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Article(id=1319293395890192925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293383915454866, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=1752940800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473656865, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473656865, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473656865, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473656865, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293383915454866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473654011, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473654011, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293396049576478, articleId=1319293395890192925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Experimental study on external condensation heat transfer performance of 3D finned aluminum tubes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the commercial demand for replacing copper heat transfer tubes with aluminum tubes in the air conditioning field，a high‑precision single‑tube condensation performance test bench was constructed.Using R134a refrigerant，experimental studies were conducted on the external condensation heat transfer characteristics of ⌀19.05 mm aluminum smooth tubes，aluminum three‑dimensional enhanced （3D） tubes，and copper 3D tubes under varying inlet water temperatures，saturation temperatures，and water flow rates.The condenser performance and cost were compared.The results show that the external condensation heat transfer coefficient of copper 3D tubes is 1.38 times that of aluminum 3D tubes；the external condensation heat transfer coefficient of aluminum 3D tubes is approximately 7.43 times that of aluminum smooth tubes.As the saturation temperature increases，the condensation performance of aluminum 3D tubes also improves.At the same saturation temperature，the external condensation heat transfer coefficient can be fitted as a function of heat flux.Under a heat exchange capacity of 2 227.7 kW，the cost of copper tube condensers is 3.4 times that of aluminum tube condensers.The research results can provide reference for material substitution studies in commercial air conditioning units.

, authors=Yongqiang WU1, Qingxue YUE1, Jiatong JIANG2, authorsList=Yongqiang WU, Qingxue YUE, Jiatong JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293399279190575, articleId=1319293395890192925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=三维翅片铝管管外冷凝传热性能试验研究, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对空调领域用铝传热管替代铜传热管的商业需求，构建了高精度单管冷凝性能试验台。选用R134a制冷剂，在不同进口水温、饱和温度和水流速等条件下，分别对⌀19.05 mm尺寸的铝光管、铝三维强化（3D）管和铜3D管的管外冷凝传热特性进行了试验研究，并对比了冷凝器性能和成本。结果表明：铜3D管的管外冷凝传热系数是铝3D管的1.38倍；铝3D管的管外冷凝传热系数约为铝光管的7.43倍。随着饱和温度的升高，铝3D管的冷凝性能亦升高。在同一饱和温度下，管外冷凝换热系数可被拟合为热流密度的函数。在2 227.7 kW换热量下，铜管冷凝器的成本是铝管冷凝器的3.4倍。研究结果可为商用空调机组的材料替代研究提供参考。

, authors=武永强1, 岳清学1, 姜佳彤2, authorsList=武永强, 岳清学, 姜佳彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

武永强（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事强化传热方面研究，通信地址：519070广东省珠海市香洲区金鸡路120号筑梦园，E-mail：。

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武永强（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事强化传热方面研究，通信地址：519070广东省珠海市香洲区金鸡路120号筑梦园，E-mail：。

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武永强（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事强化传热方面研究，通信地址：519070广东省珠海市香洲区金鸡路120号筑梦园，E-mail：。

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journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黎立新，季建刚，倪海，等.制冷式管壳式冷凝器计算软件研究［J］.流体机械，2007，35（12）：70-75., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1319293408611517060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI L X，JI J G，NI H，et al.Research on the new calculation program of tubular heat exchanger［J］.Fluid Machinery，2007，35（12）：70-75., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319293399874781744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319293399883170353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, companyId=1319293399874781744, 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articleId=1319293395890192925, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Test sample tube type, figureFileSmall=ESnkdGKpkddJRy19GWuPnA==, figureFileBig=SwumzzOZsoJVxVL8FQA0VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293403456717397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=CN, label=图2, caption=测试样管管型

