Article(id=1319293696886031195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293542573392487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730563200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-03, revisedDate=1741276800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473728629, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1753804800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473728629, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473728629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473728629, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293542573392487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753804800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473691838, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473691838, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=96, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293697108329308, articleId=1319293696886031195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Research on noise reduction technology and coupling path of sound and vibration of the piston compressor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the excessive noise issue in reciprocating compressors,a series of vibration and noise reduction tests were conducted,including modal analysis,vibration testing,adjustments to the thickness of the outer casing,and replacement of sound‑absorbing materials.Ultimately,the noise level was successfully controlled to 58.7 dB(A)〔meeting the requirement of LP≤60 dB(A)〕.The study indicates that low‑frequency vibrations (10~100 Hz) cause noise radiation from the compressor casing.Modifying boundary conditions can effectively reduce certain low‑frequency vibrations,and vibration transmission pathways determine the characteristics of noise radiation.When acoustic enclosures are not connected to the sound source,they can reduce noise in the mid‑to‑high frequency range (500~2 000 Hz).Vibro‑acoustic coupling occurs in the form of solid-solid interaction,propagating outward at the first‑order excitation frequency through a single path.Boundary conditions govern both the intensity of vibro‑acoustic coupling and the magnitude of radiated sound waves.Sound‑absorbing materials can only function effectively if they fully enclose the sound‑radiating surfaces.Vibration isolators are effective for noise reduction in the high‑frequency range but fail to reduce low‑frequency noise.This research provides guidance for vibration and noise reduction in similar compressors.

, authors=Xiaosa LI1, 2, Wang LIU1, 2, Zhanhua HAN1, 2, Le WANG1, 2, Jun XIAO1, 2, Yongsheng JIANG1, 2, authorsList=Xiaosa LI, Wang LIU, Zhanhua HAN, Le WANG, Jun XIAO, Yongsheng JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293698458895209, articleId=1319293696886031195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=活塞压缩机降噪技术及声振耦合路径研究, columnId=1317484300472271469, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=应用技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对活塞式压缩机噪声超标问题,对压缩机进行一系列减振降噪试验,包括模态和振动测试,以及改变外围壳体的厚度和更换吸声材料,最终完成了噪声指标要求58.7 dB(A)〔LP≤60 dB(A)〕。研究表明,低频振动(10~100 Hz)引起压缩机外壳噪声的辐射,边界条件的改变可以有效降低若干低频振动,振动传递路径决定噪声的辐射;在声源与隔声罩没有连接时,隔声罩能降低中高频段(500~2 000 Hz)的噪声;声振耦合的存在形式为固体-固体,以第一阶激振频率向外传播,路径单一;边界条件决定声振耦合的强度,决定辐射声波的大小;声辐射面必须完全包络,吸声材料才能起到作用;减振器在高频段,能起到降噪的作用,在低频段,降噪失效。研究结果对同类压缩机的减振降噪工作具有指导意义。

, authors=李小仨1, 2, 刘旺1, 2, 韩占华1, 2, 王乐1, 2, 肖军1, 2, 江用胜1, 2, authorsList=李小仨, 刘旺, 韩占华, 王乐, 肖军, 江用胜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gXC5rSiN4MnPBgMlH8HVlQ==, magXml=BmhCSFPhMDVgB8oRbwlJtA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9p6VQguG25hIF7QQTcqmjQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=85g1az0XQosVD1BF3LtiaQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293714867015920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293696886031195, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lixiaosan_1985@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293714959290611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293696886031195, authorId=1319293714867015920, language=EN, stringName=Xiaosa LI, firstName=Xiaosa, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
