Article(id=1319293426277929875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293303430955712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=1748793600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473664110, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473664110, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473664110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473664110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293303430955712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473634822, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473634822, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=68, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293426420536212, articleId=1319293426277929875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Study on the aerodynamic performance of impellers in multi‑wing centrifugal fans of wall‑mounted air conditioning fresh air modules, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problems of high noise and poor acoustic performance in the fresh air system of air conditioners,this study takes the fresh air system of a centrifugal fan for air conditioners as the research object and conducts research and analysis on the layered structure of centrifugal fan blades.Adopting the method combining numerical simulation and orthogonal experiments,the effects of the blade height ratio of upper and lower layers,the offset angle of upper and lower blades,and the number of lower‑layer blades on the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal fan were analyzed.The research results show that the main parameters affecting the flow rate of the fan system,in order of significance,are the blade height ratio,offset angle,and number of blades.By optimizing these impeller structural parameters,the flow field in the flow passages between blades near the rear plate and at the volute bottom can be effectively improved,thereby enhancing the aerodynamic performance.Specifically,when the blade height ratio,offset angle,and number of lower‑layer blades are adjusted to 4.5,3.5°,and 57 respectively,the air volume increases by 6% at the same rotational speed,while the total noise level remains comparable.Furthermore,the low‑frequency broadband noise (0~600 Hz) is reduced by 2.1 dB(A),and the cavity noise is significantly attenuated.The research results can provide a reference for the aerodynamic optimization and noise reduction design of similar fresh air products.

, authors=Xu GAO, Biping LI, Jun XIONG, Zitao WANG, Minghui ZHANG, authorsList=Xu GAO, Biping LI, Jun XIONG, Zitao WANG, Minghui ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293430967161779, articleId=1319293426277929875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=壁挂式空调新风模块多翼离心风机叶轮气动性能研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对空调器新风系统噪声大、音质差等问题,以某款空调离心风机新风系统为研究对象,对离心风叶分层结构展开研究分析。采用数值模拟与正交试验相结合的方法,分析上下层叶片叶高比、上下层叶片错位角及下层叶片数对离心风机气动性能的影响。结果表明,影响风机系统流量的主要参数依次为叶高比、错位角、叶片数,通过优化这些叶轮结构参数,可有效改善后盘叶片叶道及蜗壳底部流场,提升气动性能;将叶高比、错位角及叶片数分别调整至4.5,3.5°和57,同转速下,风量提升6%,噪声总值相当,且低频宽带(0~600 Hz)噪声降低2.1 dB(A),空腔噪声明显减弱。研究结果可为同类新风产品的气动优化与降噪设计提供参考。

, authors=高旭, 李必平, 熊军, 王子涛, 张明慧, authorsList=高旭, 李必平, 熊军, 王子涛, 张明慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WH3F3bZ4r+Jtff1gIIFrCw==, magXml=1PpGWdeRpYrWjGK+mkZslg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=WPLWuF2e97g79BsJesd1ag==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TbhA9nEWt30KH6CZ6p+VWA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293431415952312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xu2.gao@tcl.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293431491449786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, authorId=1319293431415952312, language=EN, stringName=Xu GAO, firstName=Xu, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co.,Ltd.,Zhongshan 528427,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293431566947259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, authorId=1319293431415952312, language=CN, stringName=高旭, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,广东 中山 528427, bio={"content":"

高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

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(a)原型叶轮  (b)优化后叶轮

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(a)原型叶轮  (b)优化叶轮

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(a)原型叶轮  (b)优化后叶轮

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The basic structural parameters of the prototype multi‑wing centrifugal fan impeller

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参数数值
叶轮外径D1/mm132
叶轮内径D2/mm88
叶片数Z53
叶片进口安装角β1/(°)
叶片进口安装角β2/(°)
90
155
), ArticleFig(id=1319293438873424888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原型多翼离心风机叶轮的基本结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
叶轮外径D1/mm132
叶轮内径D2/mm88
叶片数Z53
叶片进口安装角β1/(°)
叶片进口安装角β2/(°)
90
155
), ArticleFig(id=1319293438927950841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The level table of orthogonal test

