Article(id=1319293619505320363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293461287780384, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1748275200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473710180, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1761840000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473710180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473710180, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473710180, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293461287780384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761840000000', pubDateStr='2025-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473672458, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473672458, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=35, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293619668898220, articleId=1319293619505320363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Study on flow characteristics and energy loss mechanism of electric fan for vacuum cleaner, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the energy conversion characteristics of the vacuum cleaner fan,the full‑flow field numerical simulation of the fan flow field under different working conditions was carried out to analyze the flow characteristics.After verification by performance tests,the distribution of the local entropy production rate of the impeller was analyzed based on the entropy production theory.The results indicate that there is an obvious flow impingement at the blade inlet.At the impeller outlet,the mixing of wake and jet increases the velocity gradient and forms a jet wake structure.As the flow rate decreases,large‑scale backflow occurs inside the impeller.Local entropy production is the main factor affecting the energy consumption of the fan.Under the design conditions,the proportion of local entropy production is 59.06%,and the high entropy production area is mainly concentrated at the blade inlet,the suction surface of the blade leading edge and the blade outlet trailing edge.By analyzing the distribution of secondary flow in different annular sections of the impeller,it is found that the secondary flow at the impeller inlet becomes more obvious as the flow rate increases,and the high entropy production areas mostly appear in the regions where secondary flow is generated,indicating that secondary flow is an important factor causing energy loss.

, authors=Wenjing LIU1, Jianping YUAN1, Renzhi HE2, Peng WANG1, Qiaorui SI1, authorsList=Wenjing LIU, Jianping YUAN, Renzhi HE, Peng WANG, Qiaorui SI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiaorui SI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293624098083277, articleId=1319293619505320363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=吸尘器电风机流动特性及能量损失机理研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究吸尘器电风机的能量转换特性,开展了不同工况下风机流场的全流域数值模拟,以进行流动特性分析,经性能测试验证后,基于熵产理论分析了叶轮的局部熵产率的分布情况。研究结果表明:叶片进口处出现明显的流动冲击,在叶轮出口处,尾流和射流混合导致速度梯度增大并形成射流尾迹流结构。随着流量减小,叶轮内部伴随着大尺度的回流现象;局部熵产是影响风机能耗的主要因素,在设计工况下,局部熵产占比为59.06%,高熵产区域主要集中在叶片的进口、叶片前缘吸力面和叶片出口尾缘处;通过分析叶轮不同环面的二次流分布情况,发现随着流量的增大,叶轮进口处的二次涡流更加明显,且高熵产区域大多出现在二次流产生的区域,说明二次涡流是引起能量损失的重要因素。

, authors=刘文静1, 袁建平1, 何仁智2, 王鹏1, 司乔瑞1, authorsList=刘文静, 袁建平, 何仁智, 王鹏, 司乔瑞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=司乔瑞, authorNote=

刘文静(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要从事流体机械内流特性研究工作,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
司乔瑞(1986),男,研究员,博士,主要从事旋转机械流动诱导振动噪声工作,通信地址:212013江苏省镇江市京口区学府路301号江苏大学流体机械工程技术研究中心,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OfTTnuQksM/UB5HngSrXUw==, magXml=AqhCvR3mkkKlFRp0HgeMyA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pAh2ztnjVJaXS5+4bkKI1g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=C6nV0tW0Q5Na5TwXx3TNpg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293624546873813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293619505320363, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17340201505@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293624634954199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293619505320363, authorId=1319293624546873813, language=EN, stringName=Wenjing LIU, firstName=Wenjing, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293624706257368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293619505320363, authorId=1319293624546873813, language=CN, stringName=刘文静, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1江苏大学 流体机械工程技术研究中心,江苏 镇江 212013, bio={"content":"

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(a)吸尘器工作示意  (b)模型结构  (c)流体域

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)Span=0.2(b)Span=0.5(c)Span=0.8

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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(a)0.6Qd(b)0.8Qd(c)1.0Qd

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Key parameters of centrifugal fans

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主要参数参数
流量Qd/(dm3·s-1)24.698
进口真空度/kPa13.67
额定转速n/(r·min-1)37 400
叶轮出口直径D2/mm87
叶轮进口直径D1/mm31
叶片宽度b2/mm8
叶轮叶片数7
导流器叶片数30
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离心风机相关参数

