Article(id=1319293605504725801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293542573392487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473706841, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1753804800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473706841, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473706841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473706841, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293542573392487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753804800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473691838, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473691838, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293605689275178, articleId=1319293605504725801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Advances in fluid sealing mechanism based on porous medium modeling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The porous medium model is widely used in the research of fluid sealing leakage rate calculation due to its high accuracy.The application of porous medium models was introduced in the research of static and dynamic sealing mechanisms,and the establishment methods of various porous medium models as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different leakage rate calculation methods was summarized,the development direction of future porous media models was elucidated.In the study of static sealing mechanism,the establishment methods of porous medium models based on percolation grid model,statistical contact model and capillary bundle model were analyzed,and the application characteristics of Darcy equation,N-S equation and Hagen-Poiseuille equation in leakage rate calculation were compared.In the research on the mechanism of dynamic sealing,the process of establishing the basic model based on the continuity equation and the N-S equation was expounded,and the method of deriving the resistance coefficient with the aid of the Ergun equation and Chew theory was discussed.Studies show that the Darcy equation is the most widely used method for calculating leakage rate,while the N-S equation and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation are subject to certain limitations due to the complexity of the geometry of the flow channel.The method based on the Ergun equation for calculating the leakage rate is simple in form and highly accurate,while the results based on the Chew theory have wider adaptability.In subsequent research,the porous medium model should focus on the rapid prediction of leakage rate based on neural networks,providing reference for design of sealing structures.

, authors=Wenqing LI1, Zhaotong WANG2, Hanwei TIAN3, Yanliang MO3, Zhaonian ZHOU2, Zhijiang JIN4, Jinyuan QIAN2, authorsList=Wenqing LI, Zhaotong WANG, Hanwei TIAN, Yanliang MO, Zhaonian ZHOU, Zhijiang JIN, Jinyuan QIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinyuan QIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293609141187391, articleId=1319293605504725801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=基于多孔介质模型的流体密封机理研究进展, columnId=1317484296202474195, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=技术进展, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多孔介质模型因其准确率高,在流体密封泄漏率计算研究中得到广泛应用。本文综述了多孔介质模型在静密封和动密封机理研究中的应用,分析了各种多孔介质模型的建立方法及不同泄漏率计算方法的优缺点,并阐明未来多孔介质模型的发展方向。在静密封机理研究中,分析了基于逾渗栅格模型、统计学接触模型及毛细管束模型的多孔介质模型建立方法,并对比了Darcy方程、N-S方程和Hagen-Poiseuille方程在泄漏率计算中的应用特点;在动密封机理研究中,阐述了依据连续性方程和N-S方程建立基本模型的过程,并探讨了借助Ergun方程和Chew理论推导阻力系数的方法。Darcy方程是应用最广泛的泄漏率计算方法;N-S方程和Hagen-Poiseuille方程,因流动通道几何形状的复杂性而受到一定的限制;基于Ergun方程的方法计算泄漏率形式简洁且准确性较高,而基于Chew理论的结果适应性更广。在后续研究中多孔介质模型应聚焦于基于神经网络的泄漏率快速预测,为设计密封结构提供参考。

, authors=李文庆1, 王照彤2, 田捍卫3, 莫延亮3, 周兆年2, 金志江4, 钱锦远2, authorsList=李文庆, 王照彤, 田捍卫, 莫延亮, 周兆年, 金志江, 钱锦远, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钱锦远, authorNote=

李文庆(1995),男,博士后,主要研究方向为阀门密封及流动技术,E-mail:。

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钱锦远(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为先进流动控制技术,通信地址:310027浙江省杭州市西湖区浙江大学能源工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=J2M5eqS6ZqO3fD/C2JD9Gg==, magXml=bzbxgXVRUowLNoBE9/CTgQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=n6NvXO+glTTgMIINfEDoNQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VKpCc4yVt7c5GfdCVz6AMQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293667655926339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liwenqing@zju.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293667744006725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, authorId=1319293667655926339, language=EN, stringName=Wenqing LI, firstName=Wenqing, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Components and Mechatronic Systems,Hangzhou 310027,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293667895001670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, authorId=1319293667655926339, language=CN, stringName=李文庆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1流体动力基础件与机电系统全国重点试验室,杭州 310027, bio={"content":"

