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Article(id=1319293384905306321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293303430955712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735920000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-04, revisedDate=1745942400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473654246, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473654246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473654246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473654246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293303430955712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473634822, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473634822, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293385073078482, articleId=1319293384905306321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Experimental study on heat transfer and frost layer distribution characteristics of finned tube evaporator for air‑cooled refrigerator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problems of reduced air flow area，increased heat transfer resistance，and higher refrigerator energy consumption caused by frosting on the evaporator surface，a frosting test platform for evaporators with vertical air ducts was built，and an experimental study was conducted on the distribution characteristics of the frost layer on the evaporator surface along the air flow direction.The frost layer thickness at different times was measured in zones using a timed imaging device，and the average density and average thermal conductivity of the frost layer on the evaporator surface were calculated.The experimental results show that when the inlet coolant temperature is decreased from -15 ℃ to -20 ℃，the difference in blockage rate between Zone 4 and Zone 5 is only 8%，and a lower cold surface temperature is beneficial to the uniform distribution of the frost layer.When the relative humidity increases from 75% to 85%，the average blockage rate increases by 9.4%~55.7%.An increase in relative humidity significantly promotes the growth of the frost layer.Based on the three stages of flat‑plate frosting，the changes in thermal conductivity and frost layer density over time are divided into three stages：rapid growth period，uniform growth period，and stable period.In the late frosting period，the average density is concentrated in the range of 250~300 kg/m³，and the average thermal conductivity is in the range of 0.25~0.30 W/（m·K），with an overall trend of first increasing and then stabilizing.The research conclusions can provide theoretical support for the optimal design of heat exchangers in air‑cooled refrigerators.

, authors=Tengfei SUN, Gang YAN, Qi CHEN, authorsList=Tengfei SUN, Gang YAN, Qi CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293387522552041, articleId=1319293384905306321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=风冷冰箱翅片管蒸发器传热及霜层分布特性试验研究, columnId=1317484286475883136, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对蒸发器表面结霜造成空气流通面积减少，换热热阻和冰箱能耗增加的问题，搭建了竖直风道的蒸发器结霜测试平台，对蒸发器表面霜层沿空气流动方向的分布特性进行试验研究。采用定时拍摄装置分区测量了不同时间的霜层厚度，并计算了蒸发器表面平均霜层密度、平均导热系数。结果表明，当进口冷却液温度从-15 ℃降低至-20 ℃，区域4和区域5的堵塞率差异仅为8%，更低的冷表面温度有利于霜层的均匀分布；当相对湿度从75%增加到85%，平均堵塞率分别增大9.4%~55.7%。相对湿度的增大显著促进了霜层的增长；根据平板结霜的3个阶段，将导热系数、霜层密度随时间的变化分成急速生长期、匀速增长期、稳定期3个阶段；在结霜后期，平均密度均集中在250~300 kg/m3，平均热导率在0.25~0.30 W/（m⋅K）之间，整体呈现先上升后稳定的趋势。研究结论可为风冷冰箱换热器的优化设计提供理论支撑。

, authors=孙藤翡, 晏刚, 陈旗, authorsList=孙藤翡, 晏刚, 陈旗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈旗, authorNote=

孙藤翡（1998），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为冰箱蒸发器结霜实验及仿真，E-mail：。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈旗（1990），男，副教授，研究方向为制冷与空调节能新技术及热泵技术等，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，E-mail：。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用，则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊，本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mhGqgy1oSFb7eqGWmQiyIQ==, magXml=zINHEX+D3dzz2fVGUGP2AQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bRTyhVvcbXuQVpEEylOCtQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=X3CwdaeZ38hnKeQ2v2uwoA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293387862290670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=s1256879467@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293387937788144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, authorId=1319293387862290670, language=EN, stringName=Tengfei SUN, firstName=Tengfei, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Energy and Power Engineering，Xi'an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710049，China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293388034257137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, authorId=1319293387862290670, language=CN, stringName=孙藤翡, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院，西安 710049, bio={"content":"

孙藤翡（1998），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为冰箱蒸发器结霜实验及仿真，E-mail：。

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孙藤翡（1998），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为冰箱蒸发器结霜实验及仿真，E-mail：。