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水平序号ABC
13.51.5°49
24.53.5°53
35.55.5°57
), ArticleFig(id=1319293438995059706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

因素水平表

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水平序号ABC
13.51.5°49
24.53.5°53
35.55.5°57
), ArticleFig(id=1319293439099917307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The level table of orthogonal test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCQi/(m³⋅h-1)
13.51.54950.6
23.53.55751.8
33.55.55351.2
44.51.55353.1
54.53.55753.6
64.55.54952.7
75.51.55351.9
85.53.54952.6
95.55.55752.3
Xj153.6155.6155.9T=469.8
Yj159.4158157.2
Zj156.8156.2156.7
Rj1.930.80.43
), ArticleFig(id=1319293439167026172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABCQi/(m³⋅h-1)
13.51.54950.6
23.53.55751.8
33.55.55351.2
44.51.55353.1
54.53.55753.6
64.55.54952.7
75.51.55351.9
85.53.54952.6
95.55.55752.3
Xj153.6155.6155.9T=469.8
Yj159.4158157.2
Zj156.8156.2156.7
Rj1.930.80.43
), ArticleFig(id=1319293439234135037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of test data with simulation data

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方案类型风量噪声
原型叶轮仿真1.05―
试验11
优化后叶轮仿真1.1―
试验1.061.005
), ArticleFig(id=1319293439305438206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293426277929875, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验与仿真数据对比

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方案类型风量噪声
原型叶轮仿真1.05―
试验11
优化后叶轮仿真1.1―
试验1.061.005
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壁挂式空调新风模块多翼离心风机叶轮气动性能研究
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高旭 , 李必平 , 熊军 , 王子涛 , 张明慧
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(8): 68-76
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (8) : 68 -76
壁挂式空调新风模块多翼离心风机叶轮气动性能研究
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高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

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高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

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高旭 , 李必平, 熊军, 王子涛, 张明慧
作者信息
  • TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,广东 中山 528427
作者简介:

高旭(1982),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事风机系统设计与新技术研究,通信地址:528427广东省中山市南头大道59号TCL空调器(中山)有限公司,E-mail:。

Study on the aerodynamic performance of impellers in multi‑wing centrifugal fans of wall‑mounted air conditioning fresh air modules
Xu GAO , Biping LI, Jun XIONG, Zitao WANG, Minghui ZHANG
Affiliations
  • TCL Air Conditioner (Zhongshan) Co.,Ltd.,Zhongshan 528427,China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.009
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针对空调器新风系统噪声大、音质差等问题,以某款空调离心风机新风系统为研究对象,对离心风叶分层结构展开研究分析。采用数值模拟与正交试验相结合的方法,分析上下层叶片叶高比、上下层叶片错位角及下层叶片数对离心风机气动性能的影响。结果表明,影响风机系统流量的主要参数依次为叶高比、错位角、叶片数,通过优化这些叶轮结构参数,可有效改善后盘叶片叶道及蜗壳底部流场,提升气动性能;将叶高比、错位角及叶片数分别调整至4.5,3.5°和57,同转速下,风量提升6%,噪声总值相当,且低频宽带(0~600 Hz)噪声降低2.1 dB(A),空腔噪声明显减弱。研究结果可为同类新风产品的气动优化与降噪设计提供参考。

