Article(id=1319293637125591613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293461287780384, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737734400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-25, revisedDate=1753632000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473714381, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1761840000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473714381, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473714381, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473714381, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293461287780384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761840000000', pubDateStr='2025-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473672458, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473672458, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=55, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293637289169470, articleId=1319293637125591613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Study on heat transfer-flow-reaction characteristics of 3D printed catalyst supports with different structures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the efficiency bottlenecks in in‑tube methanol reforming for hydrogen production,a design method for structured catalyst supports based on 3D printing technology was proposed.Numerical simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow were conducted at a Reynolds number (Re) of 140 to compare three channel structures:straight channels,zigzag channels,and helical channels.Taking the straight channel as the reference model,the reaction performance was thoroughly investigated,and a numerical calculation model was established (with deviations of ≤5% for methanol conversion and ≤0.6% for CO selectivity).Structural screening of the three configurations was completed via model predictions and experimental validation.Results indicate that the helical channel exhibits the highest Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) value of 14.7.Both methanol conversion and CO selectivity in the methanol reforming reaction increase with increasing temperature and decrease with rising volumetric flow rate.Both model predictions and subsequent screening experiments confirm that the helical channel maintains optimal performance.Specifically,experimental data show that the methanol conversion of the helical structure reaches 65.8%,which is 11.4% and 24.4% higher than that of the zigzag channel and straight channel,respectively.This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of 3D‑printed catalyst supports.

, authors=Hongwei ZOU1, Zhuangdian LIANG2, Yongdong CHEN1, Bingchuan HAN1, Gang WANG2, authorsList=Hongwei ZOU, Zhuangdian LIANG, Yongdong CHEN, Bingchuan HAN, Gang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293640694944339, articleId=1319293637125591613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=不同结构3D打印催化剂载体的传热-流动-反应特性研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对管内甲醇重整制氢的效率瓶颈,提出利用3D打印技术设计结构化催化剂载体。通过传热-流动数值模拟,在Re=140条件下,对比了直槽道、曲折槽道与螺旋槽道3种结构;以直槽道为模型,深入探究了反应性能,并建立了数值计算模型(甲醇转化率偏差≤5%,CO选择性偏差≤0.6%);通过模型预测和试验验证,完成了3种结构的结构筛选。结果表明,螺旋槽道的性能评价指标(PEC,Performance Evaluation Criteria)最大,其值为14.7;甲醇重整制氢反应的甲醇转化率和CO选择性均随温度的升高而上升,随体积流量的增加而降低;通过模型预测与后续筛选试验发现,螺旋槽道性能仍最优,其中,试验数据显示,螺旋结构的甲醇转化率达65.8%,比曲折槽道和直槽道分别高11.4%和24.4%。研究结果可为3D打印催化剂载体的设计提供理论依据。

, authors=邹宏伟1, 梁庄典2, 陈永东1, 韩冰川1, 王刚2, authorsList=邹宏伟, 梁庄典, 陈永东, 韩冰川, 王刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

邹宏伟(1995),男,工程师,主要从事传热与流动工艺、新能源利用系统研究工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i5yfwcn4PIhd64WqR5gUQQ==, magXml=OCpDRB+Ns84fn7WfcjI5Jw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZO5UKoSB/deZFEdJ25FEkg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uN+8uvrivQrt1xevHzG1Tw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293641068237403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293637125591613, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=harveyinfo@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293641131151965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293637125591613, authorId=1319293641068237403, language=EN, stringName=Hongwei ZOU, firstName=Hongwei, middleName=null, lastName=ZOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293641198260830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293637125591613, authorId=1319293641068237403, language=CN, stringName=邹宏伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

邹宏伟(1995),男,工程师,主要从事传热与流动工艺、新能源利用系统研究工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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邹宏伟(1995),男,工程师,主要从事传热与流动工艺、新能源利用系统研究工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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(a)直槽道  (b)曲折槽道  (c)螺旋槽道

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Kinetic parameters of methanol reforming reactions for hydrogen production