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主要参数参数
流量Qd/(dm3·s-1)24.698
进口真空度/kPa13.67
额定转速n/(r·min-1)37 400
叶轮出口直径D2/mm87
叶轮进口直径D1/mm31
叶片宽度b2/mm8
叶轮叶片数7
导流器叶片数30
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吸尘器电风机流动特性及能量损失机理研究
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刘文静 1 , 袁建平 1 , 何仁智 2 , 王鹏 1 , 司乔瑞 1
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(10): 35-45
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (10) : 35 -45
吸尘器电风机流动特性及能量损失机理研究
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刘文静1 , 袁建平1, 何仁智2, 王鹏1, 司乔瑞1
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学 流体机械工程技术研究中心,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2浙江亿力机电股份有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314100
通讯作者:
司乔瑞(1986),男,研究员,博士,主要从事旋转机械流动诱导振动噪声工作,通信地址:212013江苏省镇江市京口区学府路301号江苏大学流体机械工程技术研究中心,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘文静(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要从事流体机械内流特性研究工作,E-mail:。

Study on flow characteristics and energy loss mechanism of electric fan for vacuum cleaner
Wenjing LIU1 , Jianping YUAN1, Renzhi HE2, Peng WANG1, Qiaorui SI1
Affiliations
  • 1Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China
  • 2Zhejiang Yili Machinery & Electric Co. Ltd.,Jiaxing 314100,China
出版时间: 2025-10-31 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.005
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为探究吸尘器电风机的能量转换特性,开展了不同工况下风机流场的全流域数值模拟,以进行流动特性分析,经性能测试验证后,基于熵产理论分析了叶轮的局部熵产率的分布情况。研究结果表明:叶片进口处出现明显的流动冲击,在叶轮出口处,尾流和射流混合导致速度梯度增大并形成射流尾迹流结构。随着流量减小,叶轮内部伴随着大尺度的回流现象;局部熵产是影响风机能耗的主要因素,在设计工况下,局部熵产占比为59.06%,高熵产区域主要集中在叶片的进口、叶片前缘吸力面和叶片出口尾缘处;通过分析叶轮不同环面的二次流分布情况,发现随着流量的增大,叶轮进口处的二次涡流更加明显,且高熵产区域大多出现在二次流产生的区域,说明二次涡流是引起能量损失的重要因素。

电风机  /  流动特性  /  数值模拟  /  熵产分析

In order to explore the energy conversion characteristics of the vacuum cleaner fan,the full‑flow field numerical simulation of the fan flow field under different working conditions was carried out to analyze the flow characteristics.After verification by performance tests,the distribution of the local entropy production rate of the impeller was analyzed based on the entropy production theory.The results indicate that there is an obvious flow impingement at the blade inlet.At the impeller outlet,the mixing of wake and jet increases the velocity gradient and forms a jet wake structure.As the flow rate decreases,large‑scale backflow occurs inside the impeller.Local entropy production is the main factor affecting the energy consumption of the fan.Under the design conditions,the proportion of local entropy production is 59.06%,and the high entropy production area is mainly concentrated at the blade inlet,the suction surface of the blade leading edge and the blade outlet trailing edge.By analyzing the distribution of secondary flow in different annular sections of the impeller,it is found that the secondary flow at the impeller inlet becomes more obvious as the flow rate increases,and the high entropy production areas mostly appear in the regions where secondary flow is generated,indicating that secondary flow is an important factor causing energy loss.