新风模块  /  正交试验  /  双层风叶  /  噪声品质

In view of the problems of high noise and poor acoustic performance in the fresh air system of air conditioners,this study takes the fresh air system of a centrifugal fan for air conditioners as the research object and conducts research and analysis on the layered structure of centrifugal fan blades.Adopting the method combining numerical simulation and orthogonal experiments,the effects of the blade height ratio of upper and lower layers,the offset angle of upper and lower blades,and the number of lower‑layer blades on the aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal fan were analyzed.The research results show that the main parameters affecting the flow rate of the fan system,in order of significance,are the blade height ratio,offset angle,and number of blades.By optimizing these impeller structural parameters,the flow field in the flow passages between blades near the rear plate and at the volute bottom can be effectively improved,thereby enhancing the aerodynamic performance.Specifically,when the blade height ratio,offset angle,and number of lower‑layer blades are adjusted to 4.5,3.5°,and 57 respectively,the air volume increases by 6% at the same rotational speed,while the total noise level remains comparable.Furthermore,the low‑frequency broadband noise (0~600 Hz) is reduced by 2.1 dB(A),and the cavity noise is significantly attenuated.The research results can provide a reference for the aerodynamic optimization and noise reduction design of similar fresh air products.

fresh air module  /  orthogonal experiment  /  double blade  /  noise quality
高旭, 李必平, 熊军, 王子涛, 张明慧. 壁挂式空调新风模块多翼离心风机叶轮气动性能研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (8) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.009
