Article(id=1319293265048879508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293220169826420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=1742054400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473625670, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473625670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473625670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473625670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293220169826420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473614971, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473614971, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293265275371925, articleId=1319293265048879508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Research on heat transfer characteristics and structural optimization of cold storage plate evaporator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the heat transfer performance of the evaporator in the cold storage refrigeration system,a new type of plate evaporator was designed.The influence of refrigerant mass flow rate and air side velocity on the heat transfer characteristics of the plate evaporator was discussed by using the method of simulation combined with experiments,and an optimized structure with an intermediate channel was proposed.The heat transfer characteristics of the plate evaporator were studied when the inlet dryness of refrigerant R22 was 0.27,the temperature was -5 ℃,the saturation pressure at this temperature was 0.421 8 MPa,the mass flow rate was 0.017 kg/s,the air inlet temperature was 6 ℃,the relative humidity was 80%,and the flow rate was 3 m/s.The results show that in the design conditions,the cooling capacity in this design condition is 2.86 kW,the refrigerant side pressure drop is 1 150 Pa,and the air side pressure drop is 412 Pa.As the mass flow rate of refrigerant increases,the cooling capacity increases,but the growth rate slows down significantly after reaching 0.017 kg/s.The pressure drop on the refrigerant side also increases,and the growth rate gradually increases.As the inlet flow rate on the air side increases,the cooling capacity increases,but the growth rate slows down significantly after reaching 3 m/s.The pressure drop on the air side also increases,and the growth rate gradually increases.The refrigerant mass flow rate should match the air inlet conditions.Compared with the original structure,the plate evaporator with a middle connected structure has increased cooling capacity by more than 9.4%,increased refrigerant side pressure drop by 18.3%,and increased air side pressure drop by 20.2%.The intermediate connected structure can improve the heat transfer performance of the evaporator.The research results can provide reference for the study and design of evaporators in cold storage refrigeration systems.

, authors=Xun XU1, Zhaokuo YUAN2, authorsList=Xun XU, Zhaokuo YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293269289320878, articleId=1319293265048879508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=冷库板式蒸发器传热特性及结构优化研究, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高冷库制冷系统蒸发器的传热性能,设计了一种板式蒸发器,采用模拟结合试验的方法分析了制冷剂质量流量以及空气侧迎面风速对板式蒸发器传热特性的影响,并提出一种带中间通道的优化结构。在制冷剂R22入口干度0.27,温度-5 ℃,压力0.421 8 MPa,质量流量0.017 kg/s,空气入口温度6 ℃,相对湿度80%,流速3 m/s的工况下,对板式蒸发器传热特性进行了研究。结果表明:设计工况下板式蒸发器制冷量为2.86 kW,制冷剂侧压降为1 150 Pa,空气侧压降为412 Pa;制冷剂质量流量增加,制冷量增大,但当制冷剂质量流量增大到0.017 kg/s时增速明显减缓,制冷剂侧压降也增大,且增幅逐渐增大;空气侧进口流速增加,制冷量增大,但增大到3 m/s时增速明显减缓,空气侧压降也增大,且增幅逐渐增大;制冷剂质量流量取值与空气入口条件应相互匹配;带中间连通结构的板式蒸发器与原结构相比,制冷量提升9.4%以上,制冷剂侧压降增加18.3%,空气侧压降增加20.2%;中间连通结构能够提升蒸发器的传热性能。研究结果可为冷库制冷系统蒸发器的研究和设计提供参考。

, authors=徐迅1, 苑昭阔2, authorsList=徐迅, 苑昭阔, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=NPdvcM7/deSj+faMvhWW0Q==, magXml=LLdBsHm3KFiBa0W4+LfFNQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KY4m6rgJM855dU+dBWDuzA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FXWjsPs0UbJEHkJkJgQE0w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293270052684214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293265048879508, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xinshoux2@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293270119793080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293265048879508, authorId=1319293270052684214, language=EN, stringName=Xun XU, firstName=Xun, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Xinglin,Nantong University,Nantong 226001,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293270203679161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293265048879508, authorId=1319293270052684214, language=CN, stringName=徐迅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1南通大学 杏林学院,江苏 南通 226001, bio={"content":"

徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

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徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