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difference and air velocity［J］.Case Studies in Thermal Engineering，2023，45：102922., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319293387753238762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319293387761627371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, companyId=1319293387753238762, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Power Engineering，Xi'an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710049，China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319293387774210284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, companyId=1319293387753238762, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院，西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319293389737144584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental system for frosting characteristics of fin‑and‑tube evaporators in air‑cooled refrigerators, figureFileSmall=eCzk4rMWH8wgidQei1WmMw==, figureFileBig=bRTyhVvcbXuQVpEEylOCtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293389808447753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风冷冰箱翅片管蒸发器结霜特性试验系统, figureFileSmall=eCzk4rMWH8wgidQei1WmMw==, figureFileBig=bRTyhVvcbXuQVpEEylOCtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390047523082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Region division of evaporator based on fin of finned tube evaporator, figureFileSmall=FRQy2TCbKxFLpa+A7HPqLw==, figureFileBig=/XYkIbq9F1xa8G98bkksbA==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of humidity on frost blockage rate, figureFileSmall=vgvJgIupIMxBcV0ZPSTJXA==, figureFileBig=ITLx727yWw9KX9IQevDKgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390466953487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图4, caption=湿度对结霜堵塞率的影响, figureFileSmall=vgvJgIupIMxBcV0ZPSTJXA==, figureFileBig=ITLx727yWw9KX9IQevDKgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390559228176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of volecity on frost blockage rate, figureFileSmall=IQAGJmOG/gsxTgEUKe1f1g==, figureFileBig=Hxf+ji8N9Bk+eFcNL2+bHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390638919953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图5, caption=风速对霜层堵塞率的影响, figureFileSmall=IQAGJmOG/gsxTgEUKe1f1g==, figureFileBig=Hxf+ji8N9Bk+eFcNL2+bHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390727000338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of coolant inlet temperature on frost blockage rate, figureFileSmall=+Jt31I/3YzjPDQvYWpaphw==, figureFileBig=/MEAe3Xhti0tKpPCaBJfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390794109203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图6, caption=冷却液进口温度对霜层堵塞率的影响, figureFileSmall=+Jt31I/3YzjPDQvYWpaphw==, figureFileBig=/MEAe3Xhti0tKpPCaBJfrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390873800980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Frosting of finned tube units with different fin pitch, figureFileSmall=idinKVWzsortnENITrVWBQ==, figureFileBig=LNbWlX7wU2tKMaD5y6CvIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293390970269973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同区域结霜情况, figureFileSmall=idinKVWzsortnENITrVWBQ==, figureFileBig=LNbWlX7wU2tKMaD5y6CvIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391062544662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of air inlet humidity on the frosting characteristics of finned tube heat exchangers, figureFileSmall=1DP1fS2FlQxjMY6xsCsEzA==, figureFileBig=+vwYYOXOuevJKcn6q47SUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391129653527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图8, caption=空气进口湿度对翅片管换热器结霜特性的影响, figureFileSmall=1DP1fS2FlQxjMY6xsCsEzA==, figureFileBig=+vwYYOXOuevJKcn6q47SUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391188373784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of initial air inlet velocity on the frosting characteristics of finned tube heat exchangers, figureFileSmall=BEtFb8IeZaIEMUWn8Q4xig==, figureFileBig=YDujL5ff6RV4mTUWGRnB8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391238705433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图9, caption=空气初始进口风速对翅片管换热器结霜特性的影响, figureFileSmall=BEtFb8IeZaIEMUWn8Q4xig==, figureFileBig=YDujL5ff6RV4mTUWGRnB8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391305814298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of coolant inlet temperature on the frosting characteristics of finned‑tube heat exchanger at a relative humidity of 75%, figureFileSmall=sExFWP9v7jcxeGsaaaIY7Q==, figureFileBig=FwJrXvFviVFGoJ/yI9lQ3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391368728859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图10, caption=相对湿度为75%时冷却液的进口温度对翅片管换热器换热量的影响, figureFileSmall=sExFWP9v7jcxeGsaaaIY7Q==, figureFileBig=FwJrXvFviVFGoJ/yI9lQ3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391431643420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Changes in thermal conductivity and density over time, figureFileSmall=Gq3xSKWkLSu2isXm390M0A==, figureFileBig=2cjmfwCuzakeAOuPmoFRHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391502946589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=图11, caption=导热系数、密度随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=Gq3xSKWkLSu2isXm390M0A==, figureFileBig=2cjmfwCuzakeAOuPmoFRHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293391574249758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dimensions of the duct structure

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部件尺寸/(cm×cm×cm)
进口段50×8×40
测试段50×8×60
出口段50×8×60
整流段50×50×60
), ArticleFig(id=1319293391645552927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风道结构尺寸