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李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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Technical specifications of noise requirements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz倍频程声压级/dB(A)总声压级/dB(A)
637960
12570
25063
50058
1 00055
2 00052
4 00050
8 00049
), ArticleFig(id=1319293719644328232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293696886031195, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

噪声要求技术指标

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频率/Hz倍频程声压级/dB(A)总声压级/dB(A)
637960
12570
25063
50058
1 00055
2 00052
4 00050
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活塞压缩机降噪技术及声振耦合路径研究
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李小仨 1, 2 , 刘旺 1, 2 , 韩占华 1, 2 , 王乐 1, 2 , 肖军 1, 2 , 江用胜 1, 2
流体机械 | 应用技术 2025,53(7): 96-103
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流体机械 |应用技术 2025 , 53 (7) : 96 -103
活塞压缩机降噪技术及声振耦合路径研究
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李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

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李小仨1, 2 , 刘旺1, 2, 韩占华1, 2, 王乐1, 2, 肖军1, 2, 江用胜1, 2
作者信息
  • 1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
  • 2高端压缩机及系统技术全国重点实验室,合肥 230031
作者简介:

李小仨(1985),男,高级工程师,主要从事压缩机设计、机械振动控制、流噪声的研究,通信地址:230031安徽省合肥市蜀山区长江西路888号合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,E-mail:。

Research on noise reduction technology and coupling path of sound and vibration of the piston compressor
Xiaosa LI1, 2 , Wang LIU1, 2, Zhanhua HAN1, 2, Le WANG1, 2, Jun XIAO1, 2, Yongsheng JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230031,China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of High‑end Compressors and Systems Technology,Hefei 230031,China
出版时间: 2025-07-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.013
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针对活塞式压缩机噪声超标问题,对压缩机进行一系列减振降噪试验,包括模态和振动测试,以及改变外围壳体的厚度和更换吸声材料,最终完成了噪声指标要求58.7 dB(A)〔LP≤60 dB(A)〕。研究表明,低频振动(10~100 Hz)引起压缩机外壳噪声的辐射,边界条件的改变可以有效降低若干低频振动,振动传递路径决定噪声的辐射;在声源与隔声罩没有连接时,隔声罩能降低中高频段(500~2 000 Hz)的噪声;声振耦合的存在形式为固体-固体,以第一阶激振频率向外传播,路径单一;边界条件决定声振耦合的强度,决定辐射声波的大小;声辐射面必须完全包络,吸声材料才能起到作用;减振器在高频段,能起到降噪的作用,在低频段,降噪失效。研究结果对同类压缩机的减振降噪工作具有指导意义。

压缩机  /  板壳耦合结构  /  减振降噪  /  传递路径

To address the excessive noise issue in reciprocating compressors,a series of vibration and noise reduction tests were conducted,including modal analysis,vibration testing,adjustments to the thickness of the outer casing,and replacement of sound‑absorbing materials.Ultimately,the noise level was successfully controlled to 58.7 dB(A)〔meeting the requirement of LP≤60 dB(A)〕.The study indicates that low‑frequency vibrations (10~100 Hz) cause noise radiation from the compressor casing.Modifying boundary conditions can effectively reduce certain low‑frequency vibrations,and vibration transmission pathways determine the characteristics of noise radiation.When acoustic enclosures are not connected to the sound source,they can reduce noise in the mid‑to‑high frequency range (500~2 000 Hz).Vibro‑acoustic coupling occurs in the form of solid-solid interaction,propagating outward at the first‑order excitation frequency through a single path.Boundary conditions govern both the intensity of vibro‑acoustic coupling and the magnitude of radiated sound waves.Sound‑absorbing materials can only function effectively if they fully enclose the sound‑radiating surfaces.Vibration isolators are effective for noise reduction in the high‑frequency range but fail to reduce low‑frequency noise.This research provides guidance for vibration and noise reduction in similar compressors.