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反应MSRrWGSWGS
指前因子4.5×1069.0×1084.2×107
活化能/(J⋅kmol-1)9.7×1071.06×1086.9×107
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甲醇重整制氢反应相关的动力学参数

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反应MSRrWGSWGS
指前因子4.5×1069.0×1084.2×107
活化能/(J⋅kmol-1)9.7×1071.06×1086.9×107
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不同结构3D打印催化剂载体的传热-流动-反应特性研究
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邹宏伟 1 , 梁庄典 2 , 陈永东 1 , 韩冰川 1 , 王刚 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(10): 55-61
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (10) : 55 -61
不同结构3D打印催化剂载体的传热-流动-反应特性研究
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邹宏伟(1995),男,工程师,主要从事传热与流动工艺、新能源利用系统研究工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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邹宏伟1 , 梁庄典2, 陈永东1, 韩冰川1, 王刚2
作者信息
  • 1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
  • 2中国科学院 上海高等研究院,上海 201203
作者简介:

邹宏伟(1995),男,工程师,主要从事传热与流动工艺、新能源利用系统研究工作,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Study on heat transfer-flow-reaction characteristics of 3D printed catalyst supports with different structures
Hongwei ZOU1 , Zhuangdian LIANG2, Yongdong CHEN1, Bingchuan HAN1, Gang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
  • 2Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201203,China
出版时间: 2025-10-31 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.007
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针对管内甲醇重整制氢的效率瓶颈,提出利用3D打印技术设计结构化催化剂载体。通过传热-流动数值模拟,在Re=140条件下,对比了直槽道、曲折槽道与螺旋槽道3种结构;以直槽道为模型,深入探究了反应性能,并建立了数值计算模型(甲醇转化率偏差≤5%,CO选择性偏差≤0.6%);通过模型预测和试验验证,完成了3种结构的结构筛选。结果表明,螺旋槽道的性能评价指标(PEC,Performance Evaluation Criteria)最大,其值为14.7;甲醇重整制氢反应的甲醇转化率和CO选择性均随温度的升高而上升,随体积流量的增加而降低;通过模型预测与后续筛选试验发现,螺旋槽道性能仍最优,其中,试验数据显示,螺旋结构的甲醇转化率达65.8%,比曲折槽道和直槽道分别高11.4%和24.4%。研究结果可为3D打印催化剂载体的设计提供理论依据。

3D打印技术  /  甲醇水蒸气重整制氢  /  传热分析  /  数值分析

To address the efficiency bottlenecks in in‑tube methanol reforming for hydrogen production,a design method for structured catalyst supports based on 3D printing technology was proposed.Numerical simulations of heat transfer and fluid flow were conducted at a Reynolds number (Re) of 140 to compare three channel structures:straight channels,zigzag channels,and helical channels.Taking the straight channel as the reference model,the reaction performance was thoroughly investigated,and a numerical calculation model was established (with deviations of ≤5% for methanol conversion and ≤0.6% for CO selectivity).Structural screening of the three configurations was completed via model predictions and experimental validation.Results indicate that the helical channel exhibits the highest Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) value of 14.7.Both methanol conversion and CO selectivity in the methanol reforming reaction increase with increasing temperature and decrease with rising volumetric flow rate.Both model predictions and subsequent screening experiments confirm that the helical channel maintains optimal performance.Specifically,experimental data show that the methanol conversion of the helical structure reaches 65.8%,which is 11.4% and 24.4% higher than that of the zigzag channel and straight channel,respectively.This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of 3D‑printed catalyst supports.

