Article(id=1319293479990182057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293461287780384, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473676917, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1761840000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473676917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473676917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473676917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293461287780384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761840000000', pubDateStr='2025-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473672458, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473672458, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=81, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293480191508650, articleId=1319293479990182057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Review of mathematical models for leakage in scroll compressors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Leakage research in scroll compressors is crucial for their theoretical simulation,structural design,and performance analysis.This paper introduces two main leakage pathways in scroll compressors,reviews research achievements by domestic and international scholars,analyzes and compares leakage calculation models based on 3D CFD and 1D simulation,and discusses property mixing methods when considering lubricating oil.For 3D leakage calculations,studies mostly use software such as Fluent,CFX,PumpLinx,and Simerics MP+,primarily focusing on performance optimization or impact through structural modifications;1D calculations mainly employ modified nozzle models,parallel plate flow models,incompressible viscous flow models,etc.,emphasizing performance improvement and model prediction accuracy,with most models requiring experimental correction and having specific applicable operating ranges.The research results indicate that clearance size significantly affects leakage outcomes,while channel shape,roughness,and lubricating oil also influence leakage behavior;when considering lubricating oil,the working fluid and oil are typically treated as a homogeneous mixture.Regarding sealing method improvements,theoretical and experimental research can be conducted on novel flow structures.In terms of different research approaches,future 3D CFD simulations could develop towards systematization,fluid‑structure coupling,and integration with reverse engineering and artificial intelligence;1D simulations should incorporate heat transfer and variable working fluid conditions,further optimizing leakage predictions by combining Fanno flow models,oil‑containing conditions,and two‑phase flow models.This study can provide references for the development and performance optimization of scroll compressors.