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caption=Research process of porous media modeling in static sealing mechanism, figureFileSmall=idZttE1EOXRRR44ze816uw==, figureFileBig=n6NvXO+glTTgMIINfEDoNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293670491275888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, language=CN, label=图1, caption=多孔介质模型在静密封机理的研究过程, figureFileSmall=idZttE1EOXRRR44ze816uw==, figureFileBig=n6NvXO+glTTgMIINfEDoNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293670621299313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic of the two‑dimensional impermeablegrid model, figureFileSmall=KaCWFkoTSfXEDqmvcgoBTg==, figureFileBig=kprp/Lm98rgTiJqeg6KrLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319293670700991090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, language=CN, label=图2, caption=二维逾渗栅格模型示意

(a)α=0.7  (b)α=0.4

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(a)刷式密封模型 (b)机械密封模型

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Methodology and main results of leakage modeling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目具体方法文献主要成果
基于均化思想平均流动法[10]推导出各向同性粗糙表面的平均雷诺方程
有限体积法[11]推导出Roth模型
平均体积法[12]提出用渗透率和扩散率来描述流体渗漏过程
基于逾渗理论单密封枢纽理论[13]建立了描述密封界面渗漏的正方形网格
栅格渗漏理论[14]建立了静密封界面的数学演变模型
基于接触理论统计学接触理论[15]该模型对静密封的过程描述更加完善
分形接触理论[16]提出M-B模型,能够定量分析泄漏率
基于多孔介质模型多孔介质模型[17]将密封面的孔隙等效为不同直径的管子
), ArticleFig(id=1319293671841841794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293605504725801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

泄漏模型方法及主要成果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目具体方法文献主要成果
基于均化思想平均流动法[10]推导出各向同性粗糙表面的平均雷诺方程
有限体积法[11]推导出Roth模型
平均体积法[12]提出用渗透率和扩散率来描述流体渗漏过程
基于逾渗理论单密封枢纽理论[13]建立了描述密封界面渗漏的正方形网格
栅格渗漏理论[14]建立了静密封界面的数学演变模型
基于接触理论统计学接触理论[15]该模型对静密封的过程描述更加完善
分形接触理论[16]提出M-B模型,能够定量分析泄漏率
基于多孔介质模型多孔介质模型[17]将密封面的孔隙等效为不同直径的管子
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基于多孔介质模型的流体密封机理研究进展
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李文庆 1 , 王照彤 2 , 田捍卫 3 , 莫延亮 3 , 周兆年 2 , 金志江 4 , 钱锦远 2
流体机械 | 技术进展 2025,53(7): 86-95
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流体机械 |技术进展 2025 , 53 (7) : 86 -95
基于多孔介质模型的流体密封机理研究进展
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李文庆(1995),男,博士后,主要研究方向为阀门密封及流动技术,E-mail:。

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李文庆(1995),男,博士后,主要研究方向为阀门密封及流动技术,E-mail:。

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李文庆1 , 王照彤2, 田捍卫3, 莫延亮3, 周兆年2, 金志江4, 钱锦远2
作者信息
  • 1流体动力基础件与机电系统全国重点试验室,杭州 310027
  • 2浙江大学 特种装备研究所,杭州 310027
  • 3河南航天液压气动技术有限公司,郑州 450000
  • 4浙江大学 温州研究院,浙江 温州 325036
通讯作者:
钱锦远(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为先进流动控制技术,通信地址:310027浙江省杭州市西湖区浙江大学能源工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李文庆(1995),男,博士后,主要研究方向为阀门密封及流动技术,E-mail:。