3D printing technology  /  steam reforming of methanol  /  heat transfer analysis  /  numerical analysis
邹宏伟, 梁庄典, 陈永东, 韩冰川, 王刚. 不同结构3D打印催化剂载体的传热-流动-反应特性研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (10) : 55 -61 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.007
Hongwei ZOU, Zhuangdian LIANG, Yongdong CHEN, Bingchuan HAN, Gang WANG. Study on heat transfer-flow-reaction characteristics of 3D printed catalyst supports with different structures[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (10) : 55 -61 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.007
氢能是最有前景的可再生能源之一[1]。甲醇作为一种氢-碳比4∶1的可再生能源,在室温下为液体,易于运输,而且还可以通过垃圾填埋气、造纸厂黑液等多种生物基资源获得[2-3],因此,利用甲醇进行甲醇蒸汽重整制氢(methanol steam reforming,MSR)是一种理想的制氢方法[4-5]。根据BREEN等[6]和AGRELL等[7]的研究,甲醇重整制氢可以合理认为由主反应式(1)和副反应式(2)组成,具体如下:
CH3OH+H2O→CO2+3H2
CO2+H2↔CO+H2O
其中,反应式(1)即为MSR反应,反应式(2)为可逆反应,反应式(2)的形式代表逆水煤气变换反应(reverse water-gas shift reaction,rWGS),其逆反应为水煤气变换反应(water-gas shift reaction,WGS)。
在化学反应过程中,催化剂载体主要扮演帮助活性组分提供附着位点的重要角色[8]。随着3D打印技术的应用,催化剂载体已成为强化传热、流动和反应过程的核心部件。3D打印技术逐层定制的特点可以帮助催化剂载体构筑特殊复杂的槽道,起到扰动流体和调整通道比表面积的作用[9-10]。例如,LIU等[11]利用激光处理方法制作了有序排列小孔的泡沫催化剂载体,改善了反应物在径向的分布均匀性,最终提高了甲醇转化率和氢气产率。FU等[12]利用金刚石线锯技术制造了具有直槽道和曲折槽道的块状催化剂载体,证明复杂三维堆叠流道结构催化剂的甲醇转化率比直槽道的甲醇转化率高15.4%。因此,通过改变催化剂外形结构具有强化化学反应过程的潜力
目前,关于甲醇重整制氢催化剂载体的结构研究主要针对多孔介质的孔形状和孔的排列方式[10-11],而关于槽道形式对反应性能影响的研究不多,尤其是关于曲折槽道(Zigzag)和螺旋槽道(Helix)催化剂载体等的比较研究较少。曲折槽道和螺旋槽道作为常见结构,在印刷电路板式换热器和缠绕管式换热器中被广泛使用[13-14]。研究表明,曲折槽道可以不断地突然改变流动方向,破坏流动边界层来强化流动与传热[15-16];螺旋槽道通道可以诱导流体出现垂直于主流的二次流动,实现管道换热与流动的强化效果[17-18]。这些研究主要针对换热领域,但其强化机理也涵盖传质过程,而通过3D打印技术将其应用于催化剂载体结构,也具有强化化学反应过程的潜力。
虽然已有研究通过3D打印技术改变催化剂载体结构,实现了甲醇重整制氢反应的强化[11-12]。但在研究和比较不同槽道结构催化剂载体的传热、流动和传质特性方面,仍缺乏系统性研究。因此,本文主要进行直槽道(Straight)、曲折槽道和螺旋槽道关于传热、流动和反应性能的比较研究。首先,通过数值计算获得3种结构的对流换热系数h、沿程阻力系数f和性能评估指标PEC;然后,在完成传热与流动过程分析的基础上,通过3D打印技术获得直槽道载体结构制备的催化剂,并进行MSR特性研究,同时,根据试验数据拟合并验证基于3D打印催化剂载体下的数值计算模型;最后,根据获得的模型比较3种具有不同载体结构的催化剂反应性能,通过筛选试验初步验证计算结果,最终对比得出3种结构中的最优结构形式。研究结果可为3D打印催化剂的外形结构设计提供理论指导。
