flux densities (ρ=1 095 kg/m3), figureFileSmall=FsEo6WUPNwGPRO1VnuO60w==, figureFileBig=K76KQQ3PA+DHkHZ1+qik6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294742932865321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同热流密度下钻井液平均温度随Reg的变化曲线(ρ=1 095 kg/m3), figureFileSmall=FsEo6WUPNwGPRO1VnuO60w==, figureFileBig=K76KQQ3PA+DHkHZ1+qik6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743004168490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation curve of heat transfer coefficient h with drilling fluid density ρ, figureFileSmall=98XyVKyiWsapbvJ9eABjTA==, figureFileBig=r19SfONCrc8AKZynYcO41g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743083860267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图9, caption=换热系数h随钻井液密度ρ的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=98XyVKyiWsapbvJ9eABjTA==, figureFileBig=r19SfONCrc8AKZynYcO41g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743155163436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation curve of pressure drop ∆P with density ρ, figureFileSmall=aOL4P9Grr5o3/tMAHcdB7w==, figureFileBig=b4cqifklM9GzE4N2gOnaHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743234855213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图10, caption=压降∆P随密度ρ的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=aOL4P9Grr5o3/tMAHcdB7w==, figureFileBig=b4cqifklM9GzE4N2gOnaHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743293575470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of Nu experimental data with empirical correlations in literature, figureFileSmall=HbvYMzijmkz0WZItPkBLEg==, figureFileBig=FQDvnotA9suQ/d+PjgAYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743377461551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图11, caption=Nu试验数据与文献中经验关联式的比较, figureFileSmall=HbvYMzijmkz0WZItPkBLEg==, figureFileBig=FQDvnotA9suQ/d+PjgAYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743461347632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of friction factor f experimental data with empirical correlations in literature, figureFileSmall=iZFU2/Q7mMeBi+AdVxMJ+g==, figureFileBig=JF05/DdnKZhb+5VTAFUMSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743528456497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图12, caption=摩擦因子f试验数据与文献中经验关联式的比较, figureFileSmall=iZFU2/Q7mMeBi+AdVxMJ+g==, figureFileBig=JF05/DdnKZhb+5VTAFUMSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294743599759666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Comparison between correlation fitting based on Dittus-Boelter formula form and experimental data, figureFileSmall=2q3UKSUNlLK2EqiZUIIiZw==, figureFileBig=XV62YwemrGTEi4L4pS/HQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294745235538227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=图13, caption=基于Dittus-Boelter公式形式的关联式拟合和试验数据对比, figureFileSmall=2q3UKSUNlLK2EqiZUIIiZw==, figureFileBig=XV62YwemrGTEi4L4pS/HQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319294745357173044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Fitted parameter values in power‑law model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg⋅m-3)K/(Pa⋅sn)n α/KR2
1 0140.1040.2552 012.5800.966
1 0740.1310.3391 009.6450.991
1 0950.7650.4151 401.6810.996
1 1950.4970.6404 397.3890.996
), ArticleFig(id=1319294745432670517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

幂律模型中各参数拟合取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg⋅m-3)K/(Pa⋅sn)n α/KR2
1 0140.1040.2552 012.5800.966
1 0740.1310.3391 009.6450.991
1 0950.7650.4151 401.6810.996
1 1950.4970.6404 397.3890.996
), ArticleFig(id=1319294745508167990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Test instruments and their accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设备型号测量范围精度
钻井液进出口温度热电偶PT100-200~350 ℃±0.5 ℃
钻井液进出口压力差压
变送器
CGVL-30510~400 kPa±0.075%