, authors=Feng CAO, Shentong HE, Haoyu HU, Xu YANG, authorsList=Feng CAO, Shentong HE, Haoyu HU, Xu YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293483349819577, articleId=1319293479990182057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=涡旋压缩机泄漏数学模型研究综述, columnId=1317484296202474195, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=技术进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

涡旋压缩机的泄漏研究对其理论仿真、结构设计和性能分析至关重要。文中介绍了涡旋压缩机的2种主要泄漏途径,对国内外学者的研究成果进行了综述,分析比较了基于三维CFD和一维仿真的泄漏计算模型,并探讨了考虑润滑油时的物性混合方法。在三维泄漏计算方面,研究多采用Fluent,CFX,PumpLinx和Simerics MP+等软件,主要集中在结构改动对性能的优化或影响;一维计算则主要采用修正喷管模型、平行板流动模型、不可压缩黏性流动模型等,侧重于性能提升与模型预测精度,且多数模型需依赖试验进行修正,并具有一定适用工况范围。研究结果表明,间隙大小对泄漏结果影响显著,通道形状、粗糙度及润滑油等因素也会影响泄漏行为;在考虑润滑油时,通常将工质与油按均相混合物处理。在密封方式改进方面,可针对新型流动结构开展理论与试验研究。就不同研究手段而言,三维CFD仿真未来可向系统化、流固耦合、逆向工程与人工智能结合等方向发展;一维仿真则应纳入传热与变工质工况,结合范诺流模型、含油条件及两相流模型等进一步优化泄漏预测。本研究可为涡旋压缩机的开发与性能优化提供参考。

, authors=曹锋, 何珅同, 胡昊宇, 杨旭, authorsList=曹锋, 何珅同, 胡昊宇, 杨旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tFd+syjFkofn4vQet+99Bw==, magXml=mMMqEdvi/Pvafvf7MojsIQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=L3matiNSS099xdLmrMdwoQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xXab7GJS/2F4BE9EzTUIPQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293483765055679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293479990182057, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fcao@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293483853136065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293479990182057, authorId=1319293483765055679, language=EN, stringName=Feng CAO, firstName=Feng, middleName=null, lastName=CAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Energy and Power Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 701149,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293483937022146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293479990182057, authorId=1319293483765055679, language=CN, stringName=曹锋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049, bio={"content":"

曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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涡旋压缩机泄漏数学模型研究综述
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曹锋 , 何珅同 , 胡昊宇 , 杨旭
流体机械 | 技术进展 2025,53(10): 81-93
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流体机械 |技术进展 2025 , 53 (10) : 81 -93