（a）铝光管　　（b）3D管

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Comparison of physical properties of copper andaluminum materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料TP2铜A3003铝合金1060纯铝
密度/（kg⋅m-3）8 9002 7302 730
抗拉强度/MPa230~250140~180100
屈服强度/MPa≥60≥115≥90
导热系数/（W⋅m-1⋅K-1）394190175~190
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404433990243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铜、铝材料物理性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料TP2铜A3003铝合金1060纯铝
密度/（kg⋅m-3）8 9002 7302 730
抗拉强度/MPa230~250140~180100
屈服强度/MPa≥60≥115≥90
导热系数/（W⋅m-1⋅K-1）394190175~190
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404492710500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of measuring instrument

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目测量范围控制精度测量精度
制冷剂温度/℃0~50―≤0.05 ℃
系统压力/kPa0~2 000±1.00≤0.1%
水进、出口水温/℃4~60±0.10≤0.05 ℃
水流量/（m3⋅h-1）0.16~2.83±0.01≤0.5%
34970a型数据采集器——≤0.004%
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404564013669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测量仪表的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目测量范围控制精度测量精度
制冷剂温度/℃0~50―≤0.05 ℃
系统压力/kPa0~2 000±1.00≤0.1%
水进、出口水温/℃4~60±0.10≤0.05 ℃
水流量/（m3⋅h-1）0.16~2.83±0.01≤0.5%
34970a型数据采集器——≤0.004%
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404626928230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Test sample tube specification parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名义外径Do/mm名义内径Di/mmFPI/ 个外翅高λ/mm底壁厚δ/mm内齿高e/mm单重/（kg⋅m-1）
铝光管19.0516.05――1.500―0.225 8
铝3D管19.0515.41440.8260.8930.3660.160 6
铜3D管19.0515.68440.9500.6350.4050.465 0
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404698231399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测试样管尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名义外径Do/mm名义内径Di/mmFPI/ 个外翅高λ/mm底壁厚δ/mm内齿高e/mm单重/（kg⋅m-1）
铝光管19.0516.05――1.500―0.225 8
铝3D管19.0515.41440.8260.8930.3660.160 6
铜3D管19.0515.68440.9500.6350.4050.465 0
), ArticleFig(id=1319293404782117480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293395890192925, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Condenser cost analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管材管数/根管长/m管道质量/kg单价1）/（元⋅kg-1）管总价/元壳体规格钢总重2）/kg钢价3）/元冷凝器总质量/kg总估价/元
铜4513.507348965 326DN7001 34010 7202 07476 046
铝5204.053383311 154DN7001 41611 3281 75422 482
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冷凝器成本分析

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铜4513.507348965 326DN7001 34010 7202 07476 046
铝5204.053383311 154DN7001 41611 3281 75422 482
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三维翅片铝管管外冷凝传热性能试验研究
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武永强 1 , 岳清学 1 , 姜佳彤 2
流体机械 | 试验研究 2025,53(9): 14-20
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流体机械 |试验研究 2025 , 53 (9) : 14 -20
三维翅片铝管管外冷凝传热性能试验研究
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武永强1 , 岳清学1, 姜佳彤2
作者信息
  • 1珠海格力电器股份有限公司，广东 珠海 519070
  • 2上海交通大学 制冷与低温工程研究所，上海 200240
作者简介:

武永强（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要从事强化传热方面研究，通信地址：519070广东省珠海市香洲区金鸡路120号筑梦园，E-mail：。

Experimental study on external condensation heat transfer performance of 3D finned aluminum tubes
Yongqiang WU1 , Qingxue YUE1, Jiatong JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1GREE Electric Appliances Inc. of Zhuhai，Zhuhai 519070，China
  • 2Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics，Shanghai Jiao Tong University，Shanghai 200240，China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.003
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摘要
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针对空调领域用铝传热管替代铜传热管的商业需求，构建了高精度单管冷凝性能试验台。选用R134a制冷剂，在不同进口水温、饱和温度和水流速等条件下，分别对⌀19.05 mm尺寸的铝光管、铝三维强化（3D）管和铜3D管的管外冷凝传热特性进行了试验研究，并对比了冷凝器性能和成本。结果表明：铜3D管的管外冷凝传热系数是铝3D管的1.38倍；铝3D管的管外冷凝传热系数约为铝光管的7.43倍。随着饱和温度的升高，铝3D管的冷凝性能亦升高。在同一饱和温度下，管外冷凝换热系数可被拟合为热流密度的函数。在2 227.7 kW换热量下，铜管冷凝器的成本是铝管冷凝器的3.4倍。研究结果可为商用空调机组的材料替代研究提供参考。