Xu GAO, Biping LI, Jun XIONG, Zitao WANG, Minghui ZHANG. Study on the aerodynamic performance of impellers in multi‑wing centrifugal fans of wall‑mounted air conditioning fresh air modules[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (8) : 68 -76 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.009
新风空调因在传统空调基础上增加了新风模块,可将室外空气经过有效过滤后引导至室内,提升室内新鲜空气含量,而受到广大消费者青睐[1-2]。但新风噪声大、音质差等问题也日益凸显。
在新风空调中,受限于室内机尺寸、零件间的结构装配、新风进风及安装方式等因素限制,离心风机普遍效率低、噪声高。其中,由于整机安装结构限制,风机进风方向普遍为径向转轴向,造成风机内出现较差的轴向进气流动。
在后盘叶片中,由于轴向进气不足,导致气流在后盘叶片叶道内扩压,易发生分离损失,从而获得较低的压力势能,使其抗阻能力降低。在蜗壳底部形成大面积低速区、流动不稳定等现象,易造成蜗舌附近出现大面积回流,且这些不稳定涡流、二次流等回流。在风机旋转作用下与叶轮出口的气流及蜗舌发生周期性的撞击与压力脉动,产生低频振荡或共鸣[3],形成不稳定、不连续的宽频带、低频率特征的“轰轰”空腔噪声。长时期生活或工作在这种环境中,不仅使人烦躁不安,还会严重损害人们的身体健康。
因此,如何在上述层层限制中,设计出高效、低噪声、品质良好的多翼离心风机是家电领域亟待解决的一个技术难题。针对离心风机气动性能的提升和噪声的改善,其优化方向主要包括蜗壳结构改善和风叶结构参数改进。在蜗壳结构改善中,常通过改进蜗壳宽度、蜗壳型线或蜗舌出口等方法;在风叶结构优化中,常通过改变叶片的型式、叶片的安装角度等来提高风机性能[4-5]。在实际工程应用中,考虑到新风平台通用化及精益设计等方面的问题,不改变风机蜗壳。因此,文中重点针对在不改变离心风机蜗壳的情况下,对新风叶轮优化进行研究分析。
叶轮是离心风机中重要的旋转部件,对风机中的能量转换和传递起着重要作用。叶轮的合理设计有利于消除叶道内的涡流,减少叶片间的流动损失并加强叶轮的做功能力,对整个风机的性能至关重要[6-7]。
目前,国内外研究人员对多翼离心风机叶轮的优化设计主要集中在叶片型线、叶片进出口安装角、叶片轮径比、叶片数等方面。对于叶片角度等常规设计参数,王湛[8]通过对双圆弧叶片在不同的圆弧曲率、圆心角和进口角等3个参数相互组合方式下的风机性能进行了研究,分析表明,基于单圆弧叶片优化后的双圆弧叶片的气动性能要优于单圆弧叶片。蒋博彦等[9]通过对单圆弧叶片进行双圆弧改型,研究了加、减速2种双圆弧叶型对风机性能的影响,得出进口安装角匹配不佳的叶片,采用减速型双圆弧叶片可同时提高风机压力和效率。黄宸武等[10]使用正交试验法对空调器用多翼离心风机叶片的出口安装角、进口安装角和轮径比等几个主要设计参数进行了研究,分析得出出口安装角对风机气动性能影响最大。顾媛媛[11]基于双进气离心风机内部流动特性分析,提出沿轴向改变叶轮叶片的进口角及叶片的内径,可优化盖侧叶轮叶片进口处的正冲角并改善叶轮出口速度的不均匀性,减少冲击损失及蜗壳内的二次涡流。
由于传统方法提升幅度有限,相关学者通过局部特征进行优化设计。黄进安等[12]探索采用叶片穿孔设计,并通过设置合理穿孔参数,减少叶片周围涡流脱落,进而使叶片表面压力脉动降低,达到降低风机气动噪声的目的。金听祥等[13]设计了一种具有锯齿形前缘的空调器用离心风机叶片,通过对叶片的改型优化,证明具有锯齿形前缘结构的叶片,不仅能优化风机的风道性能,还能起到节能降噪的作用。焦硕博等[14-15]研究了倾斜叶片对多翼离心风机气动声学性能的影响,结果表明,相较于传统直叶片叶轮,适度的叶片倾斜角度有利于提高风机气动性能,降低风机噪声。