涡旋压缩机泄漏数学模型研究综述
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曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

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曹锋 , 何珅同, 胡昊宇, 杨旭
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049
作者简介:

曹锋(1974),男,教授,研究方向为跨临界CO2制冷热泵关键技术、特种压缩机及制冷技术,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。

Review of mathematical models for leakage in scroll compressors
Feng CAO , Shentong HE, Haoyu HU, Xu YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 701149,China
出版时间: 2025-10-31 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.010
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涡旋压缩机的泄漏研究对其理论仿真、结构设计和性能分析至关重要。文中介绍了涡旋压缩机的2种主要泄漏途径,对国内外学者的研究成果进行了综述,分析比较了基于三维CFD和一维仿真的泄漏计算模型,并探讨了考虑润滑油时的物性混合方法。在三维泄漏计算方面,研究多采用Fluent,CFX,PumpLinx和Simerics MP+等软件,主要集中在结构改动对性能的优化或影响;一维计算则主要采用修正喷管模型、平行板流动模型、不可压缩黏性流动模型等,侧重于性能提升与模型预测精度,且多数模型需依赖试验进行修正,并具有一定适用工况范围。研究结果表明,间隙大小对泄漏结果影响显著,通道形状、粗糙度及润滑油等因素也会影响泄漏行为;在考虑润滑油时,通常将工质与油按均相混合物处理。在密封方式改进方面,可针对新型流动结构开展理论与试验研究。就不同研究手段而言,三维CFD仿真未来可向系统化、流固耦合、逆向工程与人工智能结合等方向发展;一维仿真则应纳入传热与变工质工况,结合范诺流模型、含油条件及两相流模型等进一步优化泄漏预测。本研究可为涡旋压缩机的开发与性能优化提供参考。

涡旋压缩机  /  数学模型  /  切向泄漏  /  径向泄漏

Leakage research in scroll compressors is crucial for their theoretical simulation,structural design,and performance analysis.This paper introduces two main leakage pathways in scroll compressors,reviews research achievements by domestic and international scholars,analyzes and compares leakage calculation models based on 3D CFD and 1D simulation,and discusses property mixing methods when considering lubricating oil.For 3D leakage calculations,studies mostly use software such as Fluent,CFX,PumpLinx,and Simerics MP+,primarily focusing on performance optimization or impact through structural modifications;1D calculations mainly employ modified nozzle models,parallel plate flow models,incompressible viscous flow models,etc.,emphasizing performance improvement and model prediction accuracy,with most models requiring experimental correction and having specific applicable operating ranges.The research results indicate that clearance size significantly affects leakage outcomes,while channel shape,roughness,and lubricating oil also influence leakage behavior;when considering lubricating oil,the working fluid and oil are typically treated as a homogeneous mixture.Regarding sealing method improvements,theoretical and experimental research can be conducted on novel flow structures.In terms of different research approaches,future 3D CFD simulations could develop towards