铝管  /  三维翅片  /  冷凝  /  性能  /  降本

To address the commercial demand for replacing copper heat transfer tubes with aluminum tubes in the air conditioning field，a high‑precision single‑tube condensation performance test bench was constructed.Using R134a refrigerant，experimental studies were conducted on the external condensation heat transfer characteristics of ⌀19.05 mm aluminum smooth tubes，aluminum three‑dimensional enhanced （3D） tubes，and copper 3D tubes under varying inlet water temperatures，saturation temperatures，and water flow rates.The condenser performance and cost were compared.The results show that the external condensation heat transfer coefficient of copper 3D tubes is 1.38 times that of aluminum 3D tubes；the external condensation heat transfer coefficient of aluminum 3D tubes is approximately 7.43 times that of aluminum smooth tubes.As the saturation temperature increases，the condensation performance of aluminum 3D tubes also improves.At the same saturation temperature，the external condensation heat transfer coefficient can be fitted as a function of heat flux.Under a heat exchange capacity of 2 227.7 kW，the cost of copper tube condensers is 3.4 times that of aluminum tube condensers.The research results can provide reference for material substitution studies in commercial air conditioning units.

aluminum tube  /  3D fin  /  condensation  /  performance  /  cost reduction
武永强, 岳清学, 姜佳彤. 三维翅片铝管管外冷凝传热性能试验研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (9) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.003
Yongqiang WU, Qingxue YUE, Jiatong JIANG. Experimental study on external condensation heat transfer performance of 3D finned aluminum tubes[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (9) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.003
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0　引言