吴大转等[16]针对不等距布置叶片对风机气动噪声的影响进行研究,发现叶片分布不均匀度与风机的全压和效率存在强关联性。谢星等[17]通过全面优化离心叶轮的叶片载荷分布、分流叶片的周向位置、前缘轴面流向位置、尾缘倾角及做功比等参数,得出分流叶片周向位置应靠近主叶片的吸力面,且其流向长度不宜过短。刘小民等[18]采用仿生翼形叶片进行优化,能够在不改变风机气动性能的情况下,有效降低风机气动噪声,还能有效降低多翼离心风机的旋转噪声和涡流噪声。此外,还有针对叶轮与蜗壳的交互作用影响进行研究,雷健等[19]通过在蜗壳特定截面之间设置整流片,改善叶轮出口气流大角度转变引起蜗壳出口处的涡旋,以达到降低风机噪声的目的。肖千豪等[20]研究叶片出口角β2、叶轮切割深度H和蜗壳偏移量L这3个参数对多翼离心风机气动性能的影响,结果表明,蜗壳偏移量L对风机气动性能的影响最为显著。蒲晓敏等[21]通过研究蜗壳与叶轮轴向相对位置对多翼离心风机气动性能的影响,得出叶轮出口宽度与蜗壳总宽度的最佳比值,使风机的效率和静压显著提高。
综上所述,离心风机的叶片型线、样式、进出口角,以及对叶片结构的一些特殊处理等,对风机内流场与总体气动效率、噪声性能都有着很大的影响。研究者大多聚焦这些结构参数进行优化设计,而根据工程应用情况,进行离心风机叶片分层参数优化方面的研究尚不充分。因此,本文围绕叶片分层的叶高比、位错角及叶片数,开展优化设计与性能研究,以期为壁挂式空调新风模块离心风机的气动优化与降噪设计提供参考。
由于整机结构装配限制,新风模块安装于空调整机侧面位置,与市面大多新风空调布局一致,如图1所示。
新风模块主要由新风管、进风罩、滤网架、离心风叶、蜗壳等组件构成,如图2所示。其中,在新风滤网架上安装高效HEPA过滤网,进一步实现对室内污浊空气的高效净化。当离心风机启动时,蜗壳内部形成负压,进风罩吸入室外新风。在吸入过程中,首先经过滤网组件进行过滤,净化处理之后,空气被导入蜗壳进行做功,最终,新风通过出风口流出,实现室内外空气的置换。
利用Creo 5.0建立新风模块的三维模型,在各部件实物的基础上,为方便仿真计算,适当简化对风机内流场无明显影响的尖角、圆角、凹槽等,为满足生产制造及精益设计等实际工程应用需求,所有试验方案中叶轮轮毂开孔大小均保持一致。
为方便建立流体域模型及后续的网格划分,新风系统多翼离心风机流体域模型主要由进风罩流体域、叶轮流体域及蜗壳流体域组成,如图3所示[22]。为保证进出风机气流更加接近真实流动,对进口段适当延长一定距离,风机出口采用半球半开放边界,以保证风机蜗壳进出口处流动充分达到稳定状态。
原型叶轮的基本结构参数见表1。
主要流域网格如图4所示,对叶片及各局部特征进行加密处理,由于蜗壳型线和叶轮结构的复杂性,采用分区域划分四面体非结构网格。
为了验证计算所用网格的无关性,分别对比了6组不同网格数下的风机风量Q,结果如图5所示。可以看到,总网格数达到624万时,继续增大网格数对风量变化基本没有影响,波动保持在0.19%内。考虑到计算精度和计算成本,将流体域网格数设置在624万,其中,蜗壳区域网格数为386万,叶轮区域网格数为238万。后续在其余对比仿真方案中,不改变模块无关结构参数、网格划分及边界条件,确保计算的一致性。
结合离心风机在实际运行中的情况,研究采用RNG k-ε湍流模型求解雷诺时均N-S方程,壁面函数采用标准壁面函数处理。风机进出口采用压力进出口边界条件,定义进口的总压为大气压、出口静压为大气压,滤网区域通过多孔介质表示,且根据不同风量下的风阻测试,得到压降与速度关系曲线,并进一步拟合得到惯性阻力系数为3.33,黏性阻力系数为1.75×107。风机转速为1 850 r/min,壁面绝热无滑移。通过控制各变量的收敛精度为10-4,以满足计算要求。定义叶轮流域为旋转区域,选用MRF模型,给定相应的旋转速度。动量方程、湍流动能方程和湍流耗散率方程均为二阶迎风格式,进行新风系统常规工况下风机内部流场模拟。
为了验证模拟仿真的准确性,选用与该模型仿真一致的风机转速1 850 r/min,在风量测试装置进行风量对比测试,风量测试系统主要包括离心风机、多喷嘴组、风室、数据处理系统及辅助风机。其中,在测试系统的进口位置放置测试风机,系统出口处放置辅助风机。在测量风量过程中,通过合理选择不同直径的喷嘴组合,将喷嘴风速稳定控制在20~30 m/s之间,确保数据的准确性。
