Article(id=1319293573816766497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293383915454866, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=1752508800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473699286, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473699286, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473699286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473699286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293383915454866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473654011, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473654011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=86, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293573988732962, articleId=1319293573816766497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Effect of temperature on sealing performance of metal hard‑sealed triple‑offset butterfly valves, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the sealing failure caused by jamming of metal hard‑sealed triple‑offset butterfly valves during high‑temperature service,a combined method of finite element simulation and experimental verification was used to study the stress and strain distribution of metal hard‑sealed tripleoffset butterfly valves from room temperature to 450 °C.The results show that as the temperature increases from room temperature to 450 °C,the maximum stress of the sealing ring,stress non‑uniformity coefficient,maximum deformation,and minimum deformation increase linearly.Specifically,the maximum stress increases by 175.3%,the stress non‑uniformity coefficient increases by 174.64%,the maximum deformation increases by 131.67%,and the minimum deformation increases by 354.56%,primarily due to the linear correlation between the material properties of the butterfly valve and temperature.The minimum stress and average stress of the sealing ring non‑linearly correlate with temperature,related to the temperature characteristics of the material properties and the sealing structure of the butterfly valve itself.The temperatures at which the minimum stress of the sealing ring is lower than the required specific sealing pressure are 300 °C and 350 °C,and the temperature threshold at which the maximum deformation exceeds 1 mm is 300 °C.When the sealing ring is made of a material with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the valve seat and a comparable elastic modulus,the minimum stress of the sealing ring can be significantly increased and higher than the required specific sealing pressure,while the deformation of the sealing ring can be reduced by 7% to 10%,helping to improve the sealing performance of the butterfly valve above 300 °C.The research results provide a reference for the design of sealing pair structures and the improvement of sealing performance in metal hard‑sealed butterfly valves.

, authors=Yanru XU1, 2, Xinchen ZU1, 2, Jiawen YAO1, 2, Guan WANG1, 2, Le XU2, authorsList=Yanru XU, Xinchen ZU, Jiawen YAO, Guan WANG, Le XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293577696497719, articleId=1319293573816766497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=温度对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀密封性能的影响, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀在高温下服役因卡阻导致密封失效的问题,采用有限元仿真和试验验证相结合的方法,研究了室温到450 ℃范围内金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀的应力、应变分布。结果表明,随着温度从室温升高至450 ℃,密封圈最大应力、应力不均匀系数、最大、最小变形量线性增大,其中,最大应力增加175.3%,应力不均匀系数增大174.64%,最大变形量增大131.67%,最小变形量增大354.56%,主要源于蝶阀材料物性参数与温度线性相关;密封圈最小应力、平均应力与温度呈非线性相关,与材料性质的温度特性、蝶阀自身密封结构有关;密封圈最小应力低于密封必需比压的温度为300,350 ℃,最大变形量大于1 mm的温度阈值为300 ℃;当密封圈采用热膨胀系数低于阀座、且弹性模量相当的材料时,密封圈最小应力可显著提高,且高于必需密封比压,密封圈变形量可降低7%~10%,有助于改善蝶阀在300 ℃以上的密封性能。研究结果为蝶阀的密封副结构设计、金属硬密封蝶阀密封性能改善提供了参考依据。

, authors=徐艳茹1, 2, 祖鑫晨1, 2, 姚嘉文1, 2, 王冠1, 2, 徐乐2, authorsList=徐艳茹, 祖鑫晨, 姚嘉文, 王冠, 徐乐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mmUf39jwhWO/ScnrTQqzqA==, magXml=V8Mm82iBDBdKA1F28oWKEQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/4uYNvQDfXVN5ejtOzfkxQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=pDJDa10dOXmBPT3Gr3Ep5A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293578149482559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yrxu@nxu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293578233368642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, authorId=1319293578149482559, language=EN, stringName=Yanru XU, firstName=Yanru, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Mechanical Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
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徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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(a)蝶阀模型  (b)试样  (c)试样实物

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(a)改进前应力分布  (b)改进前变形分布  (c)改进后应力分布  (d)改进后变形分布