systematization,fluid‑structure coupling,and integration with reverse engineering and artificial intelligence;1D simulations should incorporate heat transfer and variable working fluid conditions,further optimizing leakage predictions by combining Fanno flow models,oil‑containing conditions,and two‑phase flow models.This study can provide references for the development and performance optimization of scroll compressors.

scroll compressor  /  mathematical model  /  tangential leakage  /  radial leakage
曹锋, 何珅同, 胡昊宇, 杨旭. 涡旋压缩机泄漏数学模型研究综述. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (10) : 81 -93 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.010
Feng CAO, Shentong HE, Haoyu HU, Xu YANG. Review of mathematical models for leakage in scroll compressors[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (10) : 81 -93 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.010
近年来,为响应国家节能减排政策,家用空调、商用设备及电车热管理系统等制冷系统的优化日益受到业界的重视,相关市场也展现出巨大潜力。涡旋压缩机凭借体积小、压比高、效率高、噪音低、成本低和振动小等特点,在小排量制冷系统中表现出显著性能优势[1],因此,正逐渐广泛应用于电车热管理等制冷系统[2]。同时,无油涡旋压缩机也因其独特优势,适用于大型汽车制动系统的空气供应模块[3]。
为提升涡旋压缩机性能,国内外学者开展了大量相关研究。在结构方面,王建吉等[4]与彭斌等[5]对涡旋压缩机变截面型线进行了改进;WANG等[6]和MERAMVELIOTAKIS等[7]测试了带蒸汽喷射的涡旋压缩机热泵系统;OSSORIO等[8]则对变速涡旋压缩机的测试与建模进行了研究。在模型方面,文献[9-12]分别提出了涡旋压缩机的基本仿真建模方法。在工质方面,HU等[13]研究了二氧化碳涡旋压缩机的开发与应用;孟浩等[14]和李海生等[15]致力于无油涡旋压缩机的研发。这些研究对提升压缩机性能、拓宽其适用工况范围起到了重要作用。
作为容积式压缩机,涡旋压缩机的等熵效率、容积效率和指示功率等是衡量其性能的关键指标,而泄漏直接影响这些参数,是重要影响因素之一。在使用编程或数值计算软件进行建模求解时,为使结果更贴合实际,需综合考虑泄漏与传热对压缩机工质的影响[9]。为提高泄漏模型预测准确性,近年来,国内外学者在泄漏模型的建立、仿真与试验方面开展了大量研究。本文从涡旋压缩机泄漏模型出发,系统梳理与评述目前广泛使用的泄漏计算方法与数学模型,以期为涡旋压缩机的开发与性能优化提供参考和指导。
涡旋压缩机的主要内部泄漏方式包括径向泄漏和周向泄漏[1]。径向泄漏源于轴向间隙,而周向泄漏则由径向间隙引起,2种泄漏间隙的示意如图1所示。径向与轴向间隙的形成,一方面源于加工与装配精度不足所导致的静态误差[16],另一方面也受到实际运行中自转、受力状况或轴承油膜不均匀引发的动态误差的影响[1]。这些因素共同导致径向和轴向间隙难以精确确定。
李超等[16]分析了曲轴及防自转机构的加工误差对径向间隙的影响;WANG等[17]与王建吉[18]研究了径向和轴向间隙随转角的周期性变化规律;ISHII等[19]则基于试验数据反推计算出轴向间隙;ZHENG等[20-21]探讨了侧壁粗糙度、顶部密封槽等因素对涡旋压缩机泄漏的影响。在实际建模中,径向间隙常取10~30 μm,轴向间隙取5~20 μm的固定值;而CHEN等[12]和PENG等[22]采用了随压比变化的径向与轴向间隙线性关系曲线进行描述。
涡旋压缩机的周向泄漏特性与转子压缩机类似。在需计算泄漏通道长度的模型中,可采用YANAGISAWA等[23]、屈宗长等[24]和顾兆林[9]提出的方法进行求解。
径向泄漏还需确定泄漏线的长度,例如图1(b)中的AA'段。BLUNIER等[25]和吴嘉浩等[26]采用型线表达式积分计算泄漏线长度;PENG等[22]与PARK等[27]则通过平均半径或内外泄漏线长度的平均值进行计算。
径向泄漏通道的长度即为涡圈的壁厚。对于等截面涡旋压缩机,该壁厚为固定值;而对于变截面压缩机,需依据啮合角通过渐开线半径计算来确定壁厚[4,18]。王建吉等[28]的研究中还考虑了沿壁厚方向上泄漏间隙的变化。
涡旋压缩机的泄漏计算可分为2类:纯泄漏计算和性能影响计算。纯泄漏计算如图2所示,仅针对泄漏通道本身进行独立建模与求解。屈宗长等[24],BELL等[29],ISHII等[30]及陈荣等[31]基于试验测得的泄漏流量数据,对所用模型进行了准确性验证或系数修正。
泄漏对性能的影响分析需建立压缩机的整体热力学模型,并计及泄漏等实际因素所引起的性能参数变化。例如,李晓然等[32]与SUN等[33]采用Ansys等三维仿真软件,模拟了变工况下涡旋压缩机腔内工质物性及整机性能的变化。
涡旋压缩机泄漏的计算方法主要可分为三维数值模拟与一维编程计算2类,下文将分别介绍这2种方法在泄漏分析中的具体应用。