electric fan  /  flow characteristics  /  numerical simulation  /  entropy generation
刘文静, 袁建平, 何仁智, 王鹏, 司乔瑞. 吸尘器电风机流动特性及能量损失机理研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (10) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.005
Wenjing LIU, Jianping YUAN, Renzhi HE, Peng WANG, Qiaorui SI. Study on flow characteristics and energy loss mechanism of electric fan for vacuum cleaner[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (10) : 35 -45 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.005
随着人们生活水平不断提高,吸尘器得到广泛应用[1-2]。电风机作为吸尘器的核心部件,是一种高速电机驱动的离心风机机组,流道内的不稳定流动是制约产品进口真空度、效率和噪声等核心指标提升的关键。高速旋转叶轮内的流动机理是气动领域研究的热点,开展吸尘器电风机流场特性研究,并揭示其能量损失机理,具有重要学术意义和工程推广价值。
目前,一些学者对离心风机内部流场的研究主要集中在理论分析、试验测试和数值模拟三个方面[3]。HOWARD等[4]使用氢气泡轨迹的可视化技术来观察径向叶轮的流场情况,发现风机内部流动中存在射流-尾迹现象。蒋博彦[5]采用粒子跟踪测速(PIV)的试验和数值模拟方法研究了多翼离心风机在小流量工况下叶道回流、跨叶轮流、间隙泄漏及进气室倒流等流动现象的形成和演变机制,结果表明,在小流量工况下,蜗舌附近的回流趋势显著增强,部分气流逆向贯穿叶道后形成跨叶轮流,最终导致进气室倒流。TAN等[6]通过直接和反向迭代设计方法,设计了三种不同叶片包角的离心式叶轮,认为叶片包角越大,叶轮对流场的控制能力越强,流场更均匀,压力梯度更平缓。ECKARDT[7]采用激光测速仪对高速离心压缩机叶轮内部的速度、流向及湍流强度进行测量,发现在叶轮的径向部分,流场特性与势流理论计算结果基本一致,但在高负荷区域叶轮后半段,出现了明显的流动分离和尾迹发展。近年来,随着计算流体力学(CFD)的发展,采用数值模拟技术来提高离心风机气动性能和揭示内部流动机制得到了广泛研究[8-9]。王昊等[10]通过改变叶片安装角和更换为NACA0012翼型叶片,通过数值模拟分析了不同方案下风机的静压升、效率及内部流动状况,发现两种优化方法均能显著提升风机性能,尤其在中小流量工况下,翼型叶片的效果更为显著,静压提升明显,效率提高近1%。蜗壳壁面压力分布更均匀,流动损失更小。YOUNSI等[11]采用数值模拟方法分析了离心风机叶轮和蜗壳之间的相互作用,发现叶轮与蜗壳之间的相互作用是主要的流动不稳定性源。朱成云等[12]采用CFD技术模拟6HWF-20型离心风机内部流场,通过对风机叶片的进口角度及蜗舌的几何形状和尺寸进行了调整和优化,有效地提升了风机的流动效率和整体性能。NILUGAl等[13]通过数值模拟研究了前向扫掠离心风机蜗壳倒角对性能的影响。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和滑动网格方法,优化了蜗壳倒角比率,发现倒角比率为4.4的配置能显著提高风机的静压和总压系数,平均提升性能约6.3%。熵产分析能直观地反映流体内部不可逆损失发生位置及能耗空间分布,比传统的损失评估更有量化优势。BEJAN等[14]提出了熵产最小化理念,认为单位体积熵产率取决于流场的速度梯度和温度梯度,据此建立了单位体积熵产率的数学模型。段璐等[15]应用雷诺应力模型对旋风分离器内部流场进行数值模拟,分别采用熵产分析法和㶲分析法研究其能耗分布。研究发现,壁面熵产和湍流熵产是能耗主要因素,分别占总熵产的56%以上和38%以上;芯管和排尘口附近区域虽体积小,但熵产占比高,是能耗主要区域。LIN等[16]采用延迟分离涡模拟(DDES)方法,研究了高压涡轮导向叶片中的流动损失及局部熵产分布。从黏性不可逆性和热传递不可逆性两方面分析了损失,发现黏性不可逆性是主要损失源,而不稳定性引起的损失也占据了相当大比例,表明在涡轮设计中需考虑不稳定性影响。LI等[17]基于熵产理论分析了对线性压缩机级联中的不可逆流动损失,发现边界层剪切损失几乎不受入射角影响,而二次流动损失随流动条件显著变化。