, figureFileSmall=P6HxhYgkfeRegsmSoPIxgA==, figureFileBig=IP0cDe+RTgiblBBHIRnMUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293583207813239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mesh independence verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数最大应力/MPa
291 88326.93
344 78732.50
429 97842.79
488 32344.32
542 31444.53
), ArticleFig(id=1319293583308476536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数最大应力/MPa
291 88326.93
344 78732.50
429 97842.79
488 32344.32
542 31444.53
), ArticleFig(id=1319293583383974009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material physical parameters for sealing ring and valve seat before and after improvement at 300 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密封圈(A351-CF8/19Cr9Ni)
改进前
密封圈(18Cr20Ni5.5Si)
改进后
阀座(A351-CF8/19Cr9Ni)
改进前、后
热膨胀系数/(℃-1)1.77×10-51.64×10-51.77×10-5
弹性模量/Pa1.75×10111.61×10111.75×1011
), ArticleFig(id=1319293583476248698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293573816766497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

300 ℃下密封圈、阀座改进前后材料物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密封圈(A351-CF8/19Cr9Ni)
改进前
密封圈(18Cr20Ni5.5Si)
改进后
阀座(A351-CF8/19Cr9Ni)
改进前、后
热膨胀系数/(℃-1)1.77×10-51.64×10-51.77×10-5
弹性模量/Pa1.75×10111.61×10111.75×1011
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温度对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀密封性能的影响
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徐艳茹 1, 2 , 祖鑫晨 1, 2 , 姚嘉文 1, 2 , 王冠 1, 2 , 徐乐 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(9): 79-86
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (9) : 79 -86
温度对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀密封性能的影响
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徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

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徐艳茹1, 2 , 祖鑫晨1, 2, 姚嘉文1, 2, 王冠1, 2, 徐乐2
作者信息
  • 1宁夏大学 机械工程学院,银川 750021
  • 2六盘山实验室,银川 750000
作者简介:

徐艳茹(1985),女,博士,讲师,主要从事热流体计算的研究,通信地址:750021宁夏回族自治区银川市西夏区贺兰山西路489号宁夏大学机械工程学院,E-mail:。

Effect of temperature on sealing performance of metal hard‑sealed triple‑offset butterfly valves
Yanru XU1, 2 , Xinchen ZU1, 2, Jiawen YAO1, 2, Guan WANG1, 2, Le XU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
  • 2Liupanshan Laboratory,Yinchuan 750000,China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.011
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针对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀在高温下服役因卡阻导致密封失效的问题,采用有限元仿真和试验验证相结合的方法,研究了室温到450 ℃范围内金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀的应力、应变分布。结果表明,随着温度从室温升高至450 ℃,密封圈最大应力、应力不均匀系数、最大、最小变形量线性增大,其中,最大应力增加175.3%,应力不均匀系数增大174.64%,最大变形量增大131.67%,最小变形量增大354.56%,主要源于蝶阀材料物性参数与温度线性相关;密封圈最小应力、平均应力与温度呈非线性相关,与材料性质的温度特性、蝶阀自身密封结构有关;密封圈最小应力低于密封必需比压的温度为300,350 ℃,最大变形量大于1 mm的温度阈值为300 ℃;当密封圈采用热膨胀系数低于阀座、且弹性模量相当的材料时,密封圈最小应力可显著提高,且高于必需密封比压,密封圈变形量可降低7%~10%,有助于改善蝶阀在300 ℃以上的密封性能。研究结果为蝶阀的密封副结构设计、金属硬密封蝶阀密封性能改善提供了参考依据。