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Instrument parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪表测量范围精度
温度传感器-200~350 ℃±0.2 ℃
压力传感器0~6 MPa±0.075%
质量流量计0~10 kg/h±0.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1319293276553855459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293265048879508, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仪表参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪表测量范围精度
温度传感器-200~350 ℃±0.2 ℃
压力传感器0~6 MPa±0.075%
质量流量计0~10 kg/h±0.2%
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冷库板式蒸发器传热特性及结构优化研究
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徐迅 1 , 苑昭阔 2
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(6): 39-47
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冷库板式蒸发器传热特性及结构优化研究
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徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

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徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

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徐迅1 , 苑昭阔2
作者信息
  • 1南通大学 杏林学院,江苏 南通 226001
  • 2上海南华换热器制造有限公司,上海 201400
作者简介:

徐迅(1983),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高效传热及余热利用,通信地址:226001江苏省南通市崇川区常青路3号金水湾花园1-309,E-mail:。

Research on heat transfer characteristics and structural optimization of cold storage plate evaporator
Xun XU1 , Zhaokuo YUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Xinglin,Nantong University,Nantong 226001,China
  • 2Shanghai Nanhua Heat Exchanger Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 20l 400,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.006
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为提高冷库制冷系统蒸发器的传热性能,设计了一种板式蒸发器,采用模拟结合试验的方法分析了制冷剂质量流量以及空气侧迎面风速对板式蒸发器传热特性的影响,并提出一种带中间通道的优化结构。在制冷剂R22入口干度0.27,温度-5 ℃,压力0.421 8 MPa,质量流量0.017 kg/s,空气入口温度6 ℃,相对湿度80%,流速3 m/s的工况下,对板式蒸发器传热特性进行了研究。结果表明:设计工况下板式蒸发器制冷量为2.86 kW,制冷剂侧压降为1 150 Pa,空气侧压降为412 Pa;制冷剂质量流量增加,制冷量增大,但当制冷剂质量流量增大到0.017 kg/s时增速明显减缓,制冷剂侧压降也增大,且增幅逐渐增大;空气侧进口流速增加,制冷量增大,但增大到3 m/s时增速明显减缓,空气侧压降也增大,且增幅逐渐增大;制冷剂质量流量取值与空气入口条件应相互匹配;带中间连通结构的板式蒸发器与原结构相比,制冷量提升9.4%以上,制冷剂侧压降增加18.3%,空气侧压降增加20.2%;中间连通结构能够提升蒸发器的传热性能。研究结果可为冷库制冷系统蒸发器的研究和设计提供参考。

冷库  /  板式蒸发器  /  传热特性  /  数值模拟  /  结构优化

In order to improve the heat transfer performance of the evaporator in the cold storage refrigeration system,a new type of plate evaporator was designed.The influence of refrigerant mass flow rate and air side velocity on the heat transfer characteristics of the plate evaporator was discussed by using the method of simulation combined with experiments,and an optimized structure with an intermediate channel was proposed.The heat transfer characteristics of the plate evaporator were studied when the inlet dryness of refrigerant R22 was 0.27,the temperature was -5 ℃,the saturation pressure at this temperature was 0.421 8 MPa,the mass flow rate was 0.017 kg/s,the air inlet temperature was 6 ℃,the relative humidity was 80%,and the flow rate was 3 m/s.The results show that in the design conditions,the cooling capacity in this design condition is 2.86 kW,the refrigerant side pressure drop is 1 150 Pa,and the air side pressure drop is 412 Pa.As the mass flow rate of refrigerant increases,the cooling capacity increases,but the growth rate slows down significantly after reaching 0.017 kg/s.The pressure drop on the refrigerant side also increases,and the growth rate gradually increases.As the inlet flow rate on the air side increases,the cooling capacity increases,but the growth rate slows down significantly after reaching 3 m/s.The pressure drop on the air side also increases,and the growth rate gradually increases.The refrigerant mass flow rate should match the air inlet conditions.Compared with the original structure,the plate evaporator with a middle connected structure has increased cooling capacity by more than 9.4%,increased refrigerant side pressure drop by 18.3%,and increased air side pressure drop by 20.2%.The intermediate connected structure can improve the heat transfer performance of the evaporator.The research results can provide reference for the study and design of evaporators in cold storage refrigeration systems.