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部件尺寸/(cm×cm×cm)
进口段50×8×40
测试段50×8×60
出口段50×8×60
整流段50×50×60
), ArticleFig(id=1319293391708467488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Experimental instruments

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仪表型号精度
温湿度传感器（温度）±0.8 ℃
温湿度传感器（湿度）±3%
压差传感器±1%(0~250 Pa)
超细热电偶±0.2 ℃
体积流量计±0.5%(0.2~3 m3/h)
热线风速仪0.03 m/s±4%测量值
), ArticleFig(id=1319293391775576353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验仪器

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仪表型号精度
温湿度传感器（温度）±0.8 ℃
温湿度传感器（湿度）±3%
压差传感器±1%(0~250 Pa)
超细热电偶±0.2 ℃
体积流量计±0.5%(0.2~3 m3/h)
热线风速仪0.03 m/s±4%测量值
), ArticleFig(id=1319293391859462434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Structural parameters of heat exchanger fin‑and‑tube components

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结构尺寸
每排管长度460
管外径8
翅片宽度50
翅片厚度0.15
翅片间距7.5,15,30
管纵向间距12.7
), ArticleFig(id=1319293391955931427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

换热器翅片管结构参数

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结构尺寸
每排管长度460
管外径8
翅片宽度50
翅片厚度0.15
翅片间距7.5,15,30
管纵向间距12.7
), ArticleFig(id=1319293392064983332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test condition for blockage rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况冷却液入口温度/℃进口风速/（m⋅s-1）进口相对
湿度/%
1-150.575
2-150.585
3-151.085
4-201.085
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堵塞率研究工况

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工况冷却液入口温度/℃进口风速/（m⋅s-1）进口相对
湿度/%
1-150.575
2-150.585
3-151.085
4-201.085
), ArticleFig(id=1319293392236949798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Test condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号冷却液进口温度/℃相对湿度/%进口风速/(m⋅s-1)
1-20851.0
2-20850.5
3-15851.0
4-15850.5
5-20751.0
6-15751.0
7-15750.5
8-5750.5
9-15651.0
10-15650.5
), ArticleFig(id=1319293392304058663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293384905306321, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号冷却液进口温度/℃相对湿度/%进口风速/(m⋅s-1)
1-20851.0
2-20850.5
3-15851.0
4-15850.5
5-20751.0
6-15751.0
7-15750.5
8-5750.5
9-15651.0
10-15650.5
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风冷冰箱翅片管蒸发器传热及霜层分布特性试验研究
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孙藤翡 , 晏刚 , 陈旗
流体机械 | 试验研究 2025,53(8): 1-9
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流体机械 |试验研究 2025 , 53 (8) : 1 -9
风冷冰箱翅片管蒸发器传热及霜层分布特性试验研究
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孙藤翡（1998），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为冰箱蒸发器结霜实验及仿真，E-mail：。

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孙藤翡 , 晏刚, 陈旗
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院，西安 710049
通讯作者:
陈旗（1990），男，副教授，研究方向为制冷与空调节能新技术及热泵技术等，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，E-mail：。
作者简介:

孙藤翡（1998），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为冰箱蒸发器结霜实验及仿真，E-mail：。

Experimental study on heat transfer and frost layer distribution characteristics of finned tube evaporator for air‑cooled refrigerator
Tengfei SUN , Gang YAN, Qi CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering，Xi'an Jiaotong University，Xi'an 710049，China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001
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摘要
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针对蒸发器表面结霜造成空气流通面积减少，换热热阻和冰箱能耗增加的问题，搭建了竖直风道的蒸发器结霜测试平台，对蒸发器表面霜层沿空气流动方向的分布特性进行试验研究。采用定时拍摄装置分区测量了不同时间的霜层厚度，并计算了蒸发器表面平均霜层密度、平均导热系数。结果表明，当进口冷却液温度从-15 ℃降低至-20 ℃，区域4和区域5的堵塞率差异仅为8%，更低的冷表面温度有利于霜层的均匀分布；当相对湿度从75%增加到85%，平均堵塞率分别增大9.4%~55.7%。相对湿度的增大显著促进了霜层的增长；根据平板结霜的3个阶段，将导热系数、霜层密度随时间的变化分成急速生长期、匀速增长期、稳定期3个阶段；在结霜后期，平均密度均集中在250~300 kg/m3，平均热导率在0.25~0.30 W/（m⋅K）之间，整体呈现先上升后稳定的趋势。研究结论可为风冷冰箱换热器的优化设计提供理论支撑。