Advances in fluid sealing mechanism based on porous medium modeling
Wenqing LI1 , Zhaotong WANG2, Hanwei TIAN3, Yanliang MO3, Zhaonian ZHOU2, Zhijiang JIN4, Jinyuan QIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Components and Mechatronic Systems,Hangzhou 310027,China
  • 2Institute of Advantaced Equipment,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
  • 3Henan Aerospace Hydraulic Pneumatic Technology Co.,Ltd.,Zhengzhou 450000,China
  • 4Institute of Wenzhou,Zhejiang University,Wenzhou 325036,China
出版时间: 2025-07-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.012
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多孔介质模型因其准确率高,在流体密封泄漏率计算研究中得到广泛应用。本文综述了多孔介质模型在静密封和动密封机理研究中的应用,分析了各种多孔介质模型的建立方法及不同泄漏率计算方法的优缺点,并阐明未来多孔介质模型的发展方向。在静密封机理研究中,分析了基于逾渗栅格模型、统计学接触模型及毛细管束模型的多孔介质模型建立方法,并对比了Darcy方程、N-S方程和Hagen-Poiseuille方程在泄漏率计算中的应用特点;在动密封机理研究中,阐述了依据连续性方程和N-S方程建立基本模型的过程,并探讨了借助Ergun方程和Chew理论推导阻力系数的方法。Darcy方程是应用最广泛的泄漏率计算方法;N-S方程和Hagen-Poiseuille方程,因流动通道几何形状的复杂性而受到一定的限制;基于Ergun方程的方法计算泄漏率形式简洁且准确性较高,而基于Chew理论的结果适应性更广。在后续研究中多孔介质模型应聚焦于基于神经网络的泄漏率快速预测,为设计密封结构提供参考。

粗糙表面  /  多孔介质模型  /  流体密封  /  泄漏率  /  阻力系数

The porous medium model is widely used in the research of fluid sealing leakage rate calculation due to its high accuracy.The application of porous medium models was introduced in the research of static and dynamic sealing mechanisms,and the establishment methods of various porous medium models as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different leakage rate calculation methods was summarized,the development direction of future porous media models was elucidated.In the study of static sealing mechanism,the establishment methods of porous medium models based on percolation grid model,statistical contact model and capillary bundle model were analyzed,and the application characteristics of Darcy equation,N-S equation and Hagen-Poiseuille equation in leakage rate calculation were compared.In the research on the mechanism of dynamic sealing,the process of establishing the basic model based on the continuity equation and the N-S equation was expounded,and the method of deriving the resistance coefficient with the aid of the Ergun equation and Chew theory was discussed.Studies show that the Darcy equation is the most widely used method for calculating leakage rate,while the N-S equation and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation are subject to certain limitations due to the complexity of the geometry of the flow channel.The method based on the Ergun equation for calculating the leakage rate is simple in form and highly accurate,while the results based on the Chew theory have wider adaptability.In subsequent research,the porous medium model should focus on the rapid prediction of leakage rate based on neural networks,providing reference for design of sealing structures.

