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Article(id=1319293405113463206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293383915454866, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1748275200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473659065, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473659065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473659065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473659065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293383915454866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473654011, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473654011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293405260263847, articleId=1319293405113463206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Design and engineering application of polyvinylidene fluoride rotor for centrifugal extractor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To expand the application of multistage series centrifugal extractors in corrosive working conditions，a proposal was made to use polyvinylidene fluoride （PVDF） fluoroplastic to replace conventional metal materials for manufacturing centrifugal rotors.The structural design for molding of centrifugal rotors，molding process and key parameter control，strength check，power calculation，and safety design were analyzed.The CTX350-PVDF centrifugal extractor was developed，performance tests were conducted on it，and it was successfully applied in phenol‑ammonia wastewater engineering.The results show that the performance indicators of the CTX350-PVDF centrifugal extractor meet national standard requirements，with a vibration velocity of 3.4 mm/s under load operation，bearing temperature of 38.6 ℃，and bearing temperature rise of 6.5 ℃；in the phenol‑ammonia wastewater engineering application，it operated well.Through 5‑stage extraction and 3‑stage back‑extraction processes，the extractant was regenerated and recycled，wastewater chemical oxygen demand （COD） was reduced by approximately 89%，and phenol content was reduced to 2 430 mg/L，meeting the requirements of downstream production processes.The research can provide technical support for the promotion and application of centrifugal solvent extraction technology in fields such as waste battery recycling and rare precious metal extraction.

, authors=Bixiao ZHU, Cuilong CHEN, Yi FANG, Tong LYU, Haoyu CHEN, authorsList=Bixiao ZHU, Cuilong CHEN, Yi FANG, Tong LYU, Haoyu CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293408313717178, articleId=1319293405113463206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=离心萃取机聚偏二氟乙烯转子设计与工程应用, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为拓展多级串联离心萃取机在腐蚀性工况场合的应用，提出采用聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）氟塑料替代常规金属材料制造离心转子，分析了离心转子模压成型结构设计、成型工艺及关键参数控制、强度校核、功率计算，以及安全设计，研制出CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机，对其进行了性能测试试验，并成功应用于酚氨废水工程。结果表明，CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机性能指标符合国家标准要求，负荷运转时振动速度为3.4 mm/s，轴承温度为38.6 ℃，轴承温升为6.5 ℃；在酚氨废水工程应用中，运行良好，经5级萃取和3级反萃工艺，萃取剂再生后循环利用，废水化学需氧量（COD）降低约89%，酚含量降低到2 430 mg/L，满足后端生产工艺要求。研究可为离心式溶剂萃取技术在废旧电池回收、稀贵金属提取等领域推广应用提供技术支撑。

, authors=朱碧肖, 陈崔龙, 方毅, 吕彤, 陈皓宇, authorsList=朱碧肖, 陈崔龙, 方毅, 吕彤, 陈皓宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

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朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

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朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

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label=图8, caption=产品性能对比, figureFileSmall=6qmBQ8KFRUPfyIVLpLtAAg==, figureFileBig=u0BO+AiVFkyHyW9cQnO89Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293413669843443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Process flow of centrifugal solvent extraction for phenol‑ammonia wastewater, figureFileSmall=KXLu2DvsvW0FqT3LeBShmA==, figureFileBig=AAIGxcJkxlVKn9Fn8ln+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293413766312436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=CN, label=图9, caption=离心式溶剂萃取酚氨废水工艺流程, figureFileSmall=KXLu2DvsvW0FqT3LeBShmA==, figureFileBig=AAIGxcJkxlVKn9Fn8ln+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293413862781430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Technical parameters of PVDF rotor

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参数数值
转子内直径/mm350
拦液盘内直径/mm210
转子有效高度/mm600
转子壁厚/mm15
有效容积/L25
转速/（r⋅min-1）1 000
分离因数196
混合通量/（m3⋅h-1）8
重相堰板内直径/mm220
分散盘内直径/mm228
分散盘厚度/mm25
), ArticleFig(id=1319293413946667510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PVDF转子技术参数