以往对风机的研究侧重性能优化,大多通过几何参数匹配获得效率高的方案,缺乏从内部流动的角度进行能量损失分析。本文探索吸尘器电风机全流道数值模拟方法,基于试验验证结果深入分析叶轮中射流尾迹、流动分离等不稳定流动结构,探究了叶轮的局部熵产分布情况,最后结合涡流阐述了高熵产区形成原因,为吸尘器电风机的叶轮设计和优化提供一定的理论依据。
吸尘器电风机模型及计算流体域如图1所示。
研究所涉及的模型是应用于吸尘器的离心风机,其工作原理见图1(a)。由图1(b)可以看出,吸尘器电风机主要包含叶轮、导流器及电机部件。其部件多且结构复杂,为了便于数值模拟,将三维模型中一些不必要的结构和部件进行简化,简化后的几何结构见图1(c)。表1详细列出了叶轮具体几何结构的关键参数。
采用AYSYS ICEM对进口段、叶轮、腔体、导流器、出口段5部分流体域进行网格划分。综合平衡计算速度、网格质量及壁面影响,导流器计算域选用适用性强的四面体非结构网格,其他流体域都选用六面体结构化网格。为了准确捕捉叶片边界层中内部流动的小尺度结构,设置第一层网格高度为0.004 mm,控制其他层网格高度的生长比为1∶2。划分了5组不同数量的网格,对离心风机的设计工况进行数值模拟计算,并对离心风机真空度进行检测分析,用于网格独立性验证。图2示出不同网格数量的计算结果。
由图可知,当网格数达到756万以上时,真空度在14.18 kPa左右,该网格数下网格质量均在0.3以上,叶片壁面数值y+不大于3,符合所选取湍流模型对边界层的要求。因此,最终采用网格数756万进行后续计算,网格细节如图3所示。
吸尘器电风机的流动状态满足连续性方程和动量方程,具体表达式分别如下所示:
∂ρ∂t+∂(ρui)∂xi=0
∂ρui∂t+∂ρuiuj∂xj=-∂p∂xj+∂τij∂xj+∂∂xj(μ∂ui∂xj)
τij表示为:
τij=μ∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi-23μ∂ul∂xlδij
式中,ρ为流质密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;p为流体微团内的压力,Pa;μ为动力黏度,Pa·s。
采用ANSYS CFX进行流场计算,介质为空气,模型选用了结合k-ω和k-ε模型特性的SST湍流模型[18-19]。进口边界条件选定为质量流量,将湍流强度设定为5%,出口条件则采用压力出口形式,其压力值与试验出口保持一致,为标准大气压。叶轮域设置为旋转域,其余为静止域。叶轮叶片及前后盖板等跟随叶轮旋转的壁面设置为旋转面,其他固体壁面均设置为无滑移壁面,选择标准壁面函数计算。动态和静态接口设置为Frozen Rotor模式。
为系统地分析吸尘器电风机内流能量耗散情况,引入熵产理论。熵产理论是热力学第二定律的一种形式,用来描述能量耗散不可逆的过程。其中,瞬态流的局部熵产由两部分组成,一部分是由时间平均速度引起的;另一部分是由脉动速度引起的耗散导致的湍流流动。局部熵产率SPRO[20]可由下列公式计算得到:
SPRO=SPRO,D¯+SPRO,D'
SPRO,D¯=μT2∂u¯∂x2+∂v¯∂y2+∂w¯∂z2+∂u¯∂y+∂v¯∂x2+∂u¯∂z+∂w¯∂x2+∂v¯∂z+∂w¯∂y2
SPRO,D'=μT2∂u'∂x2+∂u'∂x2+∂w'∂z2+∂u'∂y+∂v'∂x2+∂u'∂z+∂w'∂x2+∂v'∂z+∂w'∂y2
式中,μ为流体动力黏度,Pa·s;T为温度,K;u¯,v¯,w¯分别为x,y,z方向上平均速度的分量,m/s;u',v',w'分别为x,y,z方向上脉动速度的分量,m/s。