金属硬密封  /  蝶阀  /  高温  /  应力不均匀

To address the sealing failure caused by jamming of metal hard‑sealed triple‑offset butterfly valves during high‑temperature service,a combined method of finite element simulation and experimental verification was used to study the stress and strain distribution of metal hard‑sealed tripleoffset butterfly valves from room temperature to 450 °C.The results show that as the temperature increases from room temperature to 450 °C,the maximum stress of the sealing ring,stress non‑uniformity coefficient,maximum deformation,and minimum deformation increase linearly.Specifically,the maximum stress increases by 175.3%,the stress non‑uniformity coefficient increases by 174.64%,the maximum deformation increases by 131.67%,and the minimum deformation increases by 354.56%,primarily due to the linear correlation between the material properties of the butterfly valve and temperature.The minimum stress and average stress of the sealing ring non‑linearly correlate with temperature,related to the temperature characteristics of the material properties and the sealing structure of the butterfly valve itself.The temperatures at which the minimum stress of the sealing ring is lower than the required specific sealing pressure are 300 °C and 350 °C,and the temperature threshold at which the maximum deformation exceeds 1 mm is 300 °C.When the sealing ring is made of a material with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the valve seat and a comparable elastic modulus,the minimum stress of the sealing ring can be significantly increased and higher than the required specific sealing pressure,while the deformation of the sealing ring can be reduced by 7% to 10%,helping to improve the sealing performance of the butterfly valve above 300 °C.The research results provide a reference for the design of sealing pair structures and the improvement of sealing performance in metal hard‑sealed butterfly valves.