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参数数值
转子内直径/mm350
拦液盘内直径/mm210
转子有效高度/mm600
转子壁厚/mm15
有效容积/L25
转速/（r⋅min-1）1 000
分离因数196
混合通量/（m3⋅h-1）8
重相堰板内直径/mm220
分散盘内直径/mm228
分散盘厚度/mm25
), ArticleFig(id=1319293414026359287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Performance test data of centrifugal extractor

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项目空运转试验负荷运转试验
通水量/（m3⋅h-1）08.0
振动速度/（mm⋅s-1）1.23.4
环境温度/℃32.132.1
轴承温度/℃37.138.6
轴承温升/℃5.06.5
), ArticleFig(id=1319293414273823224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

离心萃取机性能测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目空运转试验负荷运转试验
通水量/（m3⋅h-1）08.0
振动速度/（mm⋅s-1）1.23.4
环境温度/℃32.132.1
轴承温度/℃37.138.6
轴承温升/℃5.06.5
), ArticleFig(id=1319293415943156217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main component indicators of phenol‑ammonia wastewater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分数值
COD/（mg·L-1）73 000~89 000
挥发酚/（mg·L-1）23 000~32 000
氨氮/（mg·L-1）~12 000
硫化氢/（mg·L-1）~6 600
石油类/（mg·L-1）~950
), ArticleFig(id=1319293416354198011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酚氨废水主要组分指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分数值
COD/（mg·L-1）73 000~89 000
挥发酚/（mg·L-1）23 000~32 000
氨氮/（mg·L-1）~12 000
硫化氢/（mg·L-1）~6 600
石油类/（mg·L-1）~950
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离心萃取机聚偏二氟乙烯转子设计与工程应用
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朱碧肖 , 陈崔龙 , 方毅 , 吕彤 , 陈皓宇
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(9): 29-35
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离心萃取机聚偏二氟乙烯转子设计与工程应用
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[Author(id=1319293408615707071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhubixiao.1990@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293408707981761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, authorId=1319293408615707071, language=EN, stringName=Bixiao ZHU, firstName=Bixiao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Hefei 230031，China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293408770896322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293405113463206, authorId=1319293408615707071, language=CN, stringName=朱碧肖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，合肥 230031, bio={"content":"

朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

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朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

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朱碧肖 , 陈崔龙, 方毅, 吕彤, 陈皓宇
作者信息
  • 合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，合肥 230031
作者简介:

朱碧肖（1990），女，硕士研究生，高级工程师，研究方向为过滤与分离设备设计，通信地址：230031安徽省合肥市长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司，E-mail：。

Design and engineering application of polyvinylidene fluoride rotor for centrifugal extractor
Bixiao ZHU , Cuilong CHEN, Yi FANG, Tong LYU, Haoyu CHEN
Affiliations
  • Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Hefei 230031，China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.005
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摘要
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为拓展多级串联离心萃取机在腐蚀性工况场合的应用，提出采用聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）氟塑料替代常规金属材料制造离心转子，分析了离心转子模压成型结构设计、成型工艺及关键参数控制、强度校核、功率计算，以及安全设计，研制出CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机，对其进行了性能测试试验，并成功应用于酚氨废水工程。结果表明，CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机性能指标符合国家标准要求，负荷运转时振动速度为3.4 mm/s，轴承温度为38.6 ℃，轴承温升为6.5 ℃；在酚氨废水工程应用中，运行良好，经5级萃取和3级反萃工艺，萃取剂再生后循环利用，废水化学需氧量（COD）降低约89%，酚含量降低到2 430 mg/L，满足后端生产工艺要求。研究可为离心式溶剂萃取技术在废旧电池回收、稀贵金属提取等领域推广应用提供技术支撑。

离心萃取  /  聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）转子  /  溶剂萃取  /  酚氨废水