新风空调的风量测试按照GB/T 1236—2017《工业通风机 用标准化风道性能试验》规定的试验方法,采用体积流量表示,风量测试装置如图6所示。由于新风模块安装在新风空调内部,新风模式测试时,待测样机出口安装在风量台左腔室的进口处,进风管在新风管口处保持1 m水平延伸放置。如图7所示,根据风量台两侧腔室内置的压力传感器、喷嘴、辅助风机等设备,通过不同的喷嘴组合,实现对两侧腔室压差的监控及调节;当腔室两侧压差及喷嘴出风风速在合理范围内,出风口静压恒定为0时,开始进行最大风量的试验数据记录。
在保证蜗壳尺寸不变的情况下,对双层离心叶轮参数进行优化设计。由于双层叶轮是由单层风叶改型而成,且已完成对原单层叶轮的叶片进口安装角、出口安装角、叶片数等参数的优化设计。文中主要针对上下层叶片叶高比、上下层叶片错位角、下层叶片数等结构参数进行研究分析,并分别将其定义为A,B,C因子,每个因子对应3个水平,如表2所示。
针对性分析双层叶轮3个主要参数,在正交试验中确定因素水平的取值,并制定最终的试验方案。
(1)上下层叶片叶高比:由于蜗壳扩压流道为非对称性结构,多翼风机内部流场非常复杂。气流在叶片的前盘、中盘和后盘的流动存在显著差异,在叶轮前盘主要是轴向流动,在中后盘主要是径向流动。通过对叶片轴向高度的合理设计,可有效提高后盘叶片的进气流动效率,改善蜗壳底部存在的涡流、二次流等问题,从而进一步降低风机系统噪声。结合风叶前、中、后盘在轴向流场分布上的显著差异,可以预期上下层叶片叶高比值会对流场结构和噪声表现产生显著影响。为系统考察这一因素,选择3.5,4.5和5.5作为研究水平进行对比分析。
(2)上下层叶片错位角:在多翼离心风机叶片前缘进口处,需要尽量保证气流无冲击地进入叶片流道,即尽量保证气流角度与叶片进口安装角一致,以便气流能够顺畅地流入叶片流道,从而有效降低冲击损失。然而,当两者存在较大角度差异时,气流在进入流道过程中将会遇到显著的阻碍,并且容易引起二次流及流动分离现象。由于位于叶轮后盘的下层叶片轴向进气较差,合理设置与上层叶片错位角度可减少气流对后盘叶片的冲击,提升叶轮效率。单层原型风机叶片数为53,即下层错位角为0°~6.8°。在此基础上,上下层叶片错位角选取1.5°,3.5°,5.5°。
(3)下层叶片数:叶片数较少,气流在叶片流道内的扩压损失会增大;叶片数过多,则会导致气流阻塞[23]。由于上下层风叶轴向进气存在一定差异,下层叶片数合理设计,可有效增加下层叶片的做功效率,使风机系统气动性能提升,鉴于常见的通风设备离心风机叶轮的叶片数实际取值一般为32~64,文中单层原型叶片数为53,下层叶片数选取49,53,57。
以风机出口静压为0时,风机最大体积流量为优化目标,进一步根据L9(33)正交表,列出9种不同叶片参数集正交试验方案,不同方案得到的风机出口流量见表3。其中,T表示所有试验结果的总和,用于后续计算各因素水平的平均指标值。
极差Rj数值大小表明相应因素对指标作用的大小,从表3计算结果可知,叶高比极差最大,说明其水平对风机流量影响最大,为主要因素。结合表中各Rj值,可知RA>RB>RC,即叶高比影响最大,其次为错位角和叶片数。根据表中每列对比结果则有Y1>Z1>X1,Y2>Z2>X2,Y3>Z3>X3,可以确定对应优化因素水平组合为A2B2C3,即对该多翼离心风机,达到最大流量的参数组合为:上下层叶片叶高比为4.5,上下层叶片错位角为3.5°,下层叶片数为57。
根据上文分析结果,以原型叶轮试验数据为基准进行归一化处理后,对比相同转速下优化和原型2种叶轮,如图8所示。
仿真与试验测试得到的风量和噪声数据如表4所示。
结果表明,试验与仿真结果趋势基本一致。试验与仿真最大误差不超过5%,鉴于仿真过程中对模型进行适度简化,并对边界条件进行理想化处理,该误差水平在可接受范围内,因此计算结果的有效性得以保证。经过优化的双层叶轮在叶轮结构外形尺寸一致且噪声相当的前提下,通过试验发现新风量相比原型叶轮方案提升了6%。