metal hard seal  /  butterfly valve  /  high temperature  /  stress non‑uniformity
徐艳茹, 祖鑫晨, 姚嘉文, 王冠, 徐乐. 温度对金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀密封性能的影响. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (9) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.011
Yanru XU, Xinchen ZU, Jiawen YAO, Guan WANG, Le XU. Effect of temperature on sealing performance of metal hard‑sealed triple‑offset butterfly valves[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (9) : 79 -86 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.011
蝶阀,又名翻板阀,通过控制阀板旋转实现节流、断流功能[1]。其中,具有代表性的三偏心蝶阀,依靠阀板密封圈与阀座之间接触面的密封比压实现密封[2-3],可用于高温高压场景。根据工作温度可划分为高温蝶阀(>450 ℃)、中温蝶阀(120~450 ℃)、常温蝶阀(-40~120 ℃)、低温蝶阀(-100~-40 ℃)及超低温蝶阀(<-100 ℃)。中温蝶阀、高温蝶阀常采用密封副两侧均为金属或其他硬质材料制成的金属硬密封结构,以解决蝶阀在高温工况下易失效的问题,提高密封性能,使其广泛用于煤化工、石油化工等领域。
金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀多用于高温、高压差、强腐蚀及强磨损等极端严酷工况,在高温介质作用下金属材料的物理性能、机械性能容易下降。由于密封副材料的热膨胀性,阀门在开启、关闭过程中易发生卡阻,导致密封面磨损、密封性能急剧下降,阀门寿命降低。为了应对高温蝶阀这类问题,许多学者在高温蝶阀密封失效机理、密封结构设计等方面开展了大量的研究。王成龙等[4]通过对蝶阀密封面上的密封比压进行仿真计算,提出用密封配合面间隙评价密封性能的方法。潘永军等[5]对三偏心蝶阀进行热-结构耦合分析,得到在800 ℃下蝶阀的变形位移约为0.16 mm,应力值达到165.6 MPa,在密封圈受力不均匀时会出现变形。LI等[6]利用流固耦合的方法研究了流道内流场分布和阀门各部分的热场分布,发现高温流量控制阀温度较高的部件热变形大于温度较低的部件,并开发了一种阀芯式高温控制阀。WU等[7]发现高温排气阀阀芯与阀座之间的热变形大于配合最大间隙,使得阀芯与阀座之间摩擦力增大,接触面粗糙度增大,从而导致排气阀失效。
在阀门启闭引起的瞬态热冲击方面,李树勋等[8]研究了升温速率对快关蝶阀密封面应力和变形的影响规律,发现升温速率越快,热冲击作用越大,结构所受损伤越大,并揭示了三偏心蝶阀在温度循环载荷作用下的热棘轮效应密封失效机理。黎远航等[9]研究了介质压力、预紧弹簧力、阀座结构参数等对阀座密封结构密封性能的影响,结果表明,弹簧力与最大有效密封压力及无介质压力最大等效应变呈正相关,密封面外径及斜面倾角与最大有效密封压力及无介质压力最大等效应变呈负相关,密封面内径不影响最大有效密封压力。刘纯等[10]为了选取合适的蝶板和阀座材料,保证三偏心蝶阀强度和密封性能,研究了3种不同材料对三偏心蝶阀强度和密封性能的影响,结果表明,合适的蝶板和阀座材料可以增加低密封压力区的密封压力,提高三偏心蝶阀的强度和密封可靠性。MAREK等[11]研究了瞬态工况下蒸汽阀时变和非均匀温度场对金属疲劳过程中局部应力的影响。
上述研究成果揭示了高温下阀门损伤机理,为解决蝶阀在高温下密封性能下降的问题提供了理论基础。此外,众多研究人员也提出了应对高温工况的阀门结构设计。余瑞明等[12]对蝶阀金属阀座、金属密封圈进行独立零部件设计,热应力仿真结果表明,该蝶阀能够实现300 ℃下的双向密封。ASME BPVC.II.D.M-2017标准提出一种防卡滞高温阀结构,通过在阀板轴上设置防卡滞球面,将典型高温阀摩擦副由柱面接触改为线接触,大幅度降低了由高温变形和阀板驱动轴与支撑轴同轴度差导致的卡滞[13]。李霆等[14]提出一种耐高温的发动机用蝶阀,利用螺旋管内循环流动来对阀板进行降温。偶国富等[15]提出一种高温型双向密封蝶阀,利用多偏心结构原理,从设计技术上对阀座密封结构、轴的导向和定位结构、轴套密封结构和填料结构进行创新,实现偏心蝶阀在开启瞬间阀座和阀板密封面完全脱开,关闭瞬间阀座和阀板密封面完全接触,解决高温高压下,阀门泄漏和卡涩问题。