To expand the application of multistage series centrifugal extractors in corrosive working conditions，a proposal was made to use polyvinylidene fluoride （PVDF） fluoroplastic to replace conventional metal materials for manufacturing centrifugal rotors.The structural design for molding of centrifugal rotors，molding process and key parameter control，strength check，power calculation，and safety design were analyzed.The CTX350-PVDF centrifugal extractor was developed，performance tests were conducted on it，and it was successfully applied in phenol‑ammonia wastewater engineering.The results show that the performance indicators of the CTX350-PVDF centrifugal extractor meet national standard requirements，with a vibration velocity of 3.4 mm/s under load operation，bearing temperature of 38.6 ℃，and bearing temperature rise of 6.5 ℃；in the phenol‑ammonia wastewater engineering application，it operated well.Through 5‑stage extraction and 3‑stage back‑extraction processes，the extractant was regenerated and recycled，wastewater chemical oxygen demand （COD） was reduced by approximately 89%，and phenol content was reduced to 2 430 mg/L，meeting the requirements of downstream production processes.The research can provide technical support for the promotion and application of centrifugal solvent extraction technology in fields such as waste battery recycling and rare precious metal extraction.

centrifugal extraction  /  polyvinylidene fluoride （PVDF） rotor  /  solvent extraction  /  phenol‑ammonia wastewater
朱碧肖, 陈崔龙, 方毅, 吕彤, 陈皓宇. 离心萃取机聚偏二氟乙烯转子设计与工程应用. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (9) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.005
Bixiao ZHU, Cuilong CHEN, Yi FANG, Tong LYU, Haoyu CHEN. Design and engineering application of polyvinylidene fluoride rotor for centrifugal extractor[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (9) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.005
正文
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0　引言