cold storage  /  plate evaporator  /  heat transfer characteristics  /  numerical simulation  /  structural optimization
徐迅, 苑昭阔. 冷库板式蒸发器传热特性及结构优化研究. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (6) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.006
Xun XU, Zhaokuo YUAN. Research on heat transfer characteristics and structural optimization of cold storage plate evaporator[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (6) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.006
冷库作为冷链系统的重要一环,被广泛应用于果蔬、肉类和水产等食品的低温储存。根据中物联冷链委发布的数据,2020年全国食品冷库容量达7 080万吨,同比增长16.98%[1-4]。目前,冷库制冷系统的建设和运行成本居高不下,其中,作为关键部件的蒸发器成本超过了30%,且蒸发器的换热性能直接影响了制冷系统的运行效果[5-6]。
国内外学者从换热器的结构参数、运行工况等方面进行了一系列的理论与试验研究。张佳驰等[7]对不同库温下冷风机结构参数对其结霜特性的影响规律开展仿真与试验研究,揭示了翅片间距对冷风机换热表面结霜特性、系统性能的影响变化规律。申江等[8]对冷风机的运行性能进行了仿真模拟,得到了冷风机结构参数(管间距、翅片间距和翅片厚度)对其性能的影响。马燕等[9]对处于不同工况下变片距冷风机和定片距冷风机的传热性能及压降进行了试验研究,对比分析得出低温工况下变片距冷风机的性能整体上要优于定片距冷风机。肖宏新等[10]对不同翅片片距组合的翅片盘管换热器在低环温工况下运行及结霜的情况进行试验研究,得出变片距结构可有效延长迎风面管排发生结霜堵塞的时间,对于结霜生长也有抑制作用。PARK等[11]对结霜和除霜工况,不同倾斜角度下百叶窗翅片式换热器的换热和排水性能进行了试验研究,得出高倾斜角度能提高百叶窗式翅片换热器的排水性能,并减少残留水量,且换热器在循环期间的解冻效率变化小于低倾斜角度。
从上述研究可以看到,有关冷库制冷系统蒸发器的优化研究多集中于管翅式换热器,但管翅式换热器依然存在以下问题:一是翅片为二次换热表面,不及一次换热表面的传热性能;二是翅片间距较小,换面表面易形成积霜,积霜不仅阻碍空气流动,且增加传热热阻,造成蒸发器制冷量减小[12];三是成本较高,生产管翅式换热器所用的铜和铝都属于有色金属,其中,铜更是我国的战略金属。2020年,我国铜资源储量仅占全球的3.0%,但精炼铜产量却达到全球的41.9%,铜资源对外依存度高达75.3%[13]。随着我国冷链物流系统的发展,生产管翅式蒸发器所消耗的铜量也将快速增长。
基于以上分析,有学者提出采用板式换热器作为冷库制冷系统的蒸发器,所有换热表面均为一次表面,提高了换热系数。LEE等[14]对R1233zd(E)为工质的板式蒸发器传热和压降性能进行了试验研究,结果表明,随着工质的质量流量或预热器出口气体质量分数的增加,流体的湍流程度加剧,R1233zd(E)的传热强化。KIM等[15]研究30/60°波纹角的板式换热器中R1234ze(E)和R134a在不同质量流量下的传热特性,结果表明,人字形波纹角较大时,两种工质均表现出较强的湍流效应。吴学红等[16]通过建立三维单流道模型模拟板式换热器相变流动,研究结果表明,波纹倾角增大、波纹节距减小有助于沸腾传热系数的提升。BELMAN-FLORES等[17]通过计算流体力学方式模拟对比了板翅式蒸发器和光板式蒸发器在微制冷系统中的传热性能,计算得到了微小空间内的速度分布和温度分布。