3种催化剂载体的外径均为13.5 mm,长度均为30 mm。每种结构的总槽道长度(单流道长度乘以流道数量)为270 mm,槽道的水力直径为2 mm,具体结构如图1所示。
计算模型及网格划分如图2所示。
(1)在进行传热-流动计算时不考虑化学反应,管道入口介质为25 ℃氮气,入口速度根据雷诺数140计算获得,其对应层流流动形式[19]。管道出口施加压力出口边界条件,催化剂载体对应的管道外壁面施加定壁温边界条件,具体如图2(a)所示。
(2)在进行传质计算时,根据试验工况设置入口介质为120 ℃、摩尔比为1∶1的甲醇-水蒸气混合物;入口速度根据5 000~20 000 mL/(g∙h)的试验空速进行换算(空速为单位时间内通过单位质量催化剂活性组分的反应物料体积流量),催化剂活性组分取试验测得的平均值,即0.16 g,计算过程中,壁面温度变化范围为250~330 ℃,温度间隔为20 ℃。计算时假设:甲醇蒸汽与水蒸气均匀混合;忽略重力和环境辐射的影响。
在网格无关性验证方面,通过改变边界层的层数和第一层网格高度,获取加热壁面处的热流密度变化规律。通过对比得到:网格数量为40万时,热流密度为1 387.9 W/m2;网格数量为88万时,热流密度为419.6 W/m2;网格数量为176万时,热流密度为419.1 W/m2。因此,选择网格数量88万时对应的网格设置来划分网格。
求解流动、传热与化学反应的方程包括连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程及组分输运方程。其中,连续性方程、动量守恒方程与能量守恒方程的通用形式如下:
∂(ρϕ)∂t+div(ρUϕ)=div(Γϕgrad ϕ)+Sϕ
式中,ρ为流体密度,kg/m3;ϕ为通用变量;U为流体速度矢量,m/s;Γϕ为广义扩散系数;Sϕ为广义源项。
不同的求解变量之间除了边界条件与初始条件有区别外,其Γϕ与Sϕ的表达式不同[20]。
组分输运方程:
∂∂t(ρYi)+∇·(ρUYi)=-∇·Ji+Ri+Si
式中,Y为不同组分的质量分数;下角标i为组分编号;J为扩散质量通量,kg/(m2·s);R为反应组分的净变化速率,kmol/m3;S为组分源项。
其余参数的计算公式如下:
Nu=qdλ/(Tw-Tf)
f=ΔPd/(2ρv2l)
PEC=Nu/f1/3
式中,q为槽道的平均热流密度,W/m2;d,l分别为单个槽道的水力直径和槽道长度,m;λ为流体热导率,W/(m·K);Tw为槽道的平均壁面温度,K;Tf为槽道内流体的平均温度,K;ΔP为流体经过催化剂载体的平均压降,Pa;v为流体经过催化剂载体时的体积平均速度,m/s。
化学反应试验装置由注射泵、蒸发器、反应器、高低温一体机和分析平台组成,如图3所示。注射泵(型号LSP02-2B)用于泵送甲醇水溶液;蒸发器用于甲醇水溶液的汽化。反应器为套管式反应器,主要由内管与外管组成,外管是一根外径42 mm的直管,内管包裹在外管中并形成一个封闭的环形空间。内管内填充催化剂用于甲醇重整制氢反应,外管与内管形成的封闭环形空间内通入高温导热油。导热油温度由高低温一体机(型号HSG-20-F)控制。分析平台为气相色谱仪(型号Shi madzu GC-2014),主要用于检测反应产物的含量。
在进行直槽道结构的试验过程中,首先,向管路通入15 mL/min的5% H2和95% Ar的还原气;然后,调节导热油温度至210 ℃,并在2小时内持续还原催化剂,催化剂还原工作结束后,调整导热油温度至试验所需温度(250~330 ℃),对反应器进行保温,同时,调节蒸发器功率使其内部温度可稳定在120 ℃(保证甲醇水溶液发生汽化);在蒸发器升温开始时调节注射泵功率,使其按照指定流量向反应器输送摩尔比1∶1的甲醇水溶液〔根据空速5 000~20 000 mL/(g∙h)换算对应的溶液体积流量为1~4 mL/h〕。试验过程中,通入25 mL/min的N2作为甲醇和水蒸气的载气,以保证气流的稳定性。每组样品的数据均在反应出口气流稳定后进行收集与检测。催化剂的主要成分为Cu/ZnO/Al2O3。其具体制备过程与之前的步骤一致[21]。