SPRO,D¯可以通过数值计算直接得到,SPRO,D'则可以根据KOCK等[21]提出的方法计算,表达式如下:
SPRO,D'=βρωkT
式中,β=0.09。
对黏性耗散熵产率和湍流耗散熵产率分别进行体积分,得到:
ΔSPRO,D¯=∫VSPRO,D¯dV
ΔSPRO,D'=∫VSPRO,D'dV
式中,SPRO,D¯为直接耗散熵产,W/K;SPRO,D'为湍流耗散熵产,W/K;V为计算域体积。
熵产率存在较强的壁面效应,根据张翔等[22]提出的壁面摩擦损失的计算方法,壁面耗散熵产ΔSPRO,W可通过积分得到:
ΔSPRO,W=∫Aτ⃗⋅v⃗dAT
式中,τ⃗为壁面切应力,Pa;v⃗为近壁面速度,m/s;A为面积,m2。
整个流体计算域的总熵产ΔSPRO为:
ΔSPRO=ΔSPRO,D¯+ΔSPRO,D'+ΔSPRO,W
为验证数值模拟结果的可靠性,依照IEC 60312规定开展了吸尘器电风机气动性能试验。其中,真空度测试精度为±1%,流量测试精度为±2%,说明试验结果较为准确。试验台测试装置如图4所示,通过调节均压箱进风口上孔板的孔径来改变电风机流量,真空压力计用来测量风机的真空度,工控机控制柜用来控制测试程序自动转换孔板孔径,显示性能参数并生成该离心风机的特性曲线。
电风机的功率P和效率η由以下方程计算得出:
P=UI
η=QhP×100%
式中,U为输入电压,I为输入电流,h为真空度。
试验所测得的输入功率为电功率,因此,效率为整机效率,而数值模拟求解的效率为静压效率,查询该电机说明书,发现电机效率为84%。将整机效率换算成静压效率与数值模拟的效率进行对比验证。
通过模拟计算离心风机真空度h,吸尘器真空度与风机的静压∆pst意义相同,由以下公式计算得到:
h=∆pst=p2+ρ2u22-p1
式中,p2为出口压力能;u2为出口速度;p1为进口压力能。
图5示出离心风机真空度与效率模拟和试验结果的对比。
由图可知,设计工况点下,19 mm孔径对应的24.69 dm3/s流量下风机的效率最高。设计工况点下,测试真空度为13.675 kPa,效率为41.99%;而数值模拟真空度为14.187 kPa,效率为42.86%,最大相对误差分别为5.5%和3.54%。数值模拟与试验曲线变化趋势一致,最大误差小于6%,符合模拟精度要求。
为了更清晰地分析离心风机的能量转换特性,对叶轮内部各表面进行统一定义,如图6所示,流向位置采用无量纲距离SW代表,叶轮入口处SW=0,出口下游TS2面处SW=0.925,叶轮叶片出口面TS1对应SW=0.91,r*=0.92D2;在展向位置方面,同样以无量纲距离进行界定,从叶轮后盖板到前盖板,后盖板Span=0,前盖板Span=1,叶轮中间截面Span=0.5。
图7示出了不同工况下吸尘器电风机叶轮中间截面(Span=0.5)的静压分布特征。
研究发现,在不同流量下,叶轮整体的压力分布趋势基本一致。表现为在叶轮进口处存在静压极小值,在流体沿叶片流动方向,静压逐步升高,在叶轮出口处静压值最大,形成高压区。在1.0Qd工况下,叶轮的7个叶道压力分布均匀。然而,当流量减小时,各叶道压力分布开始出现细微差异,叶轮出口处的高压区面积逐渐扩大,且叶轮内的压力梯度也逐渐增大。说明小流量工况下出现了较为剧烈的流动分离现象,流动损失增大。
图8示出不同流量工况下叶片表面压力分布特征。整体而言,叶片表面压力分布呈现出相对均匀的状态,压力数值沿叶片长度方向呈递增趋势。但在叶片前缘和尾缘区域均出现了压力骤降,这一现象源于流体冲击叶片引发的流动不均。进一步研究发现,流量大小对该压力下降幅度存在显著影响,流量越小,压力下降幅度越大。仔细观察,不同工况下叶片表面的压力分布,主要差异表现在吸力面和压力面的压差上,流量越小压差越小。
图9示出了不同工况下叶轮中间截面的相对速度及其流线分布状况。叶轮流道内的相对速度分布并不均匀,在叶片吸力面附近存在明显流动滞止,甚至出现流动分离现象,部分区域甚至出现回流。随着流量逐步降低,吸力面侧的低压区域不断扩张,速度梯度明显加大,流动滞止区显著增多,致使小流量工况下叶轮内部的流动状态更为复杂,出现大尺度回流现象。特别值得关注的是,随着流量减小,吸力面前缘的低压区域持续增大。这一现象可依据连续性方程进行解释,即流量减小时,轴向速度降低,导致入口流动角度与叶片入口安放角不一致,产生冲角,使得流体向叶片压力面挤压流动,进而引发吸力面侧的边界层分离。在叶轮持续旋转的过程中,这些低能流体微团不断卷吸主流流体,并沿流动方向延伸扩展。与此同时,叶轮出口处,叶片压力面侧的相对速度呈现出大幅提升,形成了明显的射流区域。