rough surfaces  /  porous medium model  /  fluid sealing  /  leakage rate  /  drag coefficient
李文庆, 王照彤, 田捍卫, 莫延亮, 周兆年, 金志江, 钱锦远. 基于多孔介质模型的流体密封机理研究进展. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (7) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.012
Wenqing LI, Zhaotong WANG, Hanwei TIAN, Yanliang MO, Zhaonian ZHOU, Zhijiang JIN, Jinyuan QIAN. Advances in fluid sealing mechanism based on porous medium modeling[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (7) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.012
密封是保证现代工业机械设备的安全、稳定、高效的基础技术[1],随着工业设备逐渐大型化、大流量化,过程流体系统对密封提出了更高的要求[2]。流体密封可以分为静密封和动密封:静密封作用于2个非运动部件之间,通过施加载荷使密封面接触从而达到密封效果,主要应用在管道、阀门等领域[3];动密封用于至少有一个移动或旋转部件,通过密封件与移动或旋转部件之间的摩擦以及密封件的弹性变形来实现密封,主要应用在航空航天、核工业等领域[4]。
由于任何加工手段都不能实现绝对光滑的表面,设备难免存在泄漏现象[5]。密封面在微观尺度下是粗糙不平的,相互接触时会形成间隙,当间隙足够大时则会贯穿整个密封面,形成泄漏通道[6],造成密封面的失效,导致密封性能降低甚至引发安全事故[7]。因此,流体密封泄漏模型的建立,以及泄漏率的计算备受关注。目前,建立泄漏模型的方法主要有基于均化思想、基于逾渗理论、基于接触理论,以及基于多孔介质模型等[8-9],具体方法及结论见下表1。
在上述泄漏模型方法中,由于多孔介质模型可以将复杂的物理模型简化,并且计算准确性较高、与多个软件兼容,自提出以来便受到广泛关注,并不断发展。多孔介质模型是指在载荷作用下,两密封面的接触部分为多孔介质的骨架,未接触部分为孔隙,流体在孔隙中流动,当孔隙足够大以至于贯穿密封面时,形成泄漏通道。
文中总结近年来流体密封机理研究中基于多孔介质模型的发展历程。首先介绍多孔介质模型在静密封机理中的研究,包括基于渗流理论建立多孔介质模型,使用Darcy方程、Hagen-Poiseuille方程,以及N-S方程等进行泄漏率的计算;其次,介绍多孔介质模型在动密封机理中的研究,主要为接触式密封,包括基于连续性方程和N-S方程建立多孔介质模型,使用Ergun方程和Chew理论对阻力系数进行推导;最后,分析多孔介质模型在上述2种密封机理中的特点和不足,阐明未来多孔介质的发展方向,为进一步探索多孔介质模型在流体密封机理中的应用提供参考。
多孔介质模型在静密封机理中的研究主要是基于渗流理论来描述泄漏通道[18]。具体研究过程如图1所示。
首先,通过建立逾渗栅格模型、统计学接触模型、毛细管束模型等建立多孔介质模型;然后,使用Darcy方程、Hagen-Poiseuille方程、N-S方程等求解泄漏率;不同模型之间的主要区别是流体的渗透率、孔隙率,以及二者间的关系。
逾渗理论最早是由BOARDBENT提出[19],用于描述流体在随机多孔介质中的流动和扩散现象。TRIPP等[20]将逾渗理论应用于密封问题,采用圆环来模拟密封面,并提出逾渗阈值的概念。为了更好地揭示静密封的机理,STAUFFER等[21]基于逾渗理论提出了逾渗栅格模型。常见的二维栅格模型如图2所示[22]。
BOTTIGLIONE等[23]提出将密封面等效为多孔介质,并使用逾渗栅格模型求解非金属密封垫片的逾渗阈值。除逾渗阈值外,系统尺度和关联尺度也是逾渗栅格模型的2个核心概念。刘志峰等[24]对多孔介质的二维逾渗栅格结构在低Reynolds流动时进行了研究,结果表明,当接触概率超过逾渗阈值且系统尺度远大于关联尺度时,密封界面表现为宏观统计均匀的多孔介质,此时界面渗透率趋于定值,不再依赖具体的结构,且其流动规律符合Darcy方程[25]。在此基础上,史建成等[22]采用蒙特卡洛法建立了静密封界面的数学模型。
二维逾渗栅格模型因忽略表面形貌和多尺度效应,导致预测结果与实际情况存在偏差。因此,学者转向研究三维逾渗栅格模型以提高精度。崔颖等[26]将双粗糙密封面等效为三维逾渗栅格模型,并对粗糙面进行离散化处理,分析了表面纹理、粗糙面波动频率等参数对密封面的影响,该模型不仅适用于各向同性密封面,也适用于各向异性密封面,模型示意如图3所示。