钻井液
流量
涡轮
流量计
JGLWGY-D40DCFS1B2~20 m3/h±0.50%
加热功率电能
分析仪
KYORITSU
KEW-6310
0~300 V±0.40%
0~100 A±0.90%
管长卷尺—0~5 000 mm±0.1 mm
入口管
内径
游标
卡尺
—0~150 mm±0.02 mm
黏度旋转
黏度仪
NDJ-99AT1~2×106 mPa⋅s±2%
数据记录无纸
记录仪
YOKOGAWA GP20—±0.02%
), ArticleFig(id=1319294745575276855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319294729863413967, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验测试仪器及精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设备型号测量范围精度
钻井液进出口温度热电偶PT100-200~350 ℃±0.5 ℃
钻井液进出口压力差压
变送器
CGVL-30510~400 kPa±0.075%
钻井液
流量
涡轮
流量计
JGLWGY-D40DCFS1B2~20 m3/h±0.50%
加热功率电能
分析仪
KYORITSU
KEW-6310
0~300 V±0.40%
0~100 A±0.90%
管长卷尺—0~5 000 mm±0.1 mm
入口管
内径
游标
卡尺
—0~150 mm±0.02 mm
黏度旋转
黏度仪
NDJ-99AT1~2×106 mPa⋅s±2%
数据记录无纸
记录仪
YOKOGAWA GP20—±0.02%
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钻井液幂律流体在螺旋管内流动传热特性试验研究
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张贵磊 1 , 马春亮 1 , 肖淼 1 , 石成辉 1 , 宇文怡旋 2 , 李勋锋 2
流体机械 | 试验研究 2025,53(11): 17-24
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流体机械 |试验研究 2025 , 53 (11) : 17 -24
钻井液幂律流体在螺旋管内流动传热特性试验研究
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张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

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张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

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张贵磊1 , 马春亮1, 肖淼1, 石成辉1, 宇文怡旋2, 李勋锋2
作者信息
  • 1中海油田服务股份有限公司,天津 300459
  • 2中国科学院工程热物理研究所,北京 100190
通讯作者:
李勋锋(1978),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事高效换热技术及装备研究工作,通信地址:100190北京市海淀区北四环西路11号中国科学院工程热物理研究所,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张贵磊(1982),男,工程师,主要从事油气钻井完井液技术研究与管理工作,通信地址:300459天津市滨海新区塘沽海缘西路242号滨海国际企业大道园西2-19楼中海油田服务股份有限公司,E-mail:。

Experimental study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of drilling fluid power‑law fluid in helical tubes
Guilei ZHANG1 , Chunliang MA1, Miao XIAO1, Chenghui SHI1, Yixuan YUWEN2, Xunfeng LI2
Affiliations
  • 1China Oilfield Services Limited,Tianjin 300459,China
  • 2Institute of Engineering Thermophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China
出版时间: 2025-11-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.11.003
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针对钻井液幂律流体特殊流动传热问题,采用试验测试的方法对水基钻井液在螺旋管内的流动与换热特性进行研究,其中,钻井液流动雷诺数为727~6 810,热流密度为4 849~14 546 W/m2。结果表明,钻井液幂律流体的对流换热系数和压降均随雷诺数的增加而增加,而加热热流密度对换热系数和压降的影响较小;获得的钻井液幂律流体换热Nu显著偏离基于牛顿流体建立的经验关系式预测值;摩擦因子f与已有经验关联式的预测值吻合较好,相对偏差在18.11%以内;基于试验测试数据拟合,获得了钻井液幂律流体换热Nu经验关联式,其预测值与试验值相对偏差小于10%。研究结果可为钻井液幂律流体高效紧凑降温换热装置设计提供参考。

钻井液  /  幂律流体  /  螺旋管  /  换热系数  /  摩擦阻力

Aiming at the special flow and heat transfer issues of drilling fluid power‑law fluid,experimental testing methods were used to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of water‑based drilling fluid in helical tubes,where the Reynolds number of drilling fluid flow ranged from 727 to 6 810,and the heat flux density ranged from 4 849 to 14 546 W/m2.The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of drilling fluid power‑law fluid both increase with Re,while the heating heat flux density has a small impact on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop;the obtained heat transfer Nu of drilling fluid power‑law fluid significantly deviates from the predicted values based on empirical correlations established for Newtonian fluids;the friction factor f aligns well with the predicted values of existing empirical correlations,with relative deviations within 18.11%;based on fitting experimental test data,an empirical correlation for heat transfer Nu of drilling fluid power‑law fluid was obtained,with relative deviations between predicted and experimental values less than 10%.The research results can provide references for the design of efficient and compact cooling heat exchange devices for drilling fluid power‑law fluid.