风冷冰箱  /  蒸发器结霜  /  霜层分布  /  换热特性  /  霜层物性参数  /  霜堵

In order to solve the problems of reduced air flow area，increased heat transfer resistance，and higher refrigerator energy consumption caused by frosting on the evaporator surface，a frosting test platform for evaporators with vertical air ducts was built，and an experimental study was conducted on the distribution characteristics of the frost layer on the evaporator surface along the air flow direction.The frost layer thickness at different times was measured in zones using a timed imaging device，and the average density and average thermal conductivity of the frost layer on the evaporator surface were calculated.The experimental results show that when the inlet coolant temperature is decreased from -15 ℃ to -20 ℃，the difference in blockage rate between Zone 4 and Zone 5 is only 8%，and a lower cold surface temperature is beneficial to the uniform distribution of the frost layer.When the relative humidity increases from 75% to 85%，the average blockage rate increases by 9.4%~55.7%.An increase in relative humidity significantly promotes the growth of the frost layer.Based on the three stages of flat‑plate frosting，the changes in thermal conductivity and frost layer density over time are divided into three stages：rapid growth period，uniform growth period，and stable period.In the late frosting period，the average density is concentrated in the range of 250~300 kg/m³，and the average thermal conductivity is in the range of 0.25~0.30 W/（m·K），with an overall trend of first increasing and then stabilizing.The research conclusions can provide theoretical support for the optimal design of heat exchangers in air‑cooled refrigerators.