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离心式溶剂萃取集混合传质与离心分离功能于一机，能密闭、连续、自动操作，具有萃取效率高、内部相平衡建立速度快、溶剂耗用量少等优点［1］，是溶剂萃取领域技术发展新趋势，应用面越来越广。工程应用中，常面临强酸碱、极性溶剂等腐蚀性工况，钛、哈氏合金、锆合金等金属材料虽能解决腐蚀问题，但设备成本极大，市场难以接受；同时，金属材料自重较大，启动及加速需消耗较大能量，使用成本较高。尤其在几十台甚至几百台设备串联应用场合，如废旧动力电池回收［2］、金属提取［3］、稀土、湿法冶金［4］、同位素富集等领域，设备和使用成本问题突出。因此，设备材料替代研究显得尤为重要。
聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）是一种坚固的热塑性工程塑料，在氟塑料中具有强韧性、低摩擦系数、耐腐蚀、耐老化、耐气候、耐辐照等特点，现已用于制造阀门、容器、紧固件、连接件和膜组件等，加工方法一般有模压成型和注塑成型，比较适合制作内部腔体或流道的构件［5］。王汉利等［6］分析了PVDF的制备、加工工艺和成型方法，对加工生产中产品出现黑点、晶点、变色、流动性、收缩率等进行了详细研究，并提出了解决思路：既要选择合适的原料，又要优化模具设计与注塑工艺。王卫锋等［7］通过制定科学的加工工艺，并控制加工温度、牵引速度等关键工艺参数，成功研制出直径250~400 mm、壁厚4~8 mm大口径PVDF管件。李震［8］对PVDF高温力学性能进行了分析，结果表明，在130 ℃高温环境中，PVDF的拉伸强度有所降低，30~40 d后因受热老化，拉伸强度出现大幅降低。如利用PVDF上述特性研制离心转子，在腐蚀性强、极性溶剂等恶劣工况中替代昂贵耐腐蚀合金，对于降低设备和维护成本、推广离心式溶剂萃取技术具有重要意义。针对上述问题，急需研制一种耐腐蚀、耐极性溶剂功耗小、成本较低的离心萃取设备。
1　离心转子设计
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PVDF在强度、弹性模量、加工性能等方面与工业常用钢材完全不同，不能直接应用常规设计思路和方法，需重新建立计算模型，还要考虑离心力场和流体力学相关影响。
1.1　结构设计
转子为离心萃取机的核心部件，是混合物料实现分相的场所［9］。混合室内完成传质的两相液体，在转子底部抽吸桨形成的泵吸作用下，进入离心转子腔体内部。在上部电机传动下，转子通过高速旋转形成离心力场，混合物料在向转子上部运行过程中，受离心力作用，密度大的重相流向内壁，密度小的轻相流向轴心，实现两相分离。
PVDF离心萃取转子设计结构如图1所示。为便于整体模压成型，结构设计应充分考虑模压成型要求和连接的结构型式［10］。如重相出口和轻相出口流道设计为直通式，便于加工；重相收集腔设计在上部，易于成型。转子整体由转子上盖、转鼓壁、内隔板、分散盘、抽吸桨等组成，其主要技术参数如表1所示。
为快速将进入转子内部的混合物料加速至转子额定转速，降低PVDF表面疏水性的不利影响，转子内部设计有整体成型的内隔板，如图2所示。内隔板数量设计为6个均布，并通过上下物料通道实现隔腔之间的连通。内隔板与鼓壁整体成型也增加了转鼓的强度，同时，内隔板能使物料快速同步到分离转速，可减少转子转速与物料速度不同步导致的功率损耗。
1.2　成型工艺
离心转子结构尺寸较大，PVDF颗粒在模具外熔融，烘箱温度190~230 ℃条件下保持8 h以上，确保颗粒完全熔融；模具预热到220~230 ℃，并在模压过程中保持该温度，压机压力大于6 MPa。PVDF熔融体全部进入模具后，压机压力在6~10 MPa条件下保持8 h。降温过程采用自然冷却方式，模具温度降至30~50 ℃开始脱模，冷却时间12 h以上。经过模压得到的整体成型转子实物如图3所示。
模具结构设计时，要保证闭合处贴合，且压模时，要确保模具完全闭合，以避免在压缩熔融树脂时，过多的树脂流出形成飞边现象。模具内表面采用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）喷雾形成薄膜，防止PVDF树脂粘在模具内壁。
2　转子强度校核
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2.1　环向应力评定
根据GB/T 28695—2012 《离心机转鼓强度计算规范》 ，PVDF氟塑料转子旋转时，鼓壁内的环向应力由空转子旋转时的环向应力和转子内物料离心压力产生的环向应力组成。
空转子旋转时鼓壁内的环向应力σ1计算公式如下：
σ1=qρ1r22ω2×10-6
其中：
ω=2πn60
式中，σ1为空转子旋转时鼓壁内的环向应力，MPa；q为鼓壁开孔引起的表观密度减小系数，取q=1；ρ1为PVDF材料的密度，kg/m3，ρ1=1.8×103 kg/m3；r2为鼓壁平均半径，m，r2=0.182 5 m；ω为角速度，rad/s；n为离心萃取机的转速，r/min，n=1 000 r/min。