compressor  /  plate‑shell couple structure  /  reducing noise and vibration  /  transmission path
李小仨, 刘旺, 韩占华, 王乐, 肖军, 江用胜. 活塞压缩机降噪技术及声振耦合路径研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (7) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.013
Xiaosa LI, Wang LIU, Zhanhua HAN, Le WANG, Jun XIAO, Yongsheng JIANG. Research on noise reduction technology and coupling path of sound and vibration of the piston compressor[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (7) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.013
噪声传播的过程,伴随着反射和折射。噪声与振动相互叠加,尤其是低频的噪声,传播的距离远,衰减慢。某些密闭的空间,为了保证工作人员的正常休息和良好的精神状态,必须把环境噪声隔离,控制在一定的范围之内。像汽车、飞机、高铁、深海探测等,乘客或驾驶员的环境必须满足医学要求,对应频带的噪声也要小于相应的规定。
高东宝[1]总结了声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的应用,以声学超材料为基础,对多种新型隔声技术进行了理论与试验研究。王旭东等[2]通过建立强耦合方程,给出2种声功率灵敏度求解方法,实现了内外声场的强耦合声辐射预报和优化,分别引入3个算例证明计算方法的优越性和精确性。姚丹等[3]根据周期结构Bloch定理和波数有限元法建立了蜂窝三明治板的隔声预测模型,研究了类似蜂窝的三层板在不同声场激励下的降噪机理。不同的结构参数影响不同的噪声频段,存在一个临界频率,隔声量主要受质量定律控制。程传峰等[4]基于模态叠加法和声振耦合理论建立了加筋板结构和矩形声场问题的耦合模型,推导了结构与声场耦合强度的传递因子,得出其耦合特性,以及点力到筋的距离对耦合系统响应的影响。蒋佳妗等[5]应用统计能量法构造地铁车厢体内的噪声算例,分析了空气噪声的传递路径,结果表明,箱体地板为声透射贡献相对较大的结构。通过隔声量全频段计算方法,得到面板厚度、筋板厚度及阻尼层厚度对地板铝型材隔声性能的影响规律。路敬祎等[6]提出了变分模态分解和马氏距离相结合的去噪方法。
徐魁等[7]利用波叠加原理,通过在结构内部分布点声源等效模拟振动产生的结构外声场,并根据结构与介质的边界连续性条件和体积速度匹配原则,构建了声振耦合动力学方程,求解等效的声功率等参数。李清盛[8]研究了不同形状的板所形成的声振耦合系统,分析了弹性边界,声腔边界条件、声腔厚度对耦合系统固有频率的影响。黄杰等[9]通过建立数值模型和试验验证,分析了单频正弦激励和宽频线性调频激励下声场分布及回波时频域响应信号的差异特征。李小仨等[10]通过建立振动衰减模型,引用肋板之间的外力、作用力、弯曲力矩之间数学关系,降低了压缩机的整体振动加速度。杨恺等[11]基于反共振原理,降低了水泵的低频振动线谱,在水泵管路系统中安装动力吸振器,通过调整动力吸振器物理参数,增加反共振频域范围而实现目标。孙秀婷等[12]采用准零刚度减振器技术,实现了低频微幅隔振。宋艺伟等[13]测试了反渗透隔膜增压泵振动噪声,分析和对比了不同转速、不同流量下的振动值。胡斯特等[14]研究了油烟机中多翼离心风机的气动噪声源,采用仿真计算的手段,分析不同部件噪声贡献的产生机制。