air‑cooled refrigerator  /  evaporator frosting  /  frost distribution  /  heat transfer characteristics  /  frost physical parameters  /  frost blockage
孙藤翡, 晏刚, 陈旗. 风冷冰箱翅片管蒸发器传热及霜层分布特性试验研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (8) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001
Tengfei SUN, Gang YAN, Qi CHEN. Experimental study on heat transfer and frost layer distribution characteristics of finned tube evaporator for air‑cooled refrigerator[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (8) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001
正文
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0　引言
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随着人们对食品保鲜需求的不断增加，电冰箱已成为家庭必备的家用电器［1］，而电冰箱通常需要全天运行［2］。据统计，家用电冰箱的月用电量为145.62 kW⋅h，约占家庭总用电量的15.3%［3］。因此，降低电冰箱的能耗对于实现2030年碳中和、减少碳排放具有重要的节能意义［4］。翅片管蒸发器作为风冷冰箱中的主要换热部件，长期运行在低温高湿环境下，霜层会逐渐在蒸发器上累积［5］。在结霜初期，液滴凝结和扩散会增加翅片管表面的粗糙度，扩大与湿空气的换热面积［6］，有利于换热过程。但是随着霜层厚度的不断增加，表面粗糙度增加带来的换热面积增加的优势逐渐减小，传热热阻逐渐增加，同时风量减少，导致冰箱制冷性能下降、能耗增加，并影响储藏温度［7］。换热器的霜堵是衡量是否启动化霜循环的重要标准，蒸发器的局部霜堵会影响空气流量，减少蒸发器的运行时间。
国内外研究者对换热器结霜做了试验、仿真等研究。罗超等［8］搭建了蒸发器试验台，探究了不同环境参数对冰箱蒸发器结霜的影响，认为空气湿度是对霜层生长影响最显著的因素。ZUO等［9］对比了垂直翅片微通道换热器和两排翅管换热器在结霜工况下的性能，研究了空气流速和温度、蒸发温度对换热器性能的影响，结果显示，结霜导致的空气流速降低是导致换热器性能下降的主要因素。吕凯萍等［10-11］对微通道冷凝器制冷剂侧的传热和压降进行试验测试，结果表明随着制冷剂质量流速的增加，冷凝器换热量、换热系数及制冷剂流动压降均增大。苗言明等［12］在电动汽车的室外蒸发器前增加气液分离器，在气相阀开度为20%~30%时，蒸发器的温度均衡和霜层分布都得到优化。鲁祥友等［13］研究了疏亲水表面对二次结霜的霜层高度的影响，认为亲水表面具有良好的抑霜性能。BORGES等［14］建立双门无霜制冷机的瞬态模型。该模型有效地考虑了门开度的影响，准确地预测了冰箱内部的温度变化，并捕捉了霜层在蒸发器上的分布。赵敬德等［15］搭建翅片换热器表面结霜可视化试验平台，研究了进口风速对结霜的影响，认为在相同时间内，迎面风速越大，结霜量和翅片平均堵塞率就越大。PEGALLAPATI等［16］研究了传热面积分布对冰箱蒸发器结霜性能的影响，试验结果表明，翅片间距呈线性分布时结霜均匀性得到改善。
现有风冷冰箱换热器结霜特性的试验研究多采用水平风道的布置形式，和实际风冷冰箱换热器的霜层分布特性不符。此外，缺乏对风冷冰箱蒸发器的霜层堵塞率的定量研究，为了精准描述风冷冰箱换热器的霜层生长和分布特性，需采用竖直风道的结霜测试平台，深入探究换热器在结霜工况下的热工-水力特性。本文搭建竖直风道试验台，全面探究不同条件下沿空气流动方向霜层分布特性，进一步定量分析空气湿度、进口风速、进口冷却液温度对家用冰箱蒸发器压降的影响，以及结霜工况下换热性能的变化规律，为冰箱蒸发器结霜除霜提供有力参考。
1　试验材料及方法
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1.1　试验台组成
试验台放置在环境室中，配备有加热、加湿等空气调节机组，可调节环境室内的温湿度。环境室可调温度范围为-10~55 ℃，相对湿度可控制在35%~85%RH，温度控制精度为±0.1 ℃。在试验开始前对焓差室的温湿度进行校核，认为使用焓差室调节空气温湿度作为试验的入口条件可靠。
风冷冰箱蒸发器结霜测试平台如图1所示。该测试平台包括空气侧风道、冷却液循环系统、测控系统、定时拍摄系统四部分。空气侧采用模块化设计，包括进口段、测试段、出口段、整流段、方转圆风道及吸风风机，可实现0.1~3.0 m/s范围内的风速的调节。