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在全球铜矿资源日益稀缺的背景下，铜价波动性显著增加，这对空调制造商构成了严峻挑战，迫切需要寻求铜管的替代材料。铝管因其加工工艺和换热性能与铜管最为接近，且铝资源丰富，成为必然之选［1］。此外，铜管加工设备只需稍作改造即可适应铝管加工，这不仅降低了转换成本，也激发了各制造商对铝换热管研究与推广的热情［1］。铜和铝材料的物理性能对比如表1所示。
在家用空调领域，早已开展了“铝代铜”的研究［2］，并有成熟的应用。仲明凯等［3］从物理性能、耐压、耐腐蚀和成本4个方面分析了铝管蒸发器替代铜管蒸发器在空调上的可行性，相同规格的铜、铝管蒸发器换热效率差值在1%以内。陈剑波等［4］对比研究了铜管与铝管翅片式空调冷凝器的性能，并建立了计算模型，发现空调冷凝器中以铝管替代铜管，两者的换热量无明显差异。蔡运亮［5］对比测试了铝和铜内螺纹管，发现蒸发性能方面铜管内表面换热系数比铝管高10%左右，冷凝内表面换热系数铜管比铝管高5%~10%。但是在大型商用空调机组领域中，还未开展“铝代铜”研究。
随着技术的进步，目前大型商用空调机组中已广泛使用铜质高效换热管，其优异的传热特性可减少机组传热管数量，从而使机组尺寸紧凑、能效提升。但是，在铜价居高不下的情况下，这使商用空调机组的成本也大大提升（据统计，铜管用量约占商用空调机组总成本的20%~30%），给空调企业带来巨大的成本压力。因此，各空调厂家亦迫切寻求铜质高效换热管的替代品。
⌀19.05 mm换热管在大型冷水机组中使用较多，尤其是壳管式冷凝器及满液式蒸发器［6］。而冷凝器管外冷凝强化传热的研究重点之一就是管材的选择［7］。因此，本文开发⌀19.05 mm铝三维强化（3D）冷凝管，进行单管管外相变性能试验，分析冷凝传热特性，为商用空调的材料替代、降本等研究提供理论依据。
1　试验装置及设计
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1.1　试验装置
试验台测试系统如图1所示。其中，P为压力传感器，T为温度传感器。试验装置包括上下2个试验筒体。上筒体为冷凝测试筒体，可水平安装冷凝管；下筒体为蒸发筒体，内布置辅助加热管，筒体均长2.5 m。上下筒体的上部与上部、下部与下部分别连通。试验装置包括3个循环回路：测试水循环（虚线，流通冷凝测试样管）、高温水循环（点划线，流通辅助加热管）和制冷剂循环（实线，在上下筒体内自然循环）。测试水和高温水循环回路均具有保温水箱，水箱内有冷却和加热装置，以调节测试水和高温水的温度。水回路上安装有变频水泵，以调节水的流量。
测试水和高温水均有铂电阻测试进、出口水温，同时在各自管道上安装电磁流量计测量循环水流量；筒体上部安装压力传感器测试试验筒体内压力，筒体内设置铂电阻测量筒体内气、液态制冷剂温度。
测试时，蒸发筒体内充注制冷剂并淹没辅助加热管，辅助加热管内流通的高温热水加热管外制冷剂并使其蒸发产生蒸汽；制冷剂蒸汽上升到冷凝筒体被冷凝测试样管冷却为液体，再流回下部蒸发筒体，从而形成制冷剂循环。表2示出试验装置所用测试仪表及其精度。
1.2　测试样管
2根三维强化冷凝管（铝3D管和铜3D管）用来进行测试研究，管内部均具有螺旋梯形内齿用以强化水侧换热，管外也具有相同的锯齿状三维翅型。测试段长度2.5 m，管型如图2所示，尺寸参数如表3所示。其中，FPI指沿管轴线方向每英寸的翅片数。同时，用1根相同尺寸的水平光滑铝管进行对比测试。铝管材质均为A3003，铜管材质为TP2。
1.3　数据处理方法
高效冷凝管管内流通一定温度的测试冷却水，管外是制冷剂蒸汽，通过冷却水将制冷剂蒸汽冷凝为冷凝液。
冷凝管管内换热量Qc的计算公式为：
Qc=mccpTc,out-Tc,in
式中，mc为测试管内冷却水流量，kg/s；cp为水的定压比热容，kJ/（kg⋅K）；Tc,in，Tc,out分别为冷却水的进、出口水温，℃。
冷却水和制冷剂饱和温度间的对数平均温差LMTD为：
LMTD=Tc,out-Tc,inlnTsat-Tc,in/Tsat-Tc,out
式中，Tsat为测试时冷凝饱和温度，℃。
冷凝样管的总传热系数Uo的计算公式如下：
Uo=QcAoLMTD