以上研究结论偏重于数值计算和理论研究,缺乏实际试验装置或产品的实际应用,或者没有深入的应用分析,并且缺少具体的减振降噪措施与效果分析。本文研究内容基于具体的项目产品,噪声指标量化,侧重于试验测试。通过测试探究振动噪声的传播路径、声振耦合方式,实现降噪目标,总声压级Lp≤60 dB(A)。
按照压缩机系统声源不同,噪声主要分为3种:空气动力性噪声、机械性噪声和电磁性噪声。结构振动发射出的噪声为结构载噪声,固体振动产生声音的大小与固体振动的速度成正比。然而,实践表明,固体振动产生的声音除了与振动的大小有关,还取决于物体本身发射声音的条件,如物体的大小、质量、材料的内阻尼,以及边界条件等。经验表明,采取隔振后,物体振动降低为原来的1/10,物体振动发射的声音降低20 dB。空气中传播的平面声波向固体构件入射时,绝大部分声波被反射,一小部分声波通过构件进入另一侧。对于结构部件的声辐射,与压缩机相连的壳板振动的数学模型可以看作有限薄板被激振动和声散射。图1示出声波入射与散射示意。压缩机系统中,压缩机与降噪壳体底部相连接,降低噪声不仅是对隔声罩罩壳进行设计,还涉及到罩壳与压缩机边界的处理。
压缩机产生的入射波声压计算式如下:
p1x,y,z,t=ej[ωt-k(xsinθ-zcosθ)]
式中,p1为入射波声压;t为时间;ω为模态频率;k为波数;θ为入射角。
经过刚硬平面薄板以后,振动再辐射声波计算式:
    ps1x,y,z,t=-jρω2π∫0l2∫0l1∂Φ1(x,y,t)∂n1e-jkR1R1dx1dy1ejωt
其中:
R1=[x-x1+y-y1+z-h]1/2,z>h
式中,ps1为反射波声压;ρ为密度;l1长度;l2为宽度;n1为阶数;Φ1为计算域;R1为系数;h为板厚度。
入射声波作用于有限薄板板面,引起板面作弯曲振动,振动可表示成一系列简正模态分量的组合形式,简正模态函数为正交函数列,由满足板边界条件的本征值确定。假设板很薄,边界条件如下:
∂Φ1∂n1s1=jωηx1,y1
得出反射波为:
ps1x1,y1,h=ρω22π∫0l2∫0l1ηx1,y1×e-jk[(x-x1)2+(y-y1)2]1/2[(x-x1)2+(y-y1)2]1/2dx1dy1
式中,η为振动速度;S1为面积。
假设声波单频入射,板的振动速度计算式如下:
ηx1,y1ejωt=∑mnAmnWmn(x1,y1)ejωt
Amn=jωBmn
ZA=F
式中,Amn,Bmn为系数矩阵;Wmn为模态函数;Z为板-介质耦合系统的阻抗系数矩阵;A为Amn的列矩阵;F为声波作用于矩形板某号简正模上广义力的列矩阵。
由A求得ηx1,y1,进而求出振动再辐射声场ps1x,y,z,t。以上只是简要介绍振动与再辐射声场理论,详细推导过程参见文献[15]。
当声波频率较高时,即弯曲波相速度cp>c(声速),则除了法向之外,总存在入射角θ=0°,达到吻合条件。声波在此入射角入射时,板下透射声最强,达到全透射。对大面积板进行噪声控制设计时,要求避免吻合条件出现,即应选用高密度、低弹性模量的隔板,厚度又不宜过大。李敬芳等[16]通过理论计算与试验测量结果对比,发现单钢板与复合板的减振降噪量随频带变化规律一致,且在高频段更显著。
压缩机系统外形结构如图2基准体所示,压缩机安装在一个有基础机架的箱体里。侧面装有散热用风扇,风扇转速为3 000 r/min。端面装有进排气管路和电源控制器,并均布散热小孔。压缩机的电机转速为900 r/min,进气压力为30 kPa,排气压力为600 kPa,流量为150 L/min。两级压缩,两个一级气缸,一个二级气缸,一、二级间管路为金属软管。为保证压缩机的排气量,转速要保持稳定。
噪声测试参考标准GB/T 4980—1985《容积式压缩机噪声声功率级的测定——工程法》,GJB 4058—2000《舰船设备噪声、振动测量方法》。采用的测试仪器为:采集板卡B&K 3050,高精度传声器B&K 4189,B&K加速度计4384,4321,B&K 8206-002测试力锤,MTC模态测试系统。压缩机噪声指标要求见表1,表中规定了各频段的噪声要求限值。其中250,500,1 000,2 000 Hz为噪声容易超标的频段,尤其是500 Hz。