为了更深入地对比分析吸尘器电风机叶轮内部速度分布,图10示出了单个流道不同流线的速度分布。L表示流道无量纲化后的弧长,刻度0为压力面,刻度1为吸力面。在SW=0.31处,1.0Qd和0.8Qd工况下叶轮流道内速度均呈现出从叶片压力面到吸力面逐渐增大的现象,在靠近吸力面附近,速度会出现急剧下降的情况,这是因为在靠近吸力面处存在明显的流动分离现象。而在0.6Qd小流量下,0.3L处速度出现剧烈变化,此处开始出现流动不稳定现象。仔细对比不同流量下流线SW=0.595处的相对速度发现,速度曲线变化趋势一致,流动不均匀,随着流量的减小,速度也随之下降,且在叶轮流道内,相对速度沿着流动方向SW逐渐减小,值得注意的是,在L=0.8附近,出现局部低速区,与叶轮入口区相比,低速区向压力面移动。这是因为叶轮入口处的低速流体微团在科氏力的作用下不断发展并往压力面扩散。
在SW=0.88处,可以发现不同工况下速度分布趋势相似,速度于压力面附近均呈递减分布,且下降速率非常大,这表明流体流动处于高度紊乱状态。在L=0.8~1.0区域内,相对速度出现上升的现象,这是源于叶轮流道内大尺度分离涡与出口回流的相互作用而形成不稳定流场特性。从图中可以看出,靠近叶轮出口处流动紊乱。
图11示出了TS2圆周方向上不同工况下的相对速度与径向速度的分布对比。
在1.0Qd工况下,叶轮出口速度呈现非均匀分布,但各流道出口速度分布规律展现出一致性,表现出明显的射流尾迹现象。即在压力面出口附近出现射流区,高速射流与吸力面出口附近的低速流体相互混合,较大速度差导致射流边界处的流体发生剪切,使得周围流体被卷入射流中,进而形成射流尾迹结构。随着流量的减小,相对速度和径向速度也随之减小,值得注意的是,部分流道尾流区的径向速度变为负值,这表明在这些流道的叶轮出口处出现了大尺度的回流现象。除此之外,流道中部从压力面向吸力面过渡的区域同样存在较大的速度梯度,并且在设计工况时,该区域的速度梯度达到最大值。
不同工况下熵产分布如图12所示,可以看出,局部熵产和总熵产都随着流量的增加而增加,说明随着流量的增加,离心风机内部能量损失增加。其中,局部熵产占比较大,在1.0Qd工况下,其熵产占比为59.06%。此外,值得注意的是,在0.6Qd工况下,壁面熵产为0.1477 W/K,而在1.0Qd工况下,壁面熵产为0.15012 W/K,随着流量的增加,壁面熵产损失值几乎不变,表明在各个流量下,主流区域的能量损失是引发离心风机能量损失的主要原因。
图13示出不同流量下叶轮中间截面的熵产率。高熵产率区域主要分布在叶片的进口、叶片前缘吸力面和叶片出口尾缘处区域。随着流量的增大,高熵产区域也随之扩大,与图12风机在不同流量下的总熵产变化规律一致。根据前文分析可知,叶片的进口熵产率大的主要原因在于,叶片进口处出现明显的流动冲击,造成严重的冲击损失,导致叶轮进口处熵产率较大。叶片出口尾缘处熵产率大,可能是流量的增加导致了叶轮出口区域出现明显的射流尾迹,引发尾迹损失,致使流动更加紊乱。仔细对比不同流量下的局部熵产率可以发现,在1.0Qd流量工况下,高熵产区除集中在叶片进口和叶片前缘吸力面外,叶轮中部靠近吸力面处也出现高熵产率区域,表明该处可能存在复杂的不稳定流动结构。
在离心风机叶轮流道中,除存在流动分离、大尺度回流、射流尾迹外,还存在着二次流。图14示出叶轮内部不同环面上的轴向流线分布。
从图可以发现,不同流量下,叶轮不同环面内的二次流分布相似,沿着流动方向在叶轮进口上盖板附近,靠近吸力面处形成垂直于主流的二次流。由图9可知,叶片进口处存在明显的低速区,且该风机为离心式风机,在叶轮进口处流体的速度方向由轴向逐渐变为径向,且在叶轮上盖板边界层形成低速区。当叶轮旋转时,叶面间的流道内存在压差,在主流区中,该压差与质点圆周运动及叶片弯曲形成的离心力相平衡,但在叶轮进口上盖板附近,靠近吸力面区域,由于该区域流速较低,质点惯性不足以平衡叶面间的压差,从而诱发垂直于主流方向的二次涡结构。沿着流动方向,在流道中部二次涡破碎成不完整小涡,强度减弱并被耗散,最终在出口附近几乎没有二次涡出现。