三维数值计算软件能够模拟并分析腔内工质的流动状态与物性参数变化。目前,常用于涡旋压缩机热力学过程CFD模拟的软件包括Ansys Fluent,Ansys CFX,PumpLinx与Simerics MP+等。这些软件能够针对涡旋压缩机的复杂结构,对其流体域进行高精度的动网格划分,从而实现包含泄漏等多种工况的仿真分析。
Ansys Fluent能够高效处理复杂流体动力学问题,而Ansys CFX在模拟压缩机械问题时灵活性更强。在涡旋压缩机结构特性研究方面,ZHENG等[34]采用Fluent分析了CO2涡旋压缩机周向泄漏对间隙变化的敏感性,发现适当增加表面粗糙度有助于减少泄漏;PARANIN等[35]基于Ansys软件分析了考虑泄漏、传热与变形的无油空气涡旋压缩机性能,结果与试验吻合良好;SONG等[36]通过CFD方法指出小容量涡旋压缩机更易受泄漏影响,并表明适当降低吸排气容积比可改善性能;LI等[37]利用CFX模拟变转速工况下R134a涡旋压缩机的性能,发现高转速时腔内会出现压力波动,且切向泄漏速度略高于径向泄漏;WANG等[17]结合CFX与CFM分析表明,轴向间隙随转角逐渐增大,而径向间隙则呈先增大后减小的周期性变化。在结构改进方面,PENG等[38]使用Fluent研究了R134a涡旋压缩机采用蒸汽喷射技术后的参数变化规律,发现等熵效率提升及排气温度降低,并对喷射孔结构进行了优化;SHI等[39]对加装中间排气阀的R134a涡旋压缩机进行了研究,发现该结构可有效减轻过压缩现象并减少高压腔泄漏。
PumpLinx和Simerics MP+是2类专注于泵与压缩机的CFD计算软件,能够有效处理复杂的旋转机械及压缩工质流动问题。在软件对比方面,CAVAZZINI等[40]发现,PumpLinx在流量峰值和功率预测方面结果低于CFX,引入轴向间隙会显著增大CFX中的泄漏量,但对PumpLinx的影响较小。在压缩机性能研究方面,李晓然等[32]采用PumpLinx分析了无油空气涡旋压缩机的吸气增压效应及流动不对称性;SUN等[33]利用PumpLinx对R22涡旋压缩机进行模拟,发现吸气后期进口流量显著下降,且泄漏对温度的影响大于对压力的影响;SUN等[41]通过PumpLinx分析R22涡旋压缩机性能,指出轴向泄漏对整体性能影响更显著,但周向泄漏速度较高;ZHENG等[20]则使用Simerics MP分析了CO2涡旋压缩机侧壁密封槽对性能的影响,并对其结构进行了优化。
综上所述,在采用CFD等三维仿真方法研究涡旋压缩机泄漏的领域中,国内外多数学者聚焦于泄漏本身的物理特性,或结合其他参数探究其对压缩机整体性能的影响,并通过与试验数据对比以验证仿真的准确性。相关研究参数主要涵盖结构、工况、工质及腔体特性等多个方面。在结构方面,除间隙和粗糙度等因素外,还研究了改进结构对性能的优化作用;工况方面,主要关注变工况对性能的影响;工质方面,则涉及空气、R22、R134a、R410a和CO2等不同介质,旨在揭示各类工质下压缩机内部流场与性能的变化规律;腔内变化方面,研究了不对称流、二次流等对压缩过程的影响;其他因素如过压缩、传热、加工误差和变形等对泄漏的影响也得到广泛讨论。三维仿真建模的准确性一方面取决于所选软件工具;另一方面极大依赖于网格划分质量,包括网格数量、精度、划分方式及间隙区域的精细化处理等。同时,流体控制方程和求解器设置也至关重要。尽管CFD方法具有较高的计算精度,但其耗时较长、计算资源需求较大的缺点,在一定程度上限制了在实际工程开发中的广泛应用。
基于上述研究,采用三维数值计算方法时,未来可能的发展方向包括:(1)建立更系统化的涡旋压缩机仿真模型与流程,以降低前处理复杂度;(2)将人工智能等优化算法与CFD模型或求解器相结合,以提高计算迭代效率;(3)在仿真中更充分考虑轴向与径向间隙的影响,关注流道粗糙度、形状等因素对泄漏的作用,必要时可引入逆向工程等手段,高精度获取目标压缩机的实际参数;(4)开展流固耦合分析,纳入气体力、热变形等物理效应,更真实地反映涡旋压缩机在运行过程中间隙的动态变形行为。
一维及零维泄漏或热力学模型在一定程度上克服了CFD数值计算效率低、成本高的问题,能够在有限资源下快速评估压缩机性能,并可通过试验对模型中不确定的参数进行修正,具有较强的灵活性。然而,自编程实现的一维模型往往在流体建模精度方面存在不足,难以处理复杂流动与结构问题,且对试验数据依赖性较高。尽管如此,一维编程计算在指导涡旋压缩机设计与开发方面仍具有重要地位。下文将分别介绍近年来在涡旋压缩机泄漏研究中被广泛采用的一维泄漏模型。
修正喷管模型是工程热力学中常用的简化模型,该模型忽略传热与位能差,并假设入口速度可忽略不计,泄漏通道出口的质量流量可表示为:
dmldt=α1A0v22(h1-h2),p2>pcrα1A0v22(h1-hcr),p2≤pcr
式中,ml为泄漏质量,kg;t为时间,s;α1为流量系数;A0为面积,m2;v2为出口比体积,m3/kg;h1为进口比焓,J/kg;h2为出口比焓,J/kg;p2为出口压力,Pa;pcr为临界压力,Pa;hcr为临界比焓,J/kg。
修正孔板模型基于伯努利方程建立,忽略位能变化,并假设入口速度可忽略、流体不可压缩,其出口处的质量流量可表示为[9,42]:
dmldt=α2A02ρ1(p1-p2)
式中,α2为流量系数;ρ1为密度;p1为进口压力。
修正喷管模型与修正孔板模型均具备一定的两相流计算能力,泛用性较好,且物性参数可通过Refprop查询,计算较为便捷。在修正喷管模型中,为简化临界参数计算,对于纯空气[43]或工质变化较缓的制冷涡旋压缩机[31],可近似按理想气体处理,具体模型可参考工程热力学相关书籍与文献。修正孔板模型则更适用于压力较低、精度要求不高的涡旋压缩机计算场合,也常用于吸排气口质量流量的估算[9]。