依据标准GJB 4058—2000,噪声测试中设有9个测点,如图2所示,测试过程严格按照标准执行。测试过程中,噪声值采用线性平均得出,平均时间为12 s,噪声信号设置为CPB恒百分比带宽。测试各工况下结果,按下式进行对数平均:
LP¯=10log[1Ni∑i=1N100.1LPi],N=9
模态分析在声波辐射控制中,起到了重要的作用。一方面,可以对振动进行利用,模态分析在音响设计、大钟设计等实例中均收到良好效果;另一方面,模态分析可以帮助寻找噪声源和确定产生噪声的模态,并由此提出降噪措施。噪声控制是减振降噪中比较难的问题,多种因素导致噪声大,包括进排气系统、压缩机、电机、风扇等的运行。
模态试验结构的支承方式(边界条件)主要有3种(本次试验按实际工作状态支撑):
(1)自由悬挂,这是一种最佳支承方式,可避免环境振动和支承刚度对测试的影响,重复性好,实际采用橡皮绳、海绵垫、空气弹簧等弹性件悬吊或支承试件,要求试件刚体振动模态频率低于试件弹性模态频率的1/5;
(2)刚性支承,将试件刚性固结在质量大、刚度高的基础上,此法通常只适合于测量分析试件的低频模态,高频模态常由于连接刚度的改变和基础振动模态影响,造成精度和重复性差;
(3)按实际工作状态支承,由于支承刚度(边界条件)的随机因素,测量结果重复性往往不良。本次试验按实际工作状态支撑,模态分析技术可参见文献[17-19]。
在进行降噪工作之前,对压缩机系统做了比较完整的振动测试和模态测试。试验采用锤击法模态测试,对真空压缩机进行固有频率等数据采集,结果如图3所示。
压缩机的第1阶固有频率为15 Hz,第2,3,4阶分别为120,330,500 Hz,第5,6阶固有频率为666,834 Hz。第1,5,6阶都可能是造成噪声辐射超标的主要原因,理论上抑制相应频率的振动可有效降低噪声。
李小仨等[10]采用仿真软件分析了不同肋板个数与厚度时机架的固有频率,并采取不同的算例拟合曲线。通过已有研究可知,肋板的厚度与个数对结构的固有频率均有影响,6 mm厚度的肋板的固有频率比5 mm厚度的肋板高15 Hz。其中,肋板的个数每增加一个能提高固有频率100 Hz,前4阶模态增加明显,后2阶模态影响较小。当肋板个数从1增加到2时,固有频率增加的幅度更大。
代路等[20]采取更改傅里叶级数的方法建立弹性板-圆柱壳耦合结构振动分析模型,应用于复杂边界条件下。耦合作用的源包括各种内力和力矩,基于能量原理并应用瑞利-里兹方法分析板壳耦合结构动力学特性。通过对比加速度的频谱曲线,发现除了低频段效果存在较大差异之外,两种方法计算结果吻合良好。低频段吻合差是由于测试系统本身缺陷造成,例如加速度的灵敏度。
压缩机的活塞往复运动所产生的激励及振动传递,是一个复杂弹性结构中特征简正波的传播问题,增加刚度可以将能量转移到高频段。参考以上经验,降噪措施改为增加壳体的厚度和改变壳体和吸声材料。首先,通过连接橡胶减振器和增加吸声材料三聚氰胺,压缩机噪声级从73 dB(A)降到64 dB(A),橡胶减振器的降噪效果非常好,但是达不到60 dB(A)目标值要求。其次,在增加橡胶减振器后,把壳体的5个面板由铝板改为钢板时,压缩机的噪声级稍微改变,结果仅降低0.3 dB(A)。最后,降噪措施重点应考虑吸声材料与边界条件,边界条件比改变壳体材料有更大的影响,选择合适的吸声材料和吸声结构,应根据对中、低频噪声的消声要求确定。根据文献理论[21],如果高频噪声比较高,吸声层的厚度较薄;反之,就得适当增加吸声层厚度。在实际工程中,空间有限,吸声层厚度受到严格的限制。理论上,160 Hz噪声的吸声层厚度为100 mm;400 Hz噪声的吸层厚度为40 mm;500 Hz噪声,推荐的吸声层厚度为30 mm。在实际工作中,考虑到散热效果,100 mm的吸声材料层会带来压缩机周围温度快速升高的恶劣工况。吸声效果较好的材料为三聚氰胺、聚氨酯、聚酯纤维,吸声系数在0.5~0.9之间。但当噪声达到62 dB(A)左右,通过吸声材料降噪就不再有效果。