式中，Ao为测试管管外名义表面积，m2。
总热阻（1/Uo）［8］计算公式如下：
1Uo=1ho+DoDi1hi+Rw+Rf
式中，ho，hi分别为管外和管内冷凝传热系数；Do，Di分别为测试管名义外径和内径，mm；Rw为管壁热阻，m²⋅K/kW；Rf为污垢热阻，m²⋅K/kW。
由于测试前所有测试样管均经过超声波清洗和烘干，可认为管壁是干净的，文中忽略污垢热阻的影响。
管内水侧对流传热系数hi遵循修正的Sieder-tate公式［9］：
Nui=hiDiλi=STCiRei0.8Pri1 /3μiμw0.14
式中，Nui为努塞尔数；λi为管内流体的导热系数，kW/（m·K）；STCi为反映管内换热强化的参数，由Wilson Plot试验方法获得，对于光管一般可认为STCi=0.027；Rei，Pri分别为管内流体在一定温度下的雷诺数及普朗特数；μi为管内流体的动力黏度，Pa·s；μw为壁面温度下流体的动力黏度，Pa·s。
管外冷凝传热系数ho的计算方法如式（6）所示：
ho=1Uo-DoDi1hi-Rw-1
2　试验结果及分析
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2.1　光管管外凝结换热试验校核
首先利用Nusselt模型［10］对制冷剂R134a在光管外的凝结换热进行校核，一般认为该模型对光管外层流膜状冷凝的研究已相当成熟［11］。通过对水平铝光管进行36 ℃饱和温度（Tsat）下的冷凝试验，并将测试的管外冷凝传热系数与Nusselt理论解进行比较，以验证试验装置的准确性。对于直径19.05 mm的铝光管，在冷凝温度Tsat为36 ℃、试验段水流量1.455 m3/h（即光管水流速2.0 m/s）的情况下，管外冷凝传热系数ho随着热流密度的增大而降低，如图3所示。
测试数据与Nusselt理论解趋势一致，这是因为随着热流密度的增大，管外凝结量增大、液膜增厚，导致传热热阻增大、传热系数降低。同时可以看出，测试值与Nusselt理论解的最大偏差为+8.0%，说明两者吻合较好，试验台测试准确。
2.2　给定进口水温温差下管外冷凝性能分析
对1根铝3D管和1根铜3D管分别进行测试。保持测试管进口水温与饱和温度的温差恒定（6 ℃），管内水流速在1~3 m/s范围内变化，饱和温度分别为36，40，45 ℃时的管外冷凝性能如图4所示。随着饱和温度的升高，铝管的管外凝结传热系数亦升高。这是因为随着饱和压力的上升，制冷剂的饱和温度提高，相当于在保持换热管壁面平均温度的同时，增大了壁面过冷度，提高了传热驱动力，从而使管外冷凝传热系数升高［12］。
此外，由图4可知，铜管的冷凝性能高于铝管。在相同的管内水流速下，铜管产生的热流密度更大（23.93~48.21 kW/m2），而铝管的热流密度变化范围在21.49~42.27 kW/m2之间。这是由于铝管导热系数较低，翅片侧面和翅片尖端的温度远高于翅片根部，导致翅片效率降低，使局部凝结温差减小，局部传热速率降低［13-14］。
2.3　给定进口水温下铝3D管管外冷凝性能分析
保持进口水温为30 ℃，管内流速在1~3 m/s范围内变化，分别测试铝3D管在饱和温度36，40，45 ℃，以及铜3D管在36 ℃饱和温度时的换热性能。从图5可以发现，铝3D管冷凝传热性能仍低于铜3D管（原因同2.2节）。另外，随着饱和温度的升高，铝3D管冷凝传热性能逐渐增强。这是由于在相同进口水温下，饱和温度升高导致传热温差增大，换热增强，从而提高了管外冷凝传热性能。同时亦可发现：在相同水流速下，饱和温度越高，换热量越大，所产生的热流密度也越高。在45 ℃饱和温度时，由于热流密度较大，凝结量最大，液膜更厚，导致冷凝传热系数衰减明显。
2.4　不同进口水温下铝3D管管外冷凝性能分析
不同进口水温下铝3D管冷凝传热系数变化如图6所示。从图可以看出，在保持饱和温度36 ℃不变、水流速速1~3 m/s变化、进口水温分别为22，26，28，30 ℃时，铝3D管管外凝结传热性能逐渐降低。这是由于随着进口水温升高而饱和温度不变，传热温差减小，3D管管外换热的热驱动力减小，换热效果减弱，导致冷凝传热系数减小［12］。
此外，在不同进口水温下，冷凝换热系数数据点基本分布在一条曲线上。说明在同一饱和温度下，21.49~95.21 kW/m2的热流密度（q''）范围内，管外凝结换热系数是热流密度的函数，拟合公式为：