与管翅式换热器相比,板式换热器结构紧凑,传热系数高,但其密封垫片的耐温、耐压、耐腐蚀能力目前尚未有效解决。吴俐俊等[18-20]设计了一种激光焊接的高效板式换热器,并展开了一系列的应用研究,该换热器采用不锈钢材料,通过波纹流道对空气进行扰动,从而提高换热系数。板式换热表面易于进行防腐与除霜处理,有助于蒸发器的稳定运行。将该新型板式换热器应用于制冷系统蒸发器,除板片尺寸需与制冷系统相匹配外,还涉及到类椭圆通道内制冷剂相变换热以及空气通道湿空气冷凝换热,此类换热形式尚缺乏研究。本文在文献[19]的基础上,设计了一种适用于冷库蒸发器的板束结构,选用R22制冷剂,通过数值模拟对板式蒸发器传热及流动特性进行研究,通过试验对模型进行验证,并提出一种强化传热的中间连通结构。
板式蒸发器结构模型如图1所示。换热芯体由一系列板束错位叠加形成,单个换热板束由2块板片通过一定的加工工艺,形成截面为椭圆或扁圆的通道。换热芯体材料为不锈钢,密度为7 840 kg/m3,导热系数为50 W/(m⋅K),比热为465 J/(kg⋅K),板束内循环通道为制冷剂通道,板束之间错位叠放形成的波纹空间作为空气通道,如图2所示。
板片长短轴及板间距采用文献[15]中优化后的结构参数,椭圆通道长轴长度为16 mm,短轴长度为8 mm,板束间距为12.5 mm,制冷剂通道当量直径为10 mm,空气通道当量直径为24.6 mm。单个板束长为800 mm,椭圆通道共12个,宽度为216 mm,板束间共设10个空气通道。
本文选用Fluent中的Mixture模型[21],适用于求解两相或多相具有不同速度的流动。控制方程如下。
连续性方程:
∂ρm∂t+∇(ρmum)=Sm
式中,ρm为混合物密度,kg/m3;um为质量平均速度,m/s;Sm为质量源项,kg/(m3⋅s)。
动量方程:
∂∂t(ρmum)+∇⋅(ρmumum)=-∇p+∇μm∇um+umT)+ρmg+F-∇⋅∑k=1nαkρkudr,kudr,k
式中,p为压力,Pa;μm为混合物黏度,Pa⋅s;g为重力加速度,m/s2;F为体积力,N/m3;n为相数;udr,k为第k相的滑移速度,m/s。
能量方程:
∂∂t∑k=1nαkρkEk+∇⋅∑k=1nαkukρkEk+p=∇⋅keff∇T-∑khkJk+τeff⋅υ+SE
式中,keff为有效热传导率,W/(m⋅K);hk为物质的焓,J;Jk为扩散流量,kg/s;τeff为应力张量,Pa;SE为能量源项,W/m3。
湿空气流经低于其露点温度的板束表面时,水蒸气发生凝结。将湿空气视作由水蒸气和干空气组成的双组分理想气体,并忽略凝结液膜热阻,开启组分守恒方程[22]:
∂(ρY)∂t+∇(ρuY)=-∇J+Sd
式中,Y为物质的质量分数;J为组分扩散通量;Sd为由于蒸汽组分凝结产生的源项。
J=-ρDm+μtSct∇Y-DT∇TT
式中,Dm为质量扩散系数;μt和Sct分别为湍流黏性系数和湍流Schmidt数;DT为热扩散系数。
湍流流动采用标准k-ɛ方程。
∂ρY∂tρk+∂∂xiρkvi=∂∂xjμ+μtσk∂k∂xj+Gk-ρε
∂∂t(ρε)+∂∂xi(ρεvi)=∂∂xjμ+μtσε∂ε∂xj+C1εεkGk-C2ερε2k
式中,μt=ρC2ερk2/ε;σk,σε分别为湍动能和湍动能耗散率对应的湍流普朗特数;Gk为由于平均速度梯度而产生的湍动能,J;ε为耗散率;常数σk=1.0,σε=1.3,C1ε=1.44,C2ε=1.92。
蒸发和冷凝换热过程中,质量和能量传递源项采用相变系数模型[23]。其中,LEE模型计算公式简洁,适用性广[24-26],非饱和相的温度和饱和温度的差值是相变的动力[27]。
蒸发过程:
Tl>Tsat
Sl=-Sv=rαlρlTsat-TlTsat
冷凝过程:
Tv<Tsat
-Sl=Sv=rαvρvTv-TsatTsat
能量源项:
Se=L⋅Sm,l=-L⋅Sm,v
式中,Tl为流体温度,K;Tsat为饱和温度,K;Sl,Sv为相变过程的质量转移量,kg/(m3⋅s);r为相变系数,s-1;α为各相的体积分数;ρ为各相的密度。
邱国