对质量均匀的物料载荷，转子内物料离心压力产生的鼓壁环向应力σ2计算公式如下：
σ2=ρ2ω2r1r12-r322δ×10-6
式中，σ2为转子内物料离心压力产生的鼓壁环向应力，MPa；ρ2为物料的密度，kg/m3，以常用密度最大的溶剂氯仿为物料时，ρ2=1.48×103 kg/m3；r1为鼓壁内半径，m，r1=0.175 m；r3为物料环的内半径，m，r3=0.11 m；δ为鼓壁厚度，m，δ=0.015 m。
代入数据计算得到：σ1=0.657 MPa，σ2=1.952 MPa，ω=104.7 rad/s。
转子环向总应力评定公式如下：
σ1+σ2/K≤σ
式中，K为焊缝及开孔系数，PVDF转子为整体模压成型结构，表面不开孔，故取K=1；［σ］为PVDF材料的许用应力，MPa，取其抗拉断裂强度最小值，［σ］=28 MPa。
将数据代入公式（4），公式成立，PVDF转子强度评定为合格。
2.2　模拟分析
因PVDF转子结构体较为复杂，上述环向应力校核未能考虑内部隔板的影响，采用有限元分析进一步验证。
首先利用Ansys软件建立三维模型并进行约束添加和网格划分，为方便计算，网格划分单位尺寸为5 mm，保证沿转子径向划分5层网格，形状不规则部分采用非结构网格，其余部分采用六面体网格，单元数共445806个，划分结果如图4所示。
PVDF转子与主轴连接后，相当于转子中心内筒面施加了固定约束。物料在离心力场作用下，形成环形柱状，对PVDF转子内筒腔体各面产生离心压力，鼓壁处离心压力P按下式计算：
P=12ω2ρ2r12-r32=0.16 MPa
转子内壁均匀施加载荷如图5所示，其等效应力分布云图如图6所示。由图6可以看出，壁厚15 mm、转速1 000 r/min时，转子最大应力约为19.426 MPa，小于PVDF材料的许用应力，满足强度要求。
3　功率计算
收起
与钢制转子相比，PVDF转子因自身重量轻，对电机功率会产生直接影响，电机功率Nm可参照下列公式设计选取，功率估算时轴承摩擦消耗的功率可忽略［11］。
N1=GRt2ω2204gT
式中，N1为转子起动加速消耗的功率，kW；G为转子质量，kg，G=55 kg；Rt为转子外半径，m，Rt=0.19 m；g为重力加速度，m/s2，g=9.8 m/s2；T为转鼓起动时间，s，T=30 s。
N2=λω2QRm2204g
式中，N2为加入转子的物料加速消耗的功率，kW；λ为物料引起的能量损耗系数，取λ=1.1；Q为每秒进入转鼓的物料质量，kg/s，Q=3.28 kg/s；Rm为轻、重相平均半径，m，Rm=0.14 m。
N3=10-3Npρ2n3d5
式中，N3为抽吸桨功率，kW；Np为功率准数，Np=1.4；n为抽吸桨的转速，r/s，n=16.7 r/s；d为搅拌桨直径，m，d=0.14 m。
N4=11.3×10-6ω3HγgRt4+r34
式中，N4为转子及物料与空气摩擦所消耗的功率，kW；H为转子有效高度，m，H=0.6 m；γg为空气的重度，N/m3，γg=1.3 N/m3。
代入数据计算得到，N1=0.363 kW，N2=0.388 kW，N3=0.519 kW和N4=0.015 kW。
起动阶段：
N=N1+N2+N3+N4=1.285 kW
运行阶段：
N'=N2+N3+N4=0.922 kW
根据离心萃取机运行特性以及使用工况，考虑异常停车时的带料启动，电机功率选为3 kW。
4　安全设计
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4.1　防静电设计
物料及溶剂液相运行中的进料冲击、喷射与转子之间的高速摩擦等，均会产生大量静电。溶剂萃取应用中，萃取剂多易燃易爆，如乙酸乙酯、磷酸三丁酯、氯仿、苯类、醇类等。静电如不能及时引走，静电火花的能量超过周围介质的最小点火能量，就会引起爆炸或火灾［12］。如图7所示，转子上盖、外表面上端与壳体内表面形成封闭绝缘空间1，主要承载分离后的重相以及离心形成的气液混合相、平衡气相；转子外表面上端与壳体内表面形成封闭绝缘空间2，转子内表面形成封闭绝缘空间3，是混合物料实现分离的区域，承载轻重混合相以及离心形成的气液混合相；转子外表面中部及下端与壳体内表面形成封闭绝缘空间4，是物料混合传质区域，搅拌、冲击、喷射、飞溅等比较剧烈，是产生静电主要区域，耐腐蚀材料的导电极伸入绝缘空间4内，能将静电有效导走。
导电极多采用耐腐蚀金属如哈氏合金C276、锆材等特种合金，电极直径不小于10 mm，通过截面不小于1.5 mm2的铜芯电线作为接地线，与导电地网紧固连接。
4.2　振动监测