在开启、关闭过程中,高温下密封副发生卡涩问题可归因于高温对密封副材料物理性质和机械性能的影响,尤其是与高温下密封副应力不均紧密相关。为了进一步优化蝶阀密封副结构,提升其高温服役性能,需要分析温度对密封副应力、应变分布的影响规律,确定引起密封副密封性能下降的温度阈值,为通过热变形补偿设计提高密封性能提供策略。为此,本文采用有限元仿真和试验验证的方法,计算了室温到450 ℃范围内金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀的应力、变形分布,分析了温度对蝶阀密封性能的影响,提出通过阀座和密封圈外表面的热变形补偿设计提高蝶阀密封性能的方案。
蝶阀型号为DN350 Class300,其模型如图1所示,主要由阀体、阀杆、阀板及密封圈构成。蝶阀关闭所需要的扭矩为4 380 N·m,入口压力为-0.04 MPa,出口压力为-0.05 MPa。
蝶阀的阀体、密封圈、阀板、压环材料采用A351-CF8(ZG0Cr19Ni9),阀杆、轴套材料采用AISI304(0Cr18Ni9不锈钢)[11]。2种材料的热膨胀系数、导热系数、屈服强度、弹性模量随温度的变化如图2所示。
随着温度从室温增加到450 ℃,2种材料的热膨胀系数、导热系数均线性增加,弹性模量线性减小,屈服强度线性减小。
按照密封比压理论[14-15],要求密封面设计工作密封比压须大于密封面必需比压、小于密封面材料许用比压。必需密封比压计算公式如下:
qm=0.5+0.6pbm
式中,qm为必需密封比压,MPa;p为设计压力,MPa;bm为密封面的接触宽度,mm。
其中,设计压力取0.01 MPa,接触宽度取11.5 mm。通过计算得到密封必需比压qm为0.501 MPa。即密封圈上的应力都要大于0.501 MPa,蝶阀的密封性才能得到保障,同时密封比压要小于材料的屈服强度207 MPa。
对蝶阀几何模型进行简化,删除其圆角和阀板上的螺钉。随后对整体结构进行网格划分。热学模块计算中,阀杆侧与介质的接触面边界条件设置为温度边界,分别设置为22,50,100,150,200,250,300,400,450 ℃。阀体外表面设置为绝热边界。得到的稳态热学计算结果作为温度载荷导入结构计算模型中。
结构计算模型接触设置如下:阀体与密封圈、阀轴接触均设置为摩擦接触,摩擦系数为0.2;密封圈与阀板、压环的接触均设置为绑定接触;阀轴与阀板的接触设置为绑定接触。边界条件设置如下:阀门为关闭状态,设置进口法兰面远端位移约束,对z轴位移、绕x,y,z轴旋转设置为约束条件。流体压力简化为作用在阀板表面、进口法兰内表面的压力,在阀杆外圆柱面施加扭矩为4 380 N·m的载荷,方向为顺时针。
分别对阀体、阀板、密封圈、阀杆进行网格划分,并对密封圈进行网格加密处理。为了验证网格的合理性,对模型进行多次网格划分,并开展结构计算[16-17]。表1列出密封圈最大应力随网格数的变化规律。为兼顾计算精度与成本,选取应力变化小于5%且网格数量较少的网格进行模拟计算,最终确定网格单元数为488 323。划分网格后的蝶阀模型如图3所示。
为了验证数值模型的合理性,开展了相应的验证试验。考虑到加载条件、数据采集的可实现性,开展了模拟试验。
如图4(a)所示,依据相似理论,对原有蝶阀几何尺寸按1∶3.5等比例缩小,同时锥角不变,仍为24°,即得到图4(b)所示试样,其中,上试样代表阀板、密封圈、压环,下试样代表阀座,上下试样的接触面用于模拟密封圈与阀座接触形成的密封面。
材料采用316不锈钢,加工的模拟试样实物如图4(c)所示。为了模拟阀板的受力,将扭矩和介质压力简化为作用在上试样表面的压力。试验中采用应力仪置于试样上部,用于加载压力。依据室温下扭矩为4 380 N·m、压差为0.01 MPa时的仿真蝶阀密封圈应变平均值,对试样应变进行仿真试算,确定试样上表面施加压力为1.3 MPa。
为了测量密封面上应变随温度的变化,开展加热加载试验,试验装置如图5所示。
试样置于保温箱中,支撑于夹具座上,上试样与下试样接触面上预埋应变片,试样表面预埋力值传感器。利用应力仪在上试样表面施加载荷。为了使试样温度分布均匀,采用油浴方式加热试样,采用加热棒加热导热油。受加热方式和应变传感器耐温限制,试验温度范围为室温至140 ℃。温度每间隔20 ℃,采集应变、力值传感器、温度数据,待温度稳定后进行连续5次读数。
图6示出通过蝶阀仿真和模拟试样仿真得到的密封面上22~140 ℃下最小主应变平均值。通过试验得到的应变结果随温度变化的趋势与模拟结果接近。而且蝶阀仿真结果与模拟试样仿真结果接近,说明模拟试样可用于模拟蝶阀在高温下的受力情况。由于试验中存在空气、导热油摩擦阻力,材料差异等,试验应变绝对值低于仿真应变绝对值。并且试验中存在温控误差、材料差异等,导致试验应变随温度变化的斜率绝对值略大于仿真结果。数值模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,说明了数值模型是合理的。