采用甲醇转化率和CO选择性作为反应性能指标,其具体计算方法如下:
XCH3OH(%)=FCH3OH,in-FCH3OH,outFCH3OH,in×100%
SCO(%)=FCO,outFCO,out+FCO2,out×100%
式中,F为组分摩尔流量,mol/s;下标in,out分别为入口和出口。
本试验的误差主要包括注射泵精度误差和温度测量误差。通过100 ℃的热水对热电偶温度计进行校准后,最终确定温度控制精度为0.2 ℃以内。注射泵通过皂膜流量计进行校准后,确定误差在1%左右。
图4示出了3种槽道的流场分布云图。可以看出,曲折槽道中的流体在流动过程中会出现局部峰值速度。通过对曲折槽道局部流线切片发现,该槽道内有不规则漩涡使流通面积减小,因此,造成流体在弯曲位置附近的速度突然增大。
3种槽道的f,h,PEC的比较结果如图5所示。可以看出,曲折槽道的f因子最大(0.484),螺旋槽道的f因子次之(0.148),且与直槽道结构的f因子(0.145)相当。曲折槽道的f因子最大,是因为曲折槽道会出现局部峰值速度,根据能量守恒,流速上升会导致局部压力下降,局部能量损失增多。相比之下,虽然螺旋槽道内的流体也在流动过程中不断改变方向,但螺旋延伸的方式使槽道转向更平缓,速度分布均匀性较好,所以螺旋槽道的f小于曲折槽道,但大于直槽道结构。
对于对流换热系数h而言,螺旋槽道的h最大(92.0),曲折槽道的h次之(86.4),直槽道的h最小(80.9);螺旋槽道的h比直槽道大12.5%左右,曲折槽道的h比直槽道大6%左右。通过对螺旋槽道流场的分析〔见图4(b)〕,螺旋槽道出现了垂直于主流的二次流动。该现象是由于槽道的内、外半径不同,产生了压力差,在离心力和壁面扭转力的作用下,内壁面流体在前进过程中流向外壁面,从而诱发二次流动。虽然从图4(a)中可以看出曲折槽道也存在局部漩涡扰动流体,但其二次流面积小于螺旋槽道,所以曲折槽道的h小于螺旋槽道。
从PEC结果来看,螺旋槽道的PEC最大(14.7),直槽道次之(12.7),曲折槽道的PEC最小(9.3)。综上分析,已知螺旋槽道的对流换热系数h最大,且f因子与直槽道相当,故螺旋槽道的PEC最大。相比之下,虽然曲折槽道的h大于直槽道,但其沿程能量损失及f因子最大,所以曲折槽道的PEC反而最小。
在传热与流动分析的基础上,基于直槽道结构的单管试验,分析温度和流量对3D打印催化剂载体MSR特性的影响。试验条件如下:
(1)控制反应温度250 ℃,调节甲醇水溶液体积流量从1.0 mL/h增加至4.0 mL/h〔汽化后对应空速为5 000~20 000 mL/(g⋅h)〕;
(2)控制甲醇水溶液体积流量2 mL/h,调节反应温度从250 ℃升高至330 ℃。
试验结果如图6所示。
从图可见,在入口体积流量控制在Q=2 mL/h的情况下,当温度从250 ℃升至330 ℃时,甲醇转化率从67.3%上升至98.5%,同时,CO选择性也从1.1%上升至12.1%。这是因为提高反应温度会提高催化剂活性,从而提高甲醇转化率,但活跃的催化剂也会促进副反应,产生更多的CO。在控制反应温度250 ℃的情况下,当入口流量从1 mL/h提高到4 mL/h时,甲醇转化率从67.3%下降至45.0%,同时,CO选择性从1.0%下降至0.5%。这是因为增大入口流量会减少原料的停留时间,从而导致催化剂不能完全处理过量入口原料,最终使甲醇转化率和CO选择性下降。
在直槽道结构催化剂载体的MSR特性研究的基础上,根据反应温度250 ℃和体积流量1~4 mL/h的试验数据构建数值预测模型。同时,基于试验数据和多参数优化对指前因子与活化能进行拟合,结果如表1所示。
将表1中参数作为数值模拟输入参数进行计算,通过对比数值计算结果与试验结果来验证拟合参数的准确性,结果如图7所示。计算结果表明,甲醇转化率的最大偏差出现在1 mL/h的工况点且在5%以内,CO选择性的最大偏差也出现在体积流量为1 mL/h工况点但在0.6%以内。因此,可认为表1中的动力学参数可用于反应温度250 ℃和体积流量1~4 mL/h〔对应空速5 000~20 000 mL/(g⋅h)〕下直槽道结构的MSR性能预测。