图9示出原型叶轮与优化后叶轮下层叶片中,同截面叶道前缘流场分布。原型叶轮在叶道前缘进口处,存在明显的流动分离涡。当上下层叶片形成一定的错位角后,下层叶片的进气状态显著改善,这是由于下层气流角更加接近叶片进口安装角,叶道内部气流流动变得更加顺畅。此外,相近的角度分布可使叶道内的速度分布更加均匀,同时显著改善叶道前缘进口处的流动分离现象,从而有效降低叶轮的涡流噪声。
如图10所示,原型叶轮蜗舌附近出现大面积回流低速区,其中一部分不稳定的回流气体会在蜗壳里随叶轮不停地循环,进一步与蜗舌相互干涉、脉动;靠近蜗舌的低速区气流主流产生分离,形成压力梯度,从而破坏流动稳定性,产生涡流从而使噪声进一步增大。
图11示出原型及优化后叶轮蜗舌附近的扩压段湍动能分布。湍动能越大说明无序的压力脉动程度越大,原型叶轮蜗舌附近出现大面积回流低速区导致此处的湍动能较大,这种不稳定的湍动能作用于蜗壳及蜗舌壁面,会引起周围空气的持续脉动,表现为整个风机系统产生较大的气动噪声。优化后叶轮蜗舌附近的低速回流区及湍动能区域显著改善,气动宽频噪声也得到有效降低。图12示出原型及优化叶轮底盘流场。
从图12可看出,由轮毂包住叶片末端,原型叶轮底盘区域存在的大面积无效低速区、流动不稳定等现象,优化后叶轮中,底盘下的涡流、二次流经风机旋转形成负压后,被吸入下层叶片做功及第二次加压,使整个风机出风效率进一步提升。
图13示出双层叶轮不同下层叶片数湍动能对比。下层叶片数为49时,出口扩压段及蜗舌区域的强湍动能区域均较大,叶片数较少,会使叶道内部流道变宽,气流在叶道内部扩压时易分离,造成较大的流动损失;其次,叶片数较少对流体能量传递有限,压升小且不稳定。增加叶片数可有效增加叶片与流体的接触面积,使气流压升增加,提升出风口气流的抗阻能力,减少回流,降低湍动能,达到降低气动噪声,提升风机效率的目的。
全压是风机性能的一个重要参数,决定了系统克服阻力的大小,进而影响系统的出风量和出风效果。图14示出原型叶轮与优化后叶轮下层叶片叶中位置的全压分布。
在风机内部流道内,全压沿流动扩压方向逐渐升高,高压区主要集中在蜗壳出口附近。与原型叶轮相比,优化后叶轮出口的全压更高、分布更均匀,压升过程更稳定,出口平均全压提升约15 Pa,进一步表明叶轮的做功能力明显增强。且优化后叶轮在下层风叶与蜗壳间隙形成稳定强负压区,负压低于原型叶轮,有利于将蜗壳底部的二次流等重新吸收,并再次流入下层叶片叶道做功。优化后叶轮进入叶轮流道内的流量更大,风机系统气动性能进一步提升。
将麦克风放置于测试样机的右侧,调节麦克风高度使其略低于出风口,以防止出风对试验的干扰。进行对比试验时,只更换对比所用叶轮,其余安装位置、麦克风与样机相对位置高度等参数均保持一致。
根据涡声理论,涡旋是风机内部的主要噪声源,不稳定湍流及低速回流导致的流动分离都会产生涡旋[24]。因此,减少或抑制风机内部的涡旋是降低噪声的有效方法之一。
如图15所示,在低频段0~600 Hz,优化后叶轮同比原型叶轮噪声值降低2.1 dB(A),有效降低低频段的噪声值,而中频段的噪声值无明显变化,进一步验证前文所述的因回流与蜗舌脉动产生的低频振荡或共鸣等问题得到改善。
(1)上下层叶高比对离心风机气动性能的影响最大,其次是错位角和叶片数,最佳水平组合为上下层叶片叶高比值为4.5,上下层叶片错位角为3.5°,下层叶片数为57。
(2)优化后叶轮叶道内部及蜗壳附近低速回流区和涡旋区明显改善,出口全压分布更加均匀且稳定。整体而言,出口平均全压提升约15 Pa,进一步验证了风叶做功能力明显增强。
(3)优化后双层离心叶轮结构,将叶高比、错位角及叶片数分别调整至4.5,3.5°和57,同转速下,风量提升6%,噪声总值相当,低频段0~600 Hz噪声降低2.1 dB(A),空腔噪声明显减弱。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.009
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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