基于3.1节中的蝶阀仿真模型,进行22~450 ℃下蝶阀热应力、热变形计算。为了分析温度对蝶阀密封性能的影响,仅讨论该温度范围内密封圈的应力、变形。各温度下的密封圈应力、变形分布计算结果如图7、图8所示。由于三偏心蝶阀角度偏心的存在,其密封面截面呈椭圆形,在扭矩密封作用下会使密封圈受力不均匀。小径截面直锥面附近的应力较大,分布相对均匀,斜锥面应力均匀性较差。产生这种现象的主要原因是三偏心蝶阀在驱动力矩和介质压力的双重作用下实现密封功能,阀板受力产生的挤压作用使得密封圈与阀座之间的接触更加紧密,而密封圈小径端的受力大于密封圈大径端。
密封圈力学性能随温度的变化如图9所示。随着温度从室温升高到50 ℃,密封面最大接触应力分布在直边面附近,最大变形量分布在斜锥面附近,靠近阀杆两端的密封圈形变量明显小于远离阀杆中心的曲面。随着温度继续升高,密封面最大接触应力位置逐渐由直边面移动到阀杆上端面,最大变形量所处位置由斜锥面移动到阀杆下端面附近。从9(a)(b)可见,随温度升高,密封圈最大应力、最大变形量、最小变形量、应力不均匀系数均增大。这是由于材料热膨胀系数、导热系数、弹性模量等与温度线性相关。而密封圈最小应力、平均应力与温度呈非线性关系,密封圈最小应力随温度先增大后减小再增大,平均应力先减小后增大。这是由于随着温度的升高,密封圈变形逐渐增大,密封圈与阀座的接触面积逐步增大,前者导致应力增大,后者导致应力减小,由于两者增加速度不一致,导致最小应力先增大后减小。
由图9(b)可知,随着温度的升高,密封圈应力不均匀性整体呈增大的趋势。温升导致密封圈受力更加不均匀。结合图7,可以发现斜锥面的小径侧、直边面的大径侧的应力随着温度升高逐渐减小,最小应力覆盖面积逐渐增大。由于密封圈被阀板与密封圈压圈挤压,整体受力不均,密封圈从大径到小径上的接触压力变化梯度较大。
图9(c)表明,随着温度的升高,密封圈变形逐渐增大,这与材料的热膨胀系数随温度升高而增加有关。该结果表明高温引起的材料形变使得密封圈外环面上的接触压力分布梯度增大,大径端与小径端的接触压力变化明显,容易使最小接触应力处不满足密封要求而使密封失效。
当温度低于300 ℃时,密封圈表面上的密封比压满足密封要求。在300,350 ℃下,密封圈最小应力低于必需密封比压。说明密封性能下降,有可能出现泄漏。当温度≥300 ℃时,密封圈的变形量达到1 mm以上,说明在300 ℃以上,密封圈易出现卡阻、黏着、划伤等情况。
由于蝶阀的密封圈会在高温和热冲击下发生变形,导致闭合不紧密,从而影响密封性能,因此,需要对其进行优化。考虑到在高温下阀座内外表面均可进行热膨胀,相比之下,密封圈的热膨胀则受到更多约束,变形量较大,为此,选择比阀座材料热膨胀系数略小的材料作为密封圈的选材,防止材料受热时变形量过大。以300 ℃为例,密封圈的材料选择18Cr20Ni5.5Si,其热膨胀系数较A351-CF8/19Cr9Ni降低7.3%。表2列出300 ℃下,密封圈、阀座改进前后采用的材料物性参数。
密封圈材料改进前后应力、变形分布如图10所示。可以看出,300 ℃下,对比改进前,改进后密封圈最大应力提高25.8%,最小应力提高253.1%,高于必需密封比压,平均应力提高了25.5%,密封圈应力的不均匀系数降低1%,最大变形量降低7.1%,最小变形量降低9.9%。该结果说明通过改进密封圈材料,能够提高密封圈最小应力,从而提高密封性能,有效降低密封圈变形,验证了改进蝶阀选材进行热变形补偿设计的可行性。因此,通过在密封圈与阀门接触侧增加弹性结构,降低密封圈与阀座接触侧的热膨胀性能,可改善300 ℃以上时密封圈的密封性能。
(1)随着温度升高,密封圈最大应力、应力不均匀系数、最大变形量、最小变形量呈线性增大,这源于阀体、密封圈材料的热膨胀系数、弹性模量与温度线性相关。而密封圈最小应力、平均应力与温度呈非线性关系,这不仅与阀门材料的温度相关性有关,还与蝶阀自身密封圈结构有关。
(2)对于阀体、密封圈、阀板、压环采用A351-CF8,阀杆、轴套采用AISI304的情况,密封圈最小应力低于必需密封比压的温度为300,350 ℃,最大变形量达到1 mm以上的温度阈值为300 ℃。
(3)通过改进密封圈选材,使得密封圈的热膨胀性能低于阀座的热膨胀性能,能够提高密封圈的最小应力,降低密封圈的变形量,从而提高蝶阀密封性能。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.011
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
  • 修回日期:2025-07-15
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    1宁夏大学 机械工程学院,银川 750021
    2六盘山实验室,银川 750000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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