风道具体结构尺寸见表1。测控系统负责采集冷却液、湿空气进出口的温度和流量、进口和出口的相对湿度及风速等参数。冷却液使用恒定流量的方式，以-40 ℃冻结温度的甲基硅油为工质，通过固定流量模式运行。定时拍摄系统采用4K工业相机记录霜层生长过程，通过图像处理技术测量翅片和管壁霜层厚度（取同一列翅片多次测量平均值）。试验判定标准为换热器出口温度达到稳定状态（30 min内波动≤0.2 ℃），此时终止试验。试验仪器及换热器结构参数分别见表2和表3。
1.2　数据处理
1.2.1　结霜量及换热量计算
通过数据采集仪采集蒸发器管内冷却液进出口温度、空气进出口的相对湿度、空气侧压降。通过以上测量值，采用下列公式计算空气侧的换热量、结霜量及冷冻液侧的换热量。
空气侧结霜量计算公式如下：
M=∫qmdin-doutdt
式中，M为空气侧累积结霜量，kg；qm为空气的质量流量，kg/s；din为进口含湿量，kg/kg；dout为出口含湿量，kg/kg。
流经蒸发器空气质量流量通过下式得到：
qm=vinAevaρin
式中，qm为风道内的空气质量流量，kg/s；vin为空气的流速，m/s；Aeva为换热器迎风面横截面积，m2；ρin为进口空气的密度，kg/m3。
流经蒸发器空气换热量计算式如下：
Qair=qm(hin-hout)
式中，Qair为空气侧的换热量，kW；hin为进口焓值，kJ/kg；hout为出口焓值，kJ/kg。
1.2.2　霜层厚度及密度的读取计算方式
测试用换热器选用某款家用冰箱的换热器，此款换热器使用在左右分别冷藏冷冻回风的冰箱中，左侧的回风中冷冻回风占主导地位，右侧回风中冷藏回风占主导地位，冷冻回风的温度比冷藏回风的温度低，因此，换热器左侧翅片较右侧翅片稀疏。根据不同的翅片间距将待测换热器分成如图2所示的不同区域。
分别读取不同区域翅片和管壁的厚度，霜层体积的计算式如下：
Vfrost=Vtotal-Veva
式中，Vfrost为霜层的体积，m3；Vtotal为结霜的换热器总体积，m3；Veva为未结霜的换热器体积，m3。
Vtotal=∑R=1R=514πdtube,frost2ltube+Afinδfrostn
式中，R为根据不同翅片间距将换热器划分为不同单元的数目，共5部分；dtube,frost为读取的管壁霜层厚度，m；δfrost为读取的翅片霜层厚度，m；n为每部分翅片区域的管翅片单元数。
Veva=∑R=1514πdtube2+Afinδfinn
式中，dtube为管外径，m；δfin为翅片厚度，m。
霜层密度ρfrost的计算公式如下：
ρfrost=M /Vfrost
霜层的导热系数λfrost由以下经验公式［17］计算：
λfrost=1.202×10-3ρfrost
结霜堵塞率BR（blockage rate）由以下公式［16］计算：
BR=δfrostδfin×100%
1.2.3　误差计算
针对空气侧的换热能力及空气的结霜量进行研究，根据表2中试验仪器的测量范围和测量精度，在蒸发器入口空气温度为5 ℃，相对湿度为70%，蒸发器冷冻液入口温度为-15 ℃，蒸发器入口风速为1.0 m/s的试验条件下，空气侧的换热能力不确定度由下式进行计算：
u(Q)=∂Q∂qmu(qm)2+∂Q∂hinu(hin)2   +∂Q∂houtu(hout)21/2
换热量不确定度的计算结果为11.27 W，结霜量的不确定度由下式进行计算：
u(M)=∂M∂qmu(qm)2+∂M∂dinu(din)2    +∂M∂doutu(dout)21/2
计算得到结霜量的不确定度为2.85×10-3 g。
2　环境工况对霜层堵塞率的影响
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结霜工况下的霜堵是冰箱蒸发器设计、运行需要重要考虑的问题之一，不均匀的霜层分布会导致局部区域过早堵塞，研究冰箱不同区域堵塞率的分布规律可为冰箱蒸发器的设计优化提供理论指导。堵塞率研究工况见表4。
工况1堵塞率随时间的变化如图3所示。在结霜工况稳定时，冷却液进出口的温度差在3 ℃以内，假设可以忽略管内的温度变化，认为蒸发器管壁温度相同，一定温湿度的湿空气在经过左右两侧相同的翅片面积后的温湿度相同，即区域2和区域3的进口湿空气条件相同。区域3的翅片面积是区域2的1.62倍，相同含湿量和速度的湿空气流过区域2，3时，在区域2前侧霜层沉积的量较小，导致进入后端的含湿量较大，因此，区域2后侧的结霜驱动力较大，整体上初始区域2的平均霜层厚度比区域3的霜层厚度高38%。
在结霜300 min时，区域3的堵塞率比区域2高9.1%。高堵塞率的区域会导致流经该区域的压降增加，风速降低。区域5的堵塞率高于区域4的堵塞率，一方面是由于气流的滞留效应，当气流在某一区域的滞留时间延长时，冷表面能够接触到更多的水蒸气分子，区域5的湿空气与翅片管冷表面的接触更加充分，更有利于水蒸气的凝结；另一方面是区域5的湿空气温度低于区域4的湿空气温度，导致区域5的过饱和湿空气温度降低，相变驱动力增加，霜层生长更快［18］。
2.1　相对湿度对结霜堵塞率的影响