drilling fluid  /  power‑law fluid  /  helical tube  /  heat transfer coefficient  /  frictional resistance
张贵磊, 马春亮, 肖淼, 石成辉, 宇文怡旋, 李勋锋. 钻井液幂律流体在螺旋管内流动传热特性试验研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (11) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.11.003
Guilei ZHANG, Chunliang MA, Miao XIAO, Chenghui SHI, Yixuan YUWEN, Xunfeng LI. Experimental study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of drilling fluid power‑law fluid in helical tubes[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (11) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.11.003
深海是我国油气资源的重要接替区,随着勘探向深层、深水及非常规领域拓展,钻井技术难度日益提升[1]。深层高温环境严重影响钻井设备与钻井液的性能,使钻井液冷却装置成为高温钻井平台的关键设备。国外钻井液冷却技术起步较早,已广泛应用于海洋钻探;相比之下,国内研究起步较晚,因此尚存在一定差距[2]。在现有冷却方式中,强制冷却以其换热量大、结构紧凑等优势成为首选[3-4]。换热器是钻井液强制冷却的核心设备,而螺旋管因其结构紧凑、换热效率高等特点受到广泛关注[5-7]。然而,钻井液作为一种典型的幂律流体,其独特的剪切稀化特性显著影响流动过程中的动量与热量传递机制,深入探究钻井液在螺旋管内的热力耦合特性,对于完善幂律流体传热理论体系具有重要意义。
目前,关于螺旋管流动换热研究多集中于牛顿流体。HARDIK等[8]研究了曲率、Re和Pr对螺旋管摩擦系数和局部换热系数的影响,建立了局部和平均Nu的关联式。WANG等[9]以去离子水为工质在均匀加热的螺旋管上进行了试验,指出现有经验关联式难以准确预测局部Nu。高思雨等[10]通过数值模拟研究了超临界二氧化碳在垂直螺旋管内的流动传热,分析了热流密度、质量流速、入口温度等参数的影响,并提出了新的传热关联式。而关于螺旋管内非牛顿流体方面的研究相对较少。PIMENTA等[11]发现剪切稀化行为可增强迪恩涡的混合效果,而弹性行为则起抑制作用。PAWAR等[12-13]指出,在相同条件下,牛顿流体的Nu优于非牛顿流体。
本文针对钻井液的非牛顿幂律特性,结合螺旋管结构,通过试验研究不同密度钻井液在管内的流动与换热规律,分析热流密度、流速等参数对传热与压降的影响,并与现有经验关联式进行对比,建立适于钻井液幂律流体的换热预测模型,为深井高温环境下的冷却装置设计提供依据,同时推动螺旋管换热器在非传统工业场景中的应用。
试验系统主要由流体循环回路、加热控制单元及数据采集系统组成,其流程如图1所示。
循环回路设有储液罐,罐顶配备搅拌器以防钻井液沉积,侧壁装有液位计用于监测。试验中,钻井液由离心泵驱动进入换热测试段,然后采用冷水机结合换热器对其进行冷却,保证入口温度恒定;流量由节流阀调节,采用涡轮流量计测量。核心测试段为304不锈钢螺旋管,其规格为⌀0.025 m×0.002 m,螺旋直径Dc=0.3 m,螺距P=0.1 m,螺旋部分长度4.26 m。管外缠绕加热带,通过调压器改变电压以调节热流密度。螺旋管进出口分别设置压力传感器和铂电阻温度传感器,用于测量压降与流体温度。外壁面选取2个局部位置布置热电偶,沿周向间隔90°设置4个测点,其结构及测点布置如图2所示。为减少环境散热,测试段整体包覆保温材料。