ho=13.397q''0.024 78
2.5　给定水流速下铝3D管管外冷凝性能分析
为避免水流速对结果的影响，更直观地观测管外冷凝传热的变化规律，固定管内水流速为2 m/s，分别测试铝3D管在不同饱和温度下、热流密度10~50 kW/m2时的冷凝传热性能，并与铜3D管在36 ℃饱和温度下的传热性能进行对比。从图7可知，在给定流速下，随着热流密度的增大，管外传热性能逐渐降低，铝3D管变化趋势较平缓，铜3D管变化趋势较明显。这是因为铜3D管的导热系数大，翅片效率高，产生的冷凝液量大，液膜增厚更为明显，因此凝结热阻变化也更显著。铜3D管的管外冷凝传热系数高于铝3D管，在相同饱和温度下是铝3D管性能的1.38倍。在管外翅型相同的情况下，这一方面是由于铜3D管外翅片高度略高于铝3D管，传热面积更大；另一方面主要是由于铝3D管导热系数低，导致翅片效率降低，使局部凝结温差减小，局部传热速率降低［13-14］（详见2.2节）。
此外，随着饱和温度的升高，铝管冷凝传热性能逐渐增大，这与2.2节和2.3节的描述一致。3D管的冷凝传热性能远高于光滑管；在36 ℃时，铝3D管管外冷凝传热性能约为铝光管的7.43倍。这是因为3D管管外的三维翅型能很好地刺穿冷凝液膜、增大换热面积、强化冷凝液向下流动、减小液膜热阻，从而增强冷凝传热性能。
2.6　不同水流速下铝3D管管外冷凝性能分析
在保持饱和温度为40 ℃的条件下，分别测试管内水流速为1.5，2.0，2.5 m/s时，铝3D管在热流密度10~50 kW/m2变化范围内的冷凝换热性能。从图8中可以看出，不同水流速下、同一热流密度对应的冷凝传热系数基本接近，随热流密度变化的数据点基本分布在一条曲线上。这表明在同一饱和温度下，管外冷凝传热系数可认为仅是热流密度的函数，管内水流速的影响较小。拟合公式如下：
ho=16.172 9q''-0.024 3
3　换热器成本分析
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以换热量2 227.7 kW的冷凝器为例，水流量383 m3/h，进水温度30 ℃，分别采用文中的铜3D管和铝3D管进行设计计算（不单独设置过冷区），计算方法参见文献［15］。在饱和温度均为36.54 ℃时，其成本分析如表4所示。可以看出，虽然铝3D管冷凝器尺寸大于铜3D管冷凝器，但是铜3D管冷凝器的总重量要超过铝3D管冷凝器319.78 kg；而且总成本远高于铝3D管冷凝器，总估价约为铝3D管冷凝器的3.4倍。
4　结论
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（1）随着热流密度的增大，铝3D管管外冷凝传热性能逐渐降低。随着饱和温度的升高，铝3D管的管外冷凝传热性能亦增高。在同一饱和温度下，铝3D管的管外冷凝传热系数可认为仅随热流密度变化而变化。
（2）在相同饱和温度下，铝3D管的管外冷凝传热系数约为铝光管的7.43倍。这主要是因为3D管管外的三维翅片能有效刺穿冷凝液膜、增大换热面积、强化冷凝液向下流动、减小液膜热阻，从而增强冷凝换热性能。
（3）在相同工况下，铜3D管的管外冷凝传热系数是铝3D管的1.38倍，这主要是因为铜的导热系数高于铝，使翅片效率增大，传热增强。但在2 227.7 kW换热量及相同工况下，铜3D管冷凝器总成本约为铝3D管冷凝器的3.4倍。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.09.003
  • 接收时间：2025-03-03
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-03
  • 修回日期：2025-07-20
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    1珠海格力电器股份有限公司，广东 珠海 519070
    2上海交通大学 制冷与低温工程研究所，上海 200240
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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