PVDF材质的离心萃取机设计有振动监测传感器，监视设备振动情况，对转子变形等安全隐患预警预防。振动控制仪测量范围0~20 mm/s，频率响应范围5~400 Hz，分辨力0.1 mm/s。安装于壳体下部，振动预警值设置两个，一级预警值范围为8~10 mm/s，二级预警值范围为11~14 mm/s，具体根据PVDF材质离心萃取机规格型号和操作参数进行设定。
5　性能测试
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CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机装配后按JB/T 11095—2011《离心萃取机 技术条件》要求，分别进行空运转试验和以水为物料的负荷运转试验，测试结果如表2所示。结果显示，空运转和负荷运转下各项性能指标均符合标准要求。
CTX350-N型离心萃取机的转子材质为不锈钢，通过对比分析CTX350-PVDF型和CTX350-N型离心萃取机的转速、分离因数等技术参数及振动速度、温升等关键测试指标，如图8所示。可以看出，CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机转速相对CTX350-N型离心萃取机较低，分离因数低，且转子采用PVDF材质，重量减少，转子起动加速消耗的功率较小，配置的电机功率相对较低，同时设备负荷运行时振动速度和温升有所提升。
6　工程应用
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酚氨废水主要来自煤化工，含有挥发酚和不挥发酚、多环芳烃、氨氮等化合物。废水水量大、污染物成分复杂，属高浓度有毒难降解有机工业废水，一直是化工焦化企业面临的难题之一，目前普遍采用溶剂萃取技术进行处理［13-14］。废水首先通过除油除渣工序，除去废水中的油和悬浮物等，然后进入蒸氨塔，除去氨氮；再进入脱酚处理工序，采用离心萃取机多级串联，形成逆流萃取工艺脱除废水中的酚类物质，再通过反萃使萃取剂再生、循环套用［15］。
某酚氨废水主要组分指标如表3所示，处理工艺采用脱酸-脱氨-萃取-反萃-溶剂回收流程，其中萃取段采用5级串联逆流萃取，反萃段采用3级串联逆流反萃，萃取工艺流程如图8所示。
酚类物质回收常用的萃取剂有甲基异丁基甲酮（MIBK）、二异丁基甲酮（DIBK）、异丙醚（DIPE）等［16］，不同的萃取剂对于酚类物质的萃取能力不同，工程应用选用MIBK作为萃取剂。萃取段相比O/A控制在1：（0~4）范围内，酚氨废水为3.5 m3/h，萃取剂为1.17 m3/h，混合通量为4.67 m3/h，因物料腐蚀性，选用CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机。经上述工艺处理后，COD值降低到8 100 mg/L，酚含量降低到2 430 mg/L，满足后端生产工艺要求。通过增加萃取级数，酚含量还能进一步降低。相比传统萃取塔，CTX350-PVDF离心萃取机提高了萃取效率，降低了萃取剂用量，起到增效降耗和增加利润的目的。
某煤焦油加氢项目污水处理场预处理应用中，项目污水主要包括煤焦油加氢装置废水、水煤浆制氢废水、焦化废水、罐区废水、生活污水、酸性汽提废水等，进水pH值5.8~9.1，COD>34 000 mg/L，氨氮<5 000 mg/L，挥发酚7 800 mg/L，石油类1 900~2 100 mg/L，TDS（溶解性固体总量）<3 000 mg/L。采用4级萃取+3级反萃工艺，最终出水COD降低为8 500 mg/L，去除率约75%以上，脱酚余液中酚含量约为163 mg/L，去除率98%左右。运行中，进水中的漂浮物、固体杂质应提前滤去，以免沉积在离心萃取机转子内，导致分相不清及设备异常振动［17］；脱酚余液经重力澄清槽，可对微量夹带的负载溶剂进行回收。
7　结论
收起
（1）PVDF转子结构能够实现直径350~650 mm离心转子制造，不仅保证了转子内部复杂腔型流道，同时提高了转子的强度。
（2）PVDF转子与钢制转子相比，质量减少50%，实现了离心转子轻量化，转子起动加速消耗的功率得以降低，同时提升了设备轴承温升、振动等机械性能。
（3）CTX350-PVDF型离心萃取机性能指标满足JB/T 11095—2011要求，并在工程项目中得到应用，在磷酸铁锂废旧电池回收、稀贵金属提取，以及化工、原料药等领域逐步得到推广应用。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.005
  • 接收时间：2024-12-17
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-17
  • 修回日期：2025-05-27
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