图4示出在连接相同橡胶减振器和壳体厚度时,采取不同吸声材料下降噪过程的变化趋势。3 mm厚度的铝板壳体比1 mm厚度的铝板壳体隔声效果更差,测点1~5噪声分别增加2.87 dB(A),1.24 dB(A),0.42 dB(A),3.46 dB(A),2.37 dB(A),其中,噪声测点4倍频程500 Hz时增加4 dB(A),63,125Hz时降低3 dB(A)。这与噪声辐射理论部分相符,应选用高密度、低弹性模量的隔板,厚度又不宜过大。实际吸声层的厚度只能达到15~20 mm,并非理论推荐值30~100 mm。
首先,采用2#风扇罩壳,粘贴分块聚氨酯吸音棉,厚度20 mm。2种厚度壳体在工况1下的声压级分别是68.57 dB(A),65.57 dB(A),气流噪声大,这是由于风扇罩壳引起流体共鸣造成,在更换1#风扇罩壳以后,声压级有所降低。其次,拆除2#风扇罩壳以后,工况2声压级降低明显,约3~5 dB(A)。这是由于2#风扇罩壳设计不合理,气流噪声增大导致。然后,在工况2的基础上,工况3,4,5,增加了吸声材料的厚度,分别采用厚度25 mm聚酯纤维、三聚氰胺、聚氨酯吸音棉,压缩机平均声压级分别是62.35 dB(A),62.85 dB(A),62.70 dB(A)。3种吸声材料产生的降噪效果不大,在0.1~0.5 dB(A)之间,其中,聚氨酯效果略佳。由于空间受限,吸声材料不能包络所有的内壁辐射面,出现漏声的现象,导致吸声材料不能取得降噪效果。最后,工况6,7分别用1#,3#风扇罩壳,内贴厚度20 mm分块聚氨酯吸音棉,降噪效果不明显。而且气流阻力增大,散热效果不好。在相同壳体厚度时,压缩机噪声测试有7个工况,声压级从65.57 dB(A)降低到61.98 dB(A)。降噪过程中,吸音棉起到了一定的降噪效果。设计风扇罩壳阻挡风扇噪声的传播,罩壳限制了散热效果,在降噪的同时,又增加了气体流动的阻力。增加罩壳的两个进气口,引起噪声的峰值频率从500 Hz移动到800 Hz,移频现象出现在频谱图中。
为保证压缩机散热,风扇本身不能停止工作或者降低转速,降噪工作一度陷入停止状态。橡胶减振器降噪效果多达9 dB(A),声压级从73 dB(A)降到64 dB(A),减振器降低了噪声的高频辐射能量(600~10 000 Hz)。但从64 dB(A)降到60 dB(A),这一过程中,加入减振器、改变吸声材料等降噪方案并没有取得较好的效果。尤其是500 Hz频率下偏高,无论是增加外围铝板的厚度,还是改变板的材料,效果仅有0.5~1.0 dB(A)。由此可以分析,没有找到影响噪声辐射的关键因素。
为了分辨压缩机与壳体连接的边界影响,做了隔声罩的声源替代试验。用同等量级声源替代压缩机,放在一个尺寸相同隔声罩内部,测试噪声频谱曲线如图5所示。替代声源在加入隔声罩前、后,噪声降低7.8 dB(A)。在此基础上,隔声罩内壁粘贴吸声棉或泡沫,噪声降低14~16 dB(A)。在声源与隔声罩没有边界连接的情况下,完成了对比试验。噪声的传播方式,仅为空气传播,降噪效果十分明显,降噪频段为40~10 000 Hz。由此可以分析出,边界条件是振动噪声传播的决定因素。
压缩机的外壳近似于圆柱壳,其振动噪声的模型近似于柱坐标系下的波动方程。当圆柱壳体在介质中振动时,产生的声场满足用柱坐标表示的波动方程。对于无限长柱面辐射声场中,声压形式解可写成:
p(r,φ,t)=∑n=0∞Pncos(nφ)Hn2(kr)ejωt
式中,Pn为第n阶振幅;φ为入射波角度;Hn2(kr)为第二类n阶汉克尔函数;r为圆柱体半径。
式(10)考虑到了源对的对称性和沿Z方向不变性,此时,圆柱面的平面振动声场在Z方向是不变的。
声场耦合所对应的加之于圆柱面的负载具有有功分量,即辐射声能的部分。辐射抗的部分加之于圆柱面会影响其共振频率ωn的值。
压缩机与框架之间通过减振器相连,减振器外形近似圆柱形。为了减轻压缩机整体的重量,同时保证连接的强度,连接螺栓采用钛合金。在测试整体振动的过程中,在减振器上、下分别设置测点A,B,测试整体振动情况,对比分析压缩机的振动能量经过减振器后的衰减情况。