基于逾渗栅格模型描述静密封,揭示了静密封的机理,分析了密封面的状态演变特性和流体运输特性。逾渗栅格模型从二维发展到三维,充分考虑了双粗糙面的三维表面特征,同时适用于各向同性和各向异性密封面,发展得比较完善。但是,目前对密封面渗漏通道的描述仅停留在离散的栅格系统,可能会造成渗漏通道的缺失。三维模型没有考虑密封面的微凸体相互作用,该模型为理想模型,试验结果受到设备、试验条件等因素的影响,在工程应用中还应考虑实际因素的作用。该模型需要假定接触载荷分布均匀,且对孔隙率的计算精度较低,其结果在一定程度上不具有普适性。
由于密封面是凹凸不平的,在载荷作用下,2个粗糙表面上的微凸体会相互接触,发生变形。HERTZ[27]提出弹性接触力学,奠定了现代接触力学基础。GREENWOOD等[28]基于统计学特征,建立了粗糙弹性变形接触模型,即G-W模型。ESTION等[15]在G-W模型基础上引入塑性变形,建立了CEB模型,推导出密封面泄漏率的简单经验表达式,并分析了塑性指数和端面载荷对静密封泄漏的影响。统计学接触模型如图4所示。
弹塑性接触力学模型将微凸体的变形过程分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个过程,不同变形状态下载荷特性不同[29]。ZHANG等[30]基于该理论,将粗糙表面的变形划分为不同区域,并使用多孔介质来表征泄漏过程,并通过静密封验证模型对各向同性和各向异性密封面泄漏率的预测能力[31]。
李顺洋等[32]使用弹塑性接触力学来建立多孔介质模型,通过比较Costa方程[33]、K-C方程和指数函数理论求解的渗透率,得出最合适的渗透率公式。求得的渗透率理论与试验的误差如图5所示。Costa方程的理论求解和试验数据的吻合度较高,说明泄漏通道具有自相似性。
统计学接触模型考虑了泄漏通道上微凸体的弹性、弹塑性及塑性变形,将密封面的尺寸、形貌参数及施加载荷相关联,用于预测泄漏率。该模型仅关注2个密封面之间的接触,可以广泛应用于各种平面密封结构。与逾渗栅格模型不同的是,接触力学模型将2个粗糙密封面等效为刚性平面和粗糙面,这种等效需假设2个接触面的表面形貌保持不变。但相关参数受设备的影响较大,不适用于磨损较大的密封面,对试验数据的偶然误差敏感性较高。当密封面上的应力分布不均匀时,预测值与实际值之间会出现较大的偏差。
MANDELBROT[34]提出了表示金属表面分形特性的W-M函数,MAJUMDAR等[16]基于此建立了M-B分形接触模型,为定量分析泄漏率奠定基础。黄晓明等[35-36]基于毛细管束模型,分别研究了金属垫片的分形多孔介质泄漏机理及密封面的泄漏率预测,结合三维数值重构技术使预测结果与试验吻合,并分析了泄漏率影响因素。
毛细管束模型将压紧力、介质压力等参数联系在一起,可以对密封部位进行合理的设计和评定。模型中所有参量的物理意义都很明确,相关试验及设备对模型的影响不大。但该模型对密封面进行了一定程度的化简,实际的密封面并不是严格意义上的分形结构,使预测模型与实际之间存在偏差。
Darcy方程可以描述多孔介质模型在低雷诺数下的流动[37],逾渗栅格模型和统计学接触模型均使用该方程求解泄漏率。
Q=-KμΔPLA
式中,Q为总泄漏率;K为流体渗透率;μ为流体的黏性系数;ΔP为流体在流动方向上的压降;L为密封面的流程长度;A为密封面截面积。
Hagen-Poiseuille可以描述流体在圆管中的流动,适用于求解毛细管束模型的泄漏率。由Hagen-Poiseuille方程得到的总泄漏率:
Q=πDpλmaxDt+3ΔP128μL0DtDt-Dp+3
式中,Dp为孔隙空间的分形维数;λmax为泄漏通道的最大孔径;L0为毛细管的名义长度;Dt为考虑迂曲度的分形维数[38]。
毛细管束模型还可以用Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程来求解泄漏率。LOTFI等[39]和ABDEL-HAKIM等[40]分别对填料密封中的气体、液体流动建立多孔介质模型,使用N-S方程得到其泄漏率的计算公式:
Qgas=NR4πP02(Π2-1)16RTμl1+2-σσ16KnΠ+1
Qliquid=NR4πρΔP8μl1+4LsR
式中,N为毛细管束的数量;l为毛细管束的长度;R为毛细管束的半径;P0为出口压力;Π为进出口压力比;T为绝对温度;σ为切向动量的调节系数。ρ为介质密度;Ls为流体流过毛细管的长度。