湿度对结霜堵塞率的影响如图4所示。可以看出，在工况1的基础上将进口湿度由75%增加到85%，在结霜开始时，区域2和区域3的相对湿度显著增加，霜层变厚，水蒸气凝结在区域2和区域3的翅片上，流入区域4，5的湿空气相对湿度进一步减小，因此，在结霜开始时，区域2，3堵塞率提升幅度相对于区域4，5的提升幅度大。结霜时间300 min时，工况1的区域平均堵塞率比工况2各区域分别高出9.4%，19.9%，30%，55.7%，31.5%。由此可见，翅片间距越窄的区域后期的堵塞率提升幅度越大，提高进口湿度会显著增加结霜后期出口区域的平均堵塞率。
2.2　进口风速对结霜堵塞率的影响
风速对霜层堵塞率的影响如图5所示。
在工况2的基础上，将进口风速从0.5 m/s提高至1.0 m/s后，出口翅片区域依然是堵塞率最高的位置，其中，区域5达到85%堵塞率的时间由300 min延长至420 min。这表明增加进口风速可以有效延长翅片管蒸发器的运行时间。当结霜时间为300 min时，工况2中区域4的霜层堵塞率已达到98%，形成局部霜堵。相比之下，在结霜300 min时，工况3各区域结霜堵塞率分别比工况2降低了4.6%~40.9%，进一步验证了提高进口风速对延长蒸发器霜堵的积极作用。
2.3　冷却液进口温度对结霜堵塞率的影响
冷却液进口温度对霜层堵塞率的影响如图6所示。当冷却液进口温度从-15 ℃降低至-20 ℃，蒸发器的平均温度下降，在其他条件保持不变时，工况4中的湿空气和换热器之间的温差更大，更有利于换热和霜的凝结。与工况2相比，工况4的出口左右两侧的霜层堵塞率更加均匀，区域4，5的堵塞率再结霜后期的差异仅为8%。降低冷却液进口温度，进口区域的堵塞率略有提高，在结霜240 min时，区域1，2，3的堵塞率分别增加了2.1%，3.8%，7.4%。霜层更容易在低温表面上凝结生长，低进口温度冷却液工况下霜层堵塞率较高，换热器更快达到霜堵，减少了有效运行时间。
3　环境工况对结霜特性的影响
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针对家用风冷冰箱的蒸发器进行结霜特性试验，探究改变蒸发器管内冷却液温度、空气侧进口湿度、空气侧初始进口风速对蒸发器不同区域的整体霜层密度、霜层整体导热系数、换热量、压降、结霜量的影响。研究表明，当空气侧进口温度为5 ℃时，换热器表面霜层生长速度较快［19］，因此，将室内干球温度为5 ℃作为试验工况，将所有试验工况汇总至表5。
图7示出了在冷却液进口温度为-15 ℃、相对湿度75%、进口风速0.5 m/s时，不同区域霜层厚度的生长情况。随着试验时间的推移，霜层厚度和结霜质量逐渐增加［20］，翅片之间的流通空间减小，流动阻力增加［21］。生成的霜层是冰和湿空气的混合物，其热阻随着霜层厚度的增加不断升高［20］，换热效率降低，空气侧换热量减少。
3.1　空气湿度对结霜特性的影响
在进口冷却液温度为-15 ℃、进口风速为1.0 m/s时，改变进口空气的相对湿度进行试验，结果如图8所示。相对湿度越高，初始换热量越大，进口相对湿度为85%时的初始换热量分别比进口相对湿度为75%，65%时的初始换热量高11.8%，29.4%。产生上述情况的原因是，相对湿度较高的工况湿空气的含湿量较高，产生的结霜的驱动力越大，结霜产生的潜热越大，换热量越大［21］。
在结霜时间100 min之后，进口相对湿度为85%的换热量小于进口相对湿度为75%，65%的换热量。在结霜时间为400 min时，进口相对湿度为85%的工况的换热量相比于其初始换热量减少了69.5%，而进口相对湿度为65%的工况的换热量仅减少了39.0%。相对湿度为85%工况的压降是相对湿度为65%工况压降的1.78倍。相对湿度较高工况的流动和换热特性均比湿度低的工况恶化快。因此，在长远换热的的角度看，换热器冷却液的进口温度为-15 ℃时，应减少相对湿度来增加换热器的运行时间。
3.2　进口风速对结霜特性的影响
选取6组工况，分析改变进口风速对结霜特性的影响，结果如图9所示。
从图可见，风速越高，风道内的流量越大，换热量越大［22］。在进口相对湿度为85%，进口冷却液温度为-20 ℃时，风速从0.5 m/s提高到1.0 m/s，初始换热量提高了144 W，在结霜210 min时，风速为0.5 m/s的工况出现霜堵，此时，高风速工况的压降是低进口风速工况的3.6倍。在进口冷却液温度为-15 ℃时，进口相对湿度分别为75%，65%，将风速从0.5 m/s提高到1.0 m/s，初始换热量分别提高119.5，79.2 W。在结霜330 min时，压降分别提高了17.8，12.1 Pa。由此可知，进口风速提高一倍，换热量的增长不到一倍，在结霜工况结束时，高风速工况的压降超过低风速工况的两倍。在实际运行中，提高风机转速能够在换热初期有效地增加换热量，但随着时间的推移，换热量衰减速度加快，提高风速带来的换热量增长收益逐渐降低，压降升高，面临系统经济性变差的风险。
3.3　冷却液进口温度对结霜特性的影响
图10示出进口相对湿度为75%，进口风速为1.0 m/s时，不同换热器冷却液的进口温度对换热器换热量的影响。从图中可以看出，当其他环境条件相同时，通过对比冷却液进口温度为-20 ℃和-15 ℃的工况，发现进口冷却液温度越低，冷却液和风道内空气的温差越大，换热量越大。结霜过程中，换热量随时间近似呈线性降低，在结霜试验结束时，进口冷却液温度为-20 ℃工况的换热量比-15 ℃工况高12.1%。