试验工况调节范围:体积流量为0.000 28~0.000 97 m3/s,热流密度为4 000~15 000 W/m2。试验工质为水基钻井液,其物理特征显著区别于牛顿流体,表现为典型的剪切稀化非牛顿流体,流变行为通过幂律模型表征:
η=Kγ˙n-1
由于流动过程温度逐渐升高,钻井液黏度对温度敏感,引入Arrhenius定律修正温度效应,则幂律流体黏度:
η=Kγ˙n-1exp[α(1T-1Tα)]
为了精确表征钻井液的黏度特性,试验采用流变仪,测量了温度为25 ℃时不同剪切速率(0.31~12.48 s-1)下和剪切速率为12.48 s-1时不同温度(20~80 ℃)下的黏度。基于式(1)(2),拟合获得不同密度条件下的稠度系数K、幂律指数n及活化能与热力学常数比值α,如表1所示。
不同密度下的拟合曲线及黏度随温度的变化如图3、图4所示。拟合R2均在0.96以上,表明拟合模型能较好地表征黏度随剪切速率与温度的非线性变化规律。
针对幂律流体,采用了适用于圆管内流动的幂律流体雷诺数计算公式[14]:
Reg=dinv2-nρK[(3n+1)/4n]n8n-1
钻井液在螺旋管内流动的摩擦因子计算公式如下[14]:
f=∆Pdi5ρπ232Lcoilm˙2
内壁面热流密度的计算公式:
qs=UI(1-σ)πdiLh
其中,σ为环境热损失率,即损失功率占施加加热功率的比率[15],本研究通过试验测试热损失率维持在3%以内。
流体平均温度Tf取进出口温度的平均值,外壁面平均温度取8个测点的平均值,内壁平均温度基于傅里叶导热定律进行推导:
Ti=To-Qln(do/di)2πλLh
根据式(5)(6),可求得螺旋管内壁面的换热系数h和Nu:
h=qsTi-Tf
Nu=hdiλ
试验中各传感器测量精度如表2所示。根据误差传递函数计算可得,对流换热系数的相对不确定度范围为2.13%~3.40%,换热Nu的相对不确定度范围为2.80%~3.87%,摩擦因子的相对不确定度范围为1.51%~6.36%。
在Reg为700~8 000范围内,研究热流密度qs及Reg对换热系数h的影响规律。不同热流密度qs下,h随Reg变化曲线如图5所示。从图可以看出,在qs=14 546 W/m2条件下,Reg从727增加至6 810时,h由869.6 W/(m2·K)提升至1 240.9 W/(m2·K),增幅达42.7%。流速增加使Reg升高,增强湍流强度,同时螺旋管曲率引起的离心力促进流体的径向混合,进而破坏热边界层,实现了传热强化。Reg≈2 200时,qs从4 849 W/m2增至14 546 W/m2,h提升约8.5%;而当Reg达到约7 000时,相同的热流密度增幅仅使h提高约2.2%。在本试验条件下,壁面热流密度qs对换热系数h的影响不显著。
图6示出不同热流密度qs下螺旋管内外侧壁面温差分布。从图6可以看出,出口处温差明显高于入口处,这表明壁面温度场的周向非对称性沿流动方向逐渐增强。这是由于入口段流动尚未充分发展,二次流尚未形成,此时内外侧流体速度差别较小,从而导致温差较小;而在出口段流动已充分发展,二次流强度最大,内外侧对流换热系数差异显著,导致壁温非对称性增强。当热流密度qs=4 849 W/m2时,进出口内外侧温差平均值为3~5 ℃;当qs升至14 546 W/m2时,平均温差扩大至9~12 ℃。随着热流密度的提高,壁面热负荷增强,壁面与主流流体间的温度梯度增大。在低Reg区(Reg<2 300),流体惯性力不足,输入的热量难以通过强制对流有效地扩散,从而导致热量堆积在壁面,使内外侧温差加剧。而在较高的Reg下,湍流扰动增强,局部换热系数提升,从而缓解了温度场的非对称性。
图7示出不同热流密度qs下,压降∆P及摩擦因子f随Reg变化曲线。可以看出,随Reg增加近似线性增长,f则随着Reg增加快速降低并逐渐趋于稳定。因此研究范围内,qs变化对∆P和f的影响基本可以忽略。
图8示出不同热流密度qs下钻井液平均温度随Reg的变化。