在计算多孔介质模型泄漏率的各种方法中,Darcy方程使用最多,该方程基于线性原理,假设流体在流动时不与介质产生交互作用,将作用在密封面上的压力梯度,以及介质黏度等参数相关联,量化了流体流动的能力,但仅适用于特定的雷诺数范围。N-S方程是基于非线性原理,相较于Darcy方程,他考虑了流体的黏性、惯性、压力梯度,以及可能的外部力等因素。但该方法依赖于多孔介质模型中,流体通道的规则几何形状和高度对称性,因此应用受到限制。Hagen-Poiseuille方程作为N-S方程的一个特殊情况下的解,考虑了流体的黏性、压力和流速之间的关系,对流量与压力差、管径和流体性质等进行定量分析,可以对密封件进行合理的设计及评定。该方法仅适用于描述流体在多个平行的、具有相同直径的圆管中流动的毛细管束模型,应用范围更加受限。
泄漏和寿命是密封评估的两大核心性能指标[41]。动密封机理研究的关键在于构建精确的理论模型,多孔介质模型因其独特的优势而备受关注。在机械设计制造中,可将动密封按运动部件是否接触分为:接触式密封和非接触式密封。非接触式密封由于密封件与运动件不直接接触,不使用多孔介质模型来研究其泄漏率。多孔介质模型在动密封机理中的研究过程如图6所示[41-45],使用连续性方程和N-S方程建立基本模型,采用CFD方法对密封面进行仿真分析。
不同研究方法之间的差异主要体现在阻力系数的推导。目前,主流阻力系数的推导方法有基于Ergun方程和基于Chew理论。
将密封区域视为多孔介质模型进行求解,工作介质视为理想流体,满足以下稳态控制方程:
div(ρεv)=0ρ(v⋅∇)v=-∇p+μ∇2v+Sv+Si
式中,ε为多孔介质的孔隙率;ν为速度矢量;Sν为其他没有包括的黏性项之和;Si为动量源项。
多孔介质模型使用的动量方程,与典型动量方程的不同在于其添加了Si和Sν项。其中,Si为黏性损失项和惯性损失项之和,可以表示为:
Si=-μkiv+Ci12ρ|v|v
式中,ki为渗透率;1/ki为黏性阻力系数;Ci为惯性阻力系数。
ERGUN[46]推导出的多孔介质区域的阻力系数,主要应用在刷式密封。定义m,n,z分别为径向、周向和轴向,ai,bi分别表示黏性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数。得出多孔介质区域的阻力系数为[47]:
az=an=66.67(1-ε)2d2ε2am=0.4εanbz=bn=2.33(1-ε)dε3bm=0
式中,d为刷丝束直径。
可以看出,阻力系数与刷丝直径和孔隙率有关。基于上述模型,DEVILLE等[48]考虑刷毛变形,提出了一种具有空间变化孔隙率的多孔介质模型,通过变形的刷毛来估计孔隙率,以管道中的压降类比得到渗透率[49];将理论计算的泄漏率与试验结果分析比较,二者吻合度较高,但数值计算的泄漏率略低于试验结果,主要原因是数值计算忽略了摩擦力和转子振动[50]。
密封端面多孔介质模型示意如图7所示。除了刷式密封以外,基于Ergun方程推导阻力系数的方法在机械密封中也有应用。包超英等[51]只考虑黏性阻力项,将多孔介质模型应用在机械密封中,推导出新的泄漏率计算方程。
CHEW等[52]推导出了阻力源项的表达式,并根据表达式得到了相对应的黏性阻力系数ki和惯性阻力系数Ci表达式。
1ki=5aS2ciεi3Ci=b'4Sciεi3S=dNr1+r2bcosβ
式中,a,b'为常数,当a=1,b'=2.32时,适用于广泛的密封;S为单位体积的湿润面积;ci为面孔隙率的修正系数;N为刷丝的总根数;r1,r2为刷式密封的内、外半径;β为刷丝束夹角。
相关学者对这种多孔介质模型进行了修正,以提高泄漏率预测准确率。主要方法有通过刷丝束厚度修正孔隙率[53]和引入泄漏系数[54]。修正后的模拟结果与试验对比如图8所示。2种修正法得到的模型误差均小于10%,且整体变化情况一致,都能很好地预测多孔介质模型的泄漏特性。
基于Chew理论推导多孔介质模型阻力系数的方法,在指尖密封中也有重要应用。指尖密封是在刷式密封的基础上发展而来,其显著优点是泄漏率小,最小泄漏率仅为篦齿密封的10%左右[55]。白花蕾等[56]将多孔介质模型应用在指尖密封中,用理想孔隙率来代替实际孔隙率,并对孔隙率进行修正,通过仿真得出修正系数。对指尖密封多孔介质模型的修正,主要包括考虑转子的磨损效应[57],以及引入压差修正系数,通过试验验证结果如图9所示[58]。
此外,还有学者将指尖密封的侧漏流[59]、总泄漏率[60]考虑在内,通过多孔介质理论验证泄漏模型的准确性。多孔介质模型也被应用在填料密封中,KAZEMINIA等[61]对比分析了3种不同的多孔介质模型的泄漏率预测能力。
在动密封中,推导多孔介质模型阻力系数的方法主要有:基于Ergun方程和基于Chew理论。