将第3.2节获得的数值模型进一步拓展至曲折槽道和螺旋槽道结构的性能预测,比较3种结构在反应温度250 ℃及体积流量1~4 mL/h下的反应性能,结果如图8所示。由图8(a)可以看出,在相同体积流量下,螺旋槽道的甲醇转化率均最高。当体积流量为1 mL/h时,螺旋槽道的甲醇转化率为78.9%,比直槽道高约6%。曲折槽道的甲醇转化率最低,在体积流量为1 mL/h时,甲醇转化率为64.3%,比直槽道低约8%。分析认为很可能是因为曲折结构的槽道在外缘处,而直槽道结构在催化剂载体内部,虽然控制两者的槽道长度和水力直径一致,但曲折槽道的可填充活性组分的面积更少,因此造成了反应性能的使用差异。相比之下,虽然螺旋槽道也存在部分槽道面积不参与反应,但螺旋槽道的二次流动有利于提高化学反应性能,因此其甲醇转化率仍高于直槽道。由图8(b)可以看出,在相同体积流量下,螺旋槽道的CO选择性均最高,在1 mL/h工况下,其值约为2.7%;曲折槽道的CO选择性最低,在1 mL/h工况下,其值约为1.4%,原因是其较低的甲醇转化率导致CO2浓度下降,最终抑制了CO的生成。从计算结果来看,螺旋槽道结构更有利于强化化学反应过程。
为了进一步验证不同3D打印载体结构催化剂的反应性能计算结果,同样在反应温度250 ℃,体积流量2 mL/h(对应空速10 000 mL/g/h)反应条件下对3种3D打印催化剂载体进行初步筛选试验验证,此时的直槽道结构的槽道也和曲折槽道结构一样均设置在外表面处。3种催化剂载体的结构如图9所示。
图10示出温度250 ℃、空速10 000 mL/(g·h)的3种催化剂的甲醇转化率分布。可以看出,在直槽道设置于外侧的情况下,其甲醇转化率最低,约为41.4%。相比之下,螺旋槽道的甲醇转化率仍最高,约为65.8%,与数值计算结果相差3.6%。曲折槽道的甲醇转化率约为54.4%,与数值计算结果相差0.4%。可见,螺旋槽道的甲醇转化率比曲折槽道和直槽道分别高11.4%和24.4%。
由上述分析可知,在控制槽道均在外缘的情况下,螺旋槽道的反应性能仍最好。说明螺旋槽道结构更能促进化学反应过程的传热-流动-传质过程。
(1)螺旋槽道内部流体在离心力和壁面扭转力的作用下会出现明显的二次流动,这大大提高了螺旋槽道的传热性能。此外,由于螺旋槽道的流道转向平滑,其f因子接近于直槽道,因此螺旋槽道的PEC最大,说明螺旋槽道结构的催化剂有利于促进流体的扰动混合,促进能量传递。
(2)基于直槽道进行的MSR试验发现,甲醇转化率和CO选择性均会随温度的上升而提高,随入口流量的增加而下降。在此基础上,提出了MSR反应速率预测模型,模型对甲醇转化率预测值与试验值不超过5%,CO选择性的预测值与试验值不超过0.6%。
(3)通过试验发现,在反应温度250 ℃、空速10 000 mL/(g·h)工况下,螺旋槽道的甲醇转化率为65.8%,曲折槽道的甲醇转化率为54.4%,直槽道为41.4%,说明螺旋槽道结构为最优结构,证明利用3D打印技术改变催化剂载体结构具有强化反应过程的潜力。

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2025年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.007
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-28
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    1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
    2中国科学院 上海高等研究院,上海 201203
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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