从图可见当热流密度从4 849 W/m2增至14 546 W/m2时,钻井液平均温度仅上升0.5~1 ℃。根据实测黏度-温度关系,温度从41 ℃升高至42 ℃,对应的钻井液黏度仅下降约1.78%,这种微小的黏度变化难以对系统压降产生显著影响,表明在本试验条件下,温度效应对流阻的调控作用较弱。此外,随着流速提升,钻井液在管内停留时间缩短,单位质量流体吸热量减少,因此其平均温度随流速升高呈现下降趋势。
图9示出换热系数h随钻井液密度ρ的变化曲线。可以看出,在相同热流密度下,不同密度钻井液的换热系数均随流速增大而增大;但在相同流速下,热流密度对换热系数的影响规律不明显。同时还可以看出,密度ρ对换热系数h的影响较小,在qs=4 849 W/m2和流速1.6 m/s时,相邻密度间换热系数的相对偏差在2.59%~8.57%之间。总体而言,密度ρ从1 095 kg/m3增至1 195 kg/m3时,不同工况下的换热系数h平均提升6.57%。
图10示出压降∆P随钻井液密度ρ的变化曲线。压降随密度增大呈上升趋势,但在密度ρ从1 014 kg/m3增至1 074 kg/m3时出现了小幅度下降,推测是由于该区间内钻井液内添加的高分子聚合物提切剂的含量较低,且部分聚合物发生了失效所致。相同热流密度下,ρ=1 195 kg/m3对应压降相对于ρ=1 074 kg/m3对应压降显著增加,在流速为3,2.5和1.6 m/s下,对应压降平均增幅分别为76%,136%和197%。
由于钻井液作为幂律流体,其黏度随剪切速率变化,使得传统普朗特数计算公式不再适用。文中采用如下修正普朗特数(Prg)公式进行计算[14]:
Prg=CpλK(vdi)n-1(3n+14n)n8n-1
在管内对流换热中,工程上广泛采用形式简洁的Dittus-Boelter公式,对于加热工况,其表达式如下[16]:
Nu=0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
该式适用范围:Re=1×104~1.2×105,Pr=0.7~120,管长与管径比l/d≥60。
GNIELINSKI[17]于1976年提出了一个精度较高的Nu改进关联式,适用于过渡区和湍流区,其具体形式如下:
Nu=(Cf/8)Re-1 000Pr1+12.7Cf/8Pr2/3-1[1+(diLh)2/3]
其中,Cf根据Filonenko公式计算:
Cf=(1.82lgRe-1.64)-2
Gnielinski公式[17]的适用范围:Re=2.3×103~1×106,Pr=0.6~1×105。
以上关于Nu的两个计算关联式均是基于直管提出的,因此,在本文的研究中均需引入螺旋管修正系数(cr):
cr=1+10.3(diR)3
图11示出试验获得的Nu与Dittus-Boelter关联式[16]和Gnielinski关联式[17]的对比结果。选取ρ=1 095 kg/m3的试验数据,Re范围为700~8 000,Pr范围为90~220。试验Reg低于Dittus-Boelter关联式适用范围,大部分Reg区域与Gnielinski关联式范围重合。结果表明,Nu试验数据与关联式的预测值存在较大偏差。非牛顿流体的换热特性显著偏离基于牛顿流体的传统经验关系式,钻井液幂律流体的对流换热Nu随Reg的变化较小;随着Reg的增大,幂律流体对流换热Nu与常规公式计算值偏差变大,并且远低于常规公式计算值。
螺旋管中非牛顿流体的流动阻力特性,已有相关文献进行了研究,并提出了经验关系式。文献[18-19]基于理论和试验,提出了适用于遵循幂律模型的非牛顿流体的摩擦因子关联式,其中,文献[18]中将幂律流体视为非弹性流体,其关联式如下:
f=(9.069-9.438n+4.374n2)(diDc)0.5Deg-0.768+0.122n
文献[19]则通过Weissenberg数(Wi)并考虑了流体的弹性行为,摩擦因子f关联式如下:
f=[(9.069-9.438n+4.374n2)(diDc)0.5Deg-0.768+0.122n]
1-
其中,Deg=Reg(di/Dc)0.5,Wi=τv/di。上述关联式(14)(15)的适用范围:0≤Deg≤400,0.01≤di/Dc≤0.135,0.35≤n≤1。
MISHRA等[20]通过试验获得适用于牛顿流体和剪切变稀流体的摩擦因子经验关系式:
ffs=1+0.033(lgDeg)4
其中,fs=16/Reg。
图12示出了摩擦因子f的试验数据与文献[18-20]中经验关联式〔式(14)~(16)〕的比较结果。
可以看出,f试验数据在不同Reg区间内,与不同的关联式的相对偏差控制在20%以内。当Reg处于700~3 300范围内,f试验数据与式(14)和式(15)的相对偏差在0.87%~18.11%之间;当Reg在3 300~5 000区间内时,f试验数据与式(14)的相对偏差约为15%;而当Reg处于5 000~8 000范围内时,f试验数据与式(16)的相对偏差在4.67%~13.72%之间。此外,从图12还可以看出,由式(14)(15)计算得到的摩擦系数值均低于由式(16)计算得到的值,两者之间的偏差范围为14.04%~42.64%。
为了获得更加准确的钻井液换热Nu预测模型,文中采用Dittus-Boelter公式的形式,对密度ρ在1 014~1 095 kg/m3范围的试验数据进行经验关联式的拟合,试验测试Reg范围扩展至1.5×105以上。考虑螺旋管修正系数,拟合采用形式如下:
Nu=acrRebPrc
试验数据和拟合的Nu与Reg关系曲线对比如图13所示。
拟合得到关联式参数a=4.264,b=0.215,c=0.106,即:
Nu=4.264[1+10.3(diR)3]Re0.215Pr0.106
该关联式的适用范围:Reg=2 252~1.51×105,Prg=9~140。同时,该关联式的拟合优度R2=0.958,且拟合值与试验值的最大相对偏差小于10%,表明在试验验证范围内所获得的关联式能很好地预测钻井液的Nu。
(1)钻井液在螺旋管内的对流换热系数与压降均随Reg的增加而上升,试验工况范围内热流密度对二者的影响较小;受离心力作用,周向壁面温度的不均匀性沿流动方向逐渐增强。
(2)密度变化对换热系数的影响相对有限,相邻密度间换热系数的偏差小于10%;而压降整体上随密度增大而上升。
(3)试验所得Nu明显低于传统牛顿流体经验公式预测值,且随着Reg的增加,Nu试验数据与计算值偏差变大。在研究范围内,摩擦因子与经验关系式预测值吻合较好,相对偏差在18.11%以内。
(4)根据试验数据,拟合获得适用于本研究条件下钻井液幂律流体Nu关联式,且预测值与试验值的相对偏差在10%以内。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.11.003
  • 接收时间:2025-07-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-27
  • 修回日期:2025-10-29
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    1中海油田服务股份有限公司,天津 300459
    2中国科学院工程热物理研究所,北京 100190

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李勋锋(1978),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要从事高效换热技术及装备研究工作,通信地址:100190北京市海淀区北四环西路11号中国科学院工程热物理研究所,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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