基于Ergun方程推导阻力系数主要运用的密封形式为刷式密封。其形式简单,易于理解,准确性较高,是推导多孔介质模型阻力系数最常使用的方法,模型中参数通常由试验确定。但是该方法只适用于过渡流区域的流体行为,对完全层流或完全湍流的求解不够准确,在低雷诺数时预测结果与试验数据会存在偏差,且结果的参数依赖性高。
基于Chew理论推导阻力系数的方法在指尖密封中运用较多,相对于基于Ergun方程的方法,该方法考虑更多参数,适用于更复杂的多孔介质流动,尤其是非线性流动,表现出较高的准确性。但其参数依赖性高,参数确定主要依赖复杂的数学推导,目前相关文献较少。
深度学习技术的兴起和不断发展为多孔介质模型中,泄漏率的预测带来了新思路。目前,预测多孔介质渗透率时,所使用的机器学习框架大多为卷积神经网络(CNNs),WU等[62]利用二维CNNs模型来预测多孔介质的渗透率,在模型中加入影响渗透率的物理参数,得到的预测结果比常规预测更准确,且计算误差小于10%。由于多孔介质的渗透率与其三维空间的连通性有关,刘浩等[63]建立了三维CNNs模型,通过分析真实多孔介质图像,以及人工合成的多孔介质图像,建立深度学习神经网络并预测模型的渗透率,该三维模型的计算误差小于15%,且预测时间仅为常规预测的25%左右,验证了卷积神经网络模型的可行性。
然而,CNNs模型较为复杂,且数据量大,GPU内存有限的情况下,该方法限制了多孔介质的尺寸及预测性能[64]。基于此,相关学者提出利用长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)的方法,预测多孔介质渗透率,该方法可以降低数据量和计算成本[65]。相较传统方法而言,无论是CNNs方法还是LSTM方法,基本原理都是通过建立一种高度非线性的多孔介质模型,实现泄漏率的快速预测。
本文主要阐述了多孔介质模型在流体密封中的研究进展,分别对在静密封、动密封中的模型建立及发展进行总结,为密封结构的设计和优化提供理论依据。
(1)归纳整理了多孔介质模型在静密封机理中的研究进展。基于渗流理论建立的多孔介质模型,包括逾渗栅格模型、统计学接触模型及毛细管束模型。其中,逾渗栅格模型揭示了静密封的机理,考虑了粗糙面的表面特征,发展较为完善,但结果在一定程度上不具有普适性;统计学接触模型适用于各种平面密封结构,但受设备影响较大;毛细管束模型受设备的影响较小,但对模型进行化简导致结果存在偏差。对多孔介质模型进行泄漏率的计算,逾渗栅格模型和统计学接触模型使用Darcy方程求解泄漏率,毛细管束模型使用Hagen-Poiseuille方程和N-S方程求解泄漏率。Darcy方程在泄漏率计算时使用最多,用于低雷诺数范围内的流动;N-S方程用于具有高度对称的流体流动;Hagen-Poiseuille方程适用于圆管流动。
(2)归纳整理了多孔介质模型在动密封机理中的研究进展,多孔介质模型在动密封中的应用主要为接触式密封。首先基于N-S方程和连续性方程建立基本模型,然后基于Ergun方程和Chew理论两种方法对模型中的阻力系数项进行推导。其中,Ergun方程主要运用于刷式密封,是多孔介质模型推导阻力系数最常使用的方法,但只适用于过渡流区域的流体;Chew理论则是在指尖密封中运用较多,考虑了更多参数,适用性更广泛,但其参数依赖性强,推导过程复杂。
(3)随着计算机技术的不断发展和流体动力学理论的深入研究,多孔介质模型在流体密封领域的应用越来越广。目前,已经出现了基于神经网络等方法研究多孔介质模型泄漏率。未来,多孔介质模型的应用将更加注重理论与实际工况的结合,加入智能化生产和应用,在建立模型、使用CFD仿真分析后,通过引入更多的试验数据和工程经验,对模型进行改进及优化,以提高模型的准确性和可靠性,为设计密封结构提供参考。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.07.012
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
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    1流体动力基础件与机电系统全国重点试验室,杭州 310027
    2浙江大学 特种装备研究所,杭州 310027
    3河南航天液压气动技术有限公司,郑州 450000
    4浙江大学 温州研究院,浙江 温州 325036

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钱锦远(1988),男,副教授,主要研究方向为先进流动控制技术,通信地址:310027浙江省杭州市西湖区浙江大学能源工程学院,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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