在实际应用中,上述2种模型均需对流量系数进行修正。对于修正喷管模型,LECLERCQ等[44]与CHO等[45]采用固定系数修正后的喷管模型描述泄漏过程;BELL等[29]则分别以CO2和N2为工质,利用绝热摩擦管模型对不同间隙和雷诺数下的喷管流量系数进行修正;查海滨等[46]通过CFD模拟涡旋压缩机泄漏,并与喷管模型进行对比与修正;ZHANG等[47]研究发现,周向泄漏更适于采用喷管模型描述,而径向泄漏则更适合其他泄漏模型。对于修正孔板模型,PARANIN等[48]在无油涡旋压缩机泄漏研究中,综合考虑压比、阻力、摩擦系数及通道形状对流量系数的影响,但其系数确定过程较为复杂;KOVANOV等[49]则提出了更明确的流量系数计算与转换关系,具有较强的实用性和参考价值。
在完成系数修正后,可基于该模型分析压缩机的性能特征。HAO等[50]采用修正喷管模型进行分析,发现CO2涡旋压缩机在较低和较高压比条件下与试验值偏差较大,且转速越高,偏差越显著;PARK等[27]结合试验使用修正喷管模型进行研究,结果表明,R22涡旋压缩机配置蒸汽喷射可有效降低排气温度;YOUN等[51]则通过修正喷管模型指出,R22涡旋压缩机在压比较大时会出现流体阻塞现象,泄漏量与间隙大小呈线性关系,而压比对间隙变化的敏感性较低。
综上所述,修正喷管模型在涡旋压缩机热力学仿真中能够较好地模拟气流阻塞现象,而修正孔板模型则具有计算简便的优势。然而,这2种模型均未考虑黏度的影响,因此,为提高预测精度,仍需依赖大量试验数据对其进行修正[1,43]。
平行板流动模型将泄漏简化为平行板之间的层流流动,并考虑黏度造成的法向速度分布不均匀,其受力分析如图3所示。
根据牛顿内摩擦定律,流体微元的受力状态可简化为[9]:
dpdy=dτdx
τ=μdudy
式中,p为通道内压力,Pa;y为高度,m;τ为剪切应力,Pa;x为长度位置,m;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s;u为流动速度,m/s。
基于式(3)(4),结合上下底面无滑移边界条件进行积分,并假设沿流动方向的压降呈线性分布,可得到泄漏通道的质量流量为:
dmldt=ρ1δa3L12μtw(p1-p2)
式中,δa为间隙,m;L为泄漏线长,m;tw为壁厚,m。
在实际应用与验证方面,王建吉等[4]采用平行板流动模型计算了变截面无油涡旋压缩机的泄漏性能,并与CFD结果进行对比,结果显示吸气阶段存在较大偏差,并进一步分析了基圆半径和间隙对泄漏的影响;MATHISON等[52]与KOVANOV等[49]则分别通过试验或理论推导对平行板泄漏模型的流量系数进行了修正。在性能表征研究中,马一太等[53]基于圆环平板间的流动模型计算压缩机泄漏特性,发现蒸发温度升高可减少总泄漏量,而过热度主要影响COP;晏刚等[54]、王晓露等[55]和WU[56]在转子压缩机端面泄漏建模中应用了平行板模型,其中,部分研究还考虑了运动部件的相对运动对泄漏的影响;CAI等[57]结合试验数据,采用平板泄漏模型对R410A转子压缩机的泄漏行为进行分析,指出转子半径增大时,最小间隙处的平均长度减小,泄漏量相应增加。
平行板泄漏模型在低速、高黏度、密度变化较小或含油混合的工况下具有较好的预测效果。基于平行板流动的基本假设,该模型更适用于转子压缩机中滑片与端面处的泄漏,以及涡旋压缩机中的径向泄漏[2]。然而,该模型仍存在与试验或CFD结果偏差较大的问题,为提高精度,需进行进一步的修正;同时,其对间隙尺寸较为敏感,在实际应用中,需对间隙进行精确测量或合理赋值。
不可压缩黏性流模型是绝热摩擦管模型的一种简化形式,其基本假设为流速与密度均为常数。在泄漏通道中取一流体微元,其受力情况如图4所示。
该模型将同一截面处的流体视为一个整体,仅考虑壁面处因黏性作用产生的剪切应力,此时,流体微元的受力可表示为[58]:
A0dp=-τwPdx
式中,P为湿周周长,m。
将达西-魏斯巴赫公式引入式(6)中,用于计算流体流经该长度管道后的沿程阻力损失,具体计算式如下:
τwPdx=ρgA0hf=fddxDρu22A0
式中,hf为摩擦扬程损失,m;fd为达西摩擦因子;D为当量直径,m。
将式(7)与式(6)联立,可得出流动阻力随通道长度的变化关系。基于不可压缩假设,且通道长度与间隙均为定值,通过对压强沿长度方向进行积分,可得:
p1-p2=fdDρu22tw
径向间隙中最小间隙处泄漏通道的长度通常参考顾兆林[9]提出的方法进行计算。在试验验证方面,屈宗长等[24]在研究R12和R22涡旋压缩机泄漏时,采用不可压缩黏性流动模型所获结果与试验值吻合较好;ISHII等[59]在二氧化碳涡旋压缩机研究中,基于试验数据,通过该模型反推计算,修正了摩擦因子与雷诺数的关系;在模型比较方面,ISHII等[60]对R744和R410A涡旋压缩机泄漏进行不可压缩黏性流动模型模拟,指出R744压缩机的容积效率对其综合性能具有显著影响;WU等[61]采用Fanno流动模型与不可压缩黏性流动模型对R290转子压缩机的泄漏进行对比,发现在较大间隙条件下后者的计算结果偏大。
该模型适用于多种工质在不同压差下的泄漏计算,在涡旋压缩机的轴向与周向泄漏分析中均表现出良好的预测精度。然而,在工况变化剧烈或间隙尺寸较大时,其计算结果可能产生显著误差。由于该模型对间隙值较为敏感,在实际应用中需依赖试验数据对其进行适当修正,以提升其与实际工况的吻合度。
绝热摩擦管模型考虑了壁面剪切作用与工质的可压缩性,同时忽略流体内部的相互作用,本质上属于Fanno流动。在泄漏通道中取一流体微元,其结构如图5所示。该模型基于压力与剪切力之间的不平衡导致微元速度与密度发生变化的物理机制,其动量方程经简化后可表示为[58]:
-Adp-τwPdx=ρuAdu
在YANG等[62]与BELL等[29]的研究中,将式(9)中的壁面剪切力替换为式(7)所表达的形式,并引入工质的连续性方程、能量守恒方程及状态方程,分别对其求微分,继而联立求解下列方程组:
dpdx+ρududx+fdDρu22=01ρdρdx+1ududx+1AdAdx=0dhdx+ududx=0
dhdx=(dhdp)ρdpdx+(dhdρ)pdρdx
求解该方程组时,通常需预设入口工质的初始速度并进行迭代计算,从而引入自由边界条件。此类问题常采用打靶法进行求解[63]。