不同工况下叶轮不同环面位置湍动能分布情况如图15所示,湍动能是衡量湍流强度的关键参数。湍流脉动速度越大,湍动能越高,表明流动中的湍流活动越剧烈。从环形截面上可以看出,能量损耗集中分布于叶片吸力面邻近盖板区域,这与流动分离,二次涡流有关。整体来说,湍动能在叶轮进口处强度较大,随着流动方向强度逐渐减弱,但范围有所扩大,且随着流量的减小,湍动能强度也随之减小,与图14对应的速度流线一致。高能耗区主要集中在叶轮叶片进口,冲击损失伴随着二次流损失,影响了叶轮流道内流体的能量交换和传递。
图16示出了不同流量下叶轮的涡结构,涡识别采用Q准则涡流判定法,因此仅选取Q=1.06×107 s-2下的涡核分布进行分析,并采用湍动能对其表面进行着色。从叶轮的涡核分布可以看出,主要流域内的涡流分布均集中于叶轮进口叶片、盖板附近和叶片出口区域。其中,叶轮进口分布一圈环形涡流,其环形涡核分布在盖板内壁面,这是由于流体进入叶轮前,受到叶轮旋转的影响,产生较大离心力,流体拥有较高的周向速度,与盖板发生一定的冲击和摩擦。随着流量的增加,高湍动能的涡核逐渐增多,特别是叶轮进口盖板处,这一现象的出现主要是因为流量的增大,叶轮进口处的二次涡流越明显。结合图13可知,叶轮中高熵产区域大多出现在涡产生的区域,说明涡是引起能量损失的重要因素。
为了探究吸尘器电风机在低流量工况下的能量转换特性,基于熵产生理论和内部流动分析,讨论了不同流量下离心风机的内部能量损失特性。
(1)不同工况下,离心风机叶片载荷分布曲线相似,叶片前缘和尾缘都存在压力陡降的现象,这是由于流体冲击叶片造成的流动不均匀。叶轮流道内相对速度分布不均匀,吸力面侧存在流动滞止和分离现象,尤其在小流量下,流动更为复杂,叶轮中部流道内形成大尺度回流区域,而在叶轮出口处尾流和射流混合形成射流尾迹流结构,随着流量增大,射流尾迹现象越强烈。
(2)随着流量的增加,离心风机内部能量损失随之增加。其中,局部熵产占比较大,在1.0Qd工况下,其熵产占比为59.06%。叶轮内的能量损失主要集中在在叶片的进口、叶片前缘吸力面和叶片出口尾缘处。随着流量的增大,高熵产区域也随之扩大。主要原因在于叶片进口处出现明显的流动冲击,造成严重的冲击损失,导致叶轮进口处熵产率较大,随着流量的增加,进口处的低速流体微团在科氏力的作用下不断沿流向发展扩散,叶轮出口熵产率大,说明尾流和射流混合导致速度梯度增大,形成射流尾迹流结构,出现尾迹损失,致使流动更加紊乱。
(3)离心风机除存在流动分离、大尺度回流,射流尾迹外,还存在着二次涡,在叶轮进口上盖板附近可明显观察到二次流,这是因为在叶片进口靠近上盖板区域是低速区,该处速度小,质点惯性力无法抵消叶面间的压差而形成。Q准则涡识别结果表明,主要涡结构集中分布在叶片进口区、吸力面及叶轮出口区域,与高熵产区相对应,结果表明,漩涡结构的分布是导致能量损失的关键因素。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.10.005
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 修回日期:2025-05-27
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    1江苏大学 流体机械工程技术研究中心,江苏 镇江 212013
    2浙江亿力机电股份有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314100

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司乔瑞(1986),男,研究员,博士,主要从事旋转机械流动诱导振动噪声工作,通信地址:212013江苏省镇江市京口区学府路301号江苏大学流体机械工程技术研究中心,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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