3.4　工况条件对整体霜层密度、导热系数的影响
根据定时拍摄装置得到不同时刻、不同区域换热器表面结霜的照片，读取不同时间的霜层厚度，进而计算不同时刻霜层的密度和导热系数。
由图11可以看出，冷却液的进口温度越低、相对湿度越高、进口风速越大，换热器表面平均霜层密度和霜层表面平均导热系数越大。随着时间的推移，换热器表面的霜层的生长经历了霜晶生长期、霜层生长期、霜层成熟期［23］。在霜晶生长期和霜晶生长阶段，翅片及管壁上的霜层经历从无到柱状霜生成的阶段，霜层的密度和平均导热系数随时间呈急速增长的趋势，这一时期被称为霜层密度和平均导热系数的急速生长期。在霜层生长阶段，柱状霜不断生长，水蒸气在柱状霜之间不断横向凝结，霜层的密度、导热系数随时间呈线性增长的趋势。水蒸气不断地在霜层凝结，霜层的厚度和密度继续增加，这一时期被称为霜层的平缓增长期。当厚度继续增加到一定程度时，霜层与湿空气交界面上的温度会升高，直至超过水的三相点，此时，已经冻结的冰晶会融化为水渗入霜层，在这一时期，霜层的融化和凝结同时进行，大部分工况下霜层的密度、导热系数在结霜后期趋于稳定，这一时期被称为霜层均匀期。
换热器表面的霜层在结霜后期的平均密度均集中在250~300 kg/m3之间，平均热导率集中在0.25~0.30 W/（m⋅K）之间，整体呈现先上升后稳定的趋势。对于高相对湿度85%、进口冷却液温度为-15 ℃的进口工况，将风速从0.5 m/s提高到1.0 m/s，在结霜时间为200 min时，霜层密度增长40 kg/m3，高风速工况相对于低风速工况密度提高了15.6%。在其他条件相同的情况下，冷却液的进口温度从-20 ℃增长到-15 ℃，霜层成熟期的霜层密度和热导率变化均不大。在进口温度为-15 ℃、进口风速为0.5 m/s时，入口相对湿度降低10%，在结霜时间为300 min时，密度下降14.6%，热导率下降5.4%。
4　结论
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（1）提高进口湿度会显著增加各区域的堵塞率，相对湿度从75%提高到85%，在结霜300 min时，平均堵塞率提高9.4%~55.7%，翅片间距越窄的区域在结霜后期对进口湿度越敏感，堵塞率提升幅度越大。在进口冷却液温度为-15℃、进口风速为1.0 m/s时，对比进口相对湿度分别为85%，75%，65%的工况，相对湿度为85%工况的换热量在结霜时间100，270 min时低于相对湿度为75%，65%工况的换热量。因此，从长远换热的的角度看，降低相对湿度可以提升换热器在结霜后期的换热能力。
（2）冷却液进口温度从-15 ℃降低至-20 ℃，在结霜后期出口左右两侧的霜层分布更加均匀，区域4和区域5的堵塞率差异仅为8%。当进口相对湿度为75%，进口风速分别为1.0 m/s时，对比冷却液进口温度为-20 ℃和-15 ℃的工况，二者的换热量随时间近似呈线性降低，在结霜320 min时，进口冷却液温度为-20 ℃工况的换热量比-15 ℃进口冷却液温度的工况的换热量提高12.1%。
（3）风速从0.5 m/s提高至1.0 m/s时，区域5达到85%堵塞率的时间由300 min延长至420 min，增加进口风速可以有效延长翅片管蒸发器的运行时间。此外，风速的变化是影响空气侧压降的最大因素。
（4）基于平板上霜层生成的3个阶段，根据霜层和导热系数的变化，将翅片管换热器霜层的生长分为急速增长期、匀速增长期、均匀期3个阶段。随结霜时间的增加，霜层和导热系数逐渐上升，在结霜后期趋于平稳。在结霜后期，平均密度均在250~300 kg/m3范围内，平均热导率集中在0.25~0.30 W/（m⋅K）之间。相对湿度越低，换热器表面的霜层密度越低。在其他条件相同时，相对湿度降低10%，密度下降14.6%，热导率下降5.4%。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001
  • 接收时间：2025-01-04
  • 首发时间：2026-10-20
  • 出版时间：2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-04
  • 修回日期：2025-04-30
基金
作者信息
    西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院，西安 710049

通讯作者:

陈旗（1990），男，副教授，研究方向为制冷与空调节能新技术及热泵技术等，通信地址：710049陕西省西安市碑林区咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，E-mail：。
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ltjx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.08.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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