在试验验证方面,YANG等[62]采用绝热摩擦管模型计算转子压缩机的周向泄漏,并将均质流动与两相流动模型的预测结果与试验数据进行对比,发现前者吻合更好;在模型比较方面,BELL等[29]基于绝热摩擦管模型,针对雷诺数与通道长度对喷管模型进行了一系列修正;在性能研究方面,CHEN等[64]在小型制冷涡旋压缩机研究中应用该模型,分析了变工况与间隙尺寸对性能的影响,指出泄漏量随间隙增大呈立方级增长;其在另一项研究[31]中还发现,外泄漏率对间隙及基圆半径等参数的变化不敏感,但在小间隙条件下需考虑表面粗糙度的影响。
绝热摩擦管模型在泄漏计算中精度较高,尤其在含油工况下表现更为优异。然而,该模型结构复杂,需在整个泄漏过程中进行反复修正与迭代,导致计算效率显著降低,限制了其大规模工程应用。因此,与CFD辅助一维计算类似,该模型在实际中主要用于特定工况下对其他泄漏模型的流量系数进行修正。
理想气体收缩喷管与摩擦管模型是绝热摩擦管模型和理想气体喷管模型的简化组合,其简化结构如图6所示。该模型假设工质为理想气体,摩擦管段为等截面管,引入马赫数对速度与动量方程进行替换,并通过临界状态假设进一步简化计算[58]:
Ma2=u2c2=u2kRT=u2ρkp
dpp+kMa22du2u2+kMa22fddxD=0
式中,Ma为当前横截面工质马赫数;c为当前横截面工质中的声速,m/s,k为绝热系数。
进一步引入马赫数关系式、连续性方程、理想气体状态方程及能量守恒方程,通过联立推导得到马赫数对通道长度的微分关系,经积分后可得两截面处马赫数与通道长度的关系式[9,27]:
dMa2Ma2=kMa2[1+(k-1)Ma2/2]1-Ma2fdDdx
fdlfD=Me2-Mt2kMt2Me2+k+12klnMt2[1+(k-1)Me2/2]Me2[1+(k-1)Mt2/2]
式中,lf为摩擦管段的长度,m;Mt为截面t处工质马赫数;Me为截面e处工质马赫数。
求解过程可参考顾兆林[9]及YANAGISAWA等[23]的文献。在试验验证方面,YANAGISAWA等[23]采用该模型对R22和空气转子压缩机的泄漏进行描述,计算结果与试验值存在一定偏差,并进一步分析了轴承及偏心组件的影响;晏刚等[54]、王晓露等[55]与WU[56]应用该模型计算了转子压缩机的径向泄漏,系统地比较了不同泄漏路径对性能的影响;在模型对比方面,KANG等[65]分别采用该模型、喷管模型及绝热摩擦管模型对R134a涡旋压缩机进行热力学计算,并结合CFD结果进行验证与比较,发现绝热摩擦管模型计算的泄漏量略高于CFD结果,而喷管模型的泄漏预测值明显偏大;WANG等[66]通过该模型与不可压缩黏性流动模型的计算,并与试验数据进行对比,指出该模型更适用于小间隙、低转速工况,而不可压缩黏性流动模型更适用于大间隙、高转速工况。
该模型在转子压缩机周向泄漏及涡旋压缩机泄漏分析中均有应用,对于以R22、R134a和空气等为工质的压缩机,其预测结果与实际情况吻合较好。然而,该模型仅在一定程度上简化了绝热摩擦管的求解过程,简化后的计算流程仍较为复杂,并且由于假设工质为理想气体,其实际应用受到较大限制。例如,在处理含油工质、跨临界CO2或气液两相混合工质泄漏时,该模型的预测效果较差。因此,该模型在实际应用中具有一定的局限性,更多用于辅助其他模型的混合计算或对其流量系数进行修正。
经验与半经验关联式方法基于CFD或试验数据,通过对相关参数进行拟合,建立泄漏量或性能的预测关系式。在泄漏关联式方面,KIM等[67]利用试验结果建立拟合公式,修正了转子压缩机的喷管泄漏模型;HE等[68]基于R32和R410A含油转子压缩机的试验数据,构建了泄漏量与通道参数、工质参数之间的关联式;PEREIRA等[69]结合CFD与试验,提出了与涡旋压缩机马赫数、压比和泄漏相关的3个无量纲数,用于性能评价。在性能关联式方面,MA等[70]在研究无油空气压缩机、BYRNE等[71]在研究碳氢化合物涡旋压缩机,以及CUEVAS等[72]在研究R134a涡旋压缩机时,均通过试验建立了性能参数随工况、工质、换热量及压缩机结构参数变化的关联式。
该方法可在常规工况下较准确地预测涡旋压缩机的性能特征,但其有效性高度依赖于试验或高精度仿真数据,在理论严谨性方面存在不足。此外,此类关联式通常针对特定结构或工质的压缩机效果较好,在面对工质变更或结构参数调整时,其拟合公式普遍适用性较差。因此,经验或半经验关联式方法不宜直接用于涡旋压缩机的设计与优化过程,而更适用于已定型、工质与结构固定的涡旋压缩机的性能预测与运行工况优化。
其他泄漏模型泛指采用非经典物理方法进行泄漏计算的模型。例如,基于圆柱坐标系构建的泄漏模型被用于模拟转子压缩机径向泄漏:仓荣等[73]与YANG等[74]采用该模型研究变工况特性,发现在小间隙条件下与试验吻合较好;余洋[75]在此基础上推导N-S方程,用于描述天然气涡旋压缩机中径向与背压腔的泄漏行为。另一类研究考虑了泄漏流动的多方向不均匀性:李文华等[76]建立相应模型并与试验进行对比,发现随着间隙增大,流动中惯性力与黏性力的主导地位发生转变;ZHANG等[47]结合理想气体方程与流动不均匀性假设,提出了压力梯度与速度分布的数学表达式。在模型假设方面也有新进展:王建吉[18]将等熵摩擦管模型与理想气体假设及等温流动条件相结合,避免了复杂迭代过程。此外,一些研究通过软件和数值方法进行改进:安钟衍等[77]使用GT-SUITE软件建立CO2涡旋压缩机模型,研究变工况下不对称性对性能的影响;OOI等[78]与SUN等[79]对涡旋压缩机热力学过程开展了二维数值模拟,前者发现温度等参数分布不均,且传热量随腔内工质湍流强度增大而增加;后者通过试验与计算结合,指出当修正角β处于40°~50°范围内时,径向间隙所引起的泄漏影响最小。
相较于前述几类泄漏模型,其他模型在建模方法或计算策略上有所改进,在预测涡旋压缩机性能、模拟腔内工质物性变化等方面可能具有更高精度。然而,由于其模型结构往往更为复杂,计算资源消耗更大,这类方法在实际应用中受到较多限制。因此,尽管建模策略多样,此类模型目前仍多见于学术研究,在工程实践中普遍缺乏通用性与适用性。