图6示出橡胶减振器上、下测点振动加速度频谱曲线。总振级分别为137 dB,127 dB,总落差为10 dB,总传递率为0.93。16,63,125,500,1 000 Hz时振动加速度传递率分别为1.00,0.94,1.00,0.89,0.97,0.93,0.89。减振器能阻止中、高频频段的振动能量传递,但其过滤功能有限。振动烈度传递率达到1.18,振动烈度反而被放大。
当采用帆布带及底部加入吸音棉以后,同一减振器上、下振动加速度总振级分别为134 dB,126 dB,传递率为0.94。虽然传递率降低不明显,但总振级降低了。16,63,125,500,1 000 Hz时振动加速度传递率分别为0.92,0.94,0.78,0.89,0.97,振动烈度传递率为0.27。固体振动产生的声音除了跟振动大小有关,还取决于物体的大小、质量、材料的内阻尼及边界条件。由强迫力造成的波动在固体内部传播,是一个随机的过程,抑制噪声传播的有效措施就是在传递路径上截断波动。后面的降噪工作难以取得成效,主要是由于压缩机的若干个基频振动传递到壳体上。
经过对压缩机系统模态进行分析,结合模态测试数据,提出减振降噪措施,只有阻断压缩机的低频振动在边界处的传递,才能完成降噪的目标。壳体与压缩机通过减振器相连,形成了声振耦合。硬边界连接结构有不锈钢进、出口管接头,减振器和法兰,软连接结构有橡皮管接头、吸声材料。当硬连接改为软连接时(见图6),噪声声压级从62 dB(A)降低到58.7 dB(A),降噪量达到3.3 dB(A)。减振器无法阻止低频波的传播,低频振动进而转化为声波辐射。软连接在一定程度上减小了传递因子,增大了阻尼,消耗的能量更多。
用耦合系数及传递因子来表示激励结构与声腔声场间耦合强度,耦合系数反映了声振耦合在接触面处的模态匹配程度,不能反映真实的耦合强度。连接结构(减振器或管路附件)与矩形声腔模态间的传递因子起决定作用,传递因子越大,耦合越强,对应耦合前共振频率差越小。壳体结构与矩形声场间耦合特性变化与筋的放置位置有关,在与筋板平行的轴向,传递因子更大;垂向筋板的方向,传递因子更小。
压缩机管道系统的流体运动可以表现出多种形式的声振耦合。有摩擦耦合、泊松耦合、结合部耦合、Bourdon耦合、波流耦合、波波耦合。通过已有的数学模型,即管道轴向和横向运动的方程来计算出耦合的形式,有一定的难度[22]。实际工程问题比理论往往更加复杂,通过找到振动的传递路径为压缩机-减振器/管路连接件-底架/面板-声波辐射,斩断振动能量传递路径,就从根本上降低了噪声的传播。最终压缩机的整体表面声压级为58.7 dB(A),满足要求。
(1)边界条件决定噪声的辐射,振动能量的传递路径为压缩机-减振器/管路连接件-底架/面板-声波辐射。管路连接件与面板脱开以后,相应方向噪声降低1~2 dB(A)。
(2)声振耦合的存在形式为固体-固体,以第1阶激振频率向外传播,路径单一,只要点接触,能量就可以传过去。边界条件决定声振耦合的强度,实现声压级58.7 dB(A)的目标。
(3)在隔声罩与压缩机相连的情况下,吸音材料的吸声效果有限,声压级只能降到62 dB(A)。阻断能量传播路径是降噪的主要方式。
(4)声辐射面必须完全包络,吸声材料才能起到作用。减振器在高频段,能起到降噪的作用。在低频段(10~100 Hz),降噪失效。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.013
  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
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    1合肥通用机械研究院有限公司,合肥 230031
    2高端压缩机及系统技术全国重点实验室,合肥 230031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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