对比上述各类涡旋压缩机一维泄漏模型的性能,以准确性、复杂度、泛用性、计算速度和稳定性作为评估准则,结果如图7所示。需要说明的是,理想气体假设下的绝热摩擦管模型因泛用性较差且复杂度较高,未纳入本次比较。各指标含义如下:准确度指与三维仿真或试验结果的吻合程度,准确度较低时需引入系数修正;复杂度反映模型构建与求解的难度,值越大表示越复杂;泛用性体现模型对不同工质、结构及工况的适应能力,泛用性越高,所需调整的参数越少;计算速度表示数值求解的效率,值越大代表计算越快;稳定性代表迭代过程的鲁棒性,值越高表示越不易出现计算发散或错误。综合各项因素,在实际应用中推荐采用平行板流动模型或不可压缩黏性流模型(即简化Fanno流)进行泄漏量计算,上述模型为兼顾效率与精度的较优方案。
综合考虑各类一维模型及学者在多方向上的研究成果,在采用一维模型进行涡旋压缩机泄漏计算或热力学仿真时,应重点关注以下发展方向:(1)在缺乏试验验证的情况下,可优先采用Fanno流或简化Fanno流模型进行泄漏计算,以提高仿真的理论严谨性与可靠性;(2)间隙尺寸对泄漏量影响显著,应尽可能通过实际测量获取涡盘间隙值,而非依赖假定值,以提升计算的准确性;(3)在进行制冷工质泄漏计算时,须考虑润滑油对混合物物性的影响;(4)针对不同工质的涡旋压缩机开展仿真时,应引入压差等因素对动态间隙的影响,从而增强模型的适应性,并便于性能对比评估;(5)应深入开展两相工质泄漏建模研究,以拓展模型适用工况,并在热力学仿真中同时考虑泄漏与传热等多物理场耦合效应。
在涡旋压缩机的实际运行中,绝大多数机型需注入润滑油,以减轻磨损、提供一定冷却作用,并抑制工质泄漏[80]。在制冷系统中,润滑油的选择直接影响整个系统及压缩机的运行性能。因此,在更贴近实际工况的涡旋压缩机一维热力学仿真中,必须考虑工质与润滑油混合后的物性参数。
在制冷剂与润滑油混合物的物性计算中,需先确定润滑油物性,再综合考虑两者的混合特性。下面介绍一种常用的均相混合方法,定义油中制冷剂质量分数与气相制冷剂质量分数如下[81-82]:
ω=mlrmlωsat=ωmax(p,T)xg=mgasmtot=ω0-ω1-ω≈ω0-ωsat1-ωsatω0=mrefmtot
式中,ω为油中制冷剂质量分数;mlr为溶解在润滑油中制冷剂质量,kg;ml为润滑油和溶于油中制冷剂质量,kg;ωsat为制冷剂在润滑油中溶解度;xg为气相制冷剂质量分数;mgas为气态制冷剂质量,kg;mtot为混合物总质量,kg;ω0为制冷剂总质量分数;mref为制冷剂总质量,kg。
在式(16)中,制冷剂被划分为溶解于油中的液相和不溶于油的气相,而油则被视为仅以液相形式存在。在某一温度和压力条件下,油中制冷剂质量分数可表示为制冷剂在润滑油中的溶解度。建立该关系后,可进一步对密度、黏度等物性参数进行混合计算,其中,液相物性可近似按润滑油的物性进行估算[83-84]:
ρtot=xgρg+1-xgρl-1lnμtot=xglnμg+xllnμl
式中,ρtot为混合物总密度,kg/m3;ρg为气体密度,kg/m3;ρl为液体密度,kg/m3;μtot为混合物总动力黏度,Pa·s;μg为气体动力黏度,Pa·s;μl为液体动力黏度,Pa·s。
GASCHE等[85]与DIAS等[86]对R134a与润滑油的泄漏行为进行了研究,发现混合物会从单相流转变为两相分离流,精确计算需依据不同流段选用相应模型;CAI等[57]在带油转子压缩机径向泄漏研究中指出,在高压差且通道较短时,单相模型精度更高,而在低压差且通道较长时,两相均质混合模型更为适用;李超等[87]则通过CFD方法分析了不同油气混合比对周向泄漏量的影响,以确定最优油气混合比。
该均质混合模型假设工质在流动过程中始终处于两相混合状态,未考虑互溶等复杂情况,因此,在单相工况下使用时可能产生偏差。此外,当采用上述各类模型进行含油工质计算时,由于含油制冷剂物性显著偏离理想气体假设,修正喷管模型和孔板模型需进行大量修正;而平行板流动模型、不可压缩黏性流模型与绝热摩擦管模型基于微观流动机制推导,更适用于含油泄漏计算。
(1)在三维泄漏计算中,主要采用Fluent,CFX,PumpLinx和Simerics MP+等软件平台;一维计算则以修正喷管模型、平行板流动模型及不可压缩黏性流动模型为代表,修正孔板模型与绝热摩擦管模型等也有一定程度的应用。此外,也可见半经验关联式及考虑复杂流动形态的其他模型。
(2)在三维泄漏数值计算方面,多数研究侧重于通过结构优化或改进以分析其对涡旋压缩机整体性能的影响;而在一维泄漏计算中,不仅关注参数变化对泄漏及性能的作用,还致力于将模型预测的泄漏量或性能结果与试验数据或CFD仿真进行精度验证与对比。
(3)在一维泄漏计算的数学模型中,各类模型均需通过试验进行不同程度的修正,且具有特定的适用工况。例如,不可压缩黏性流模型适用于小压差工况,平行板流动模型主要用于径向泄漏计算,而绝热摩擦管模型虽精度较高,但计算成本显著增大。此外,在处理含油泄漏工况时,通常将工质与润滑油视为均相混合物进行近似处理。
(4)在泄漏模型研究中,泄漏间隙尺寸对计算结果影响显著,同时通道结构、表面粗糙度及润滑油等因素也会对泄漏行为产生重要影响。在使用迷宫密封或密封条密封等结构时,可针对其特点构建新型流动模型,并在必要时开展专用于泄漏分析的理论与试验研究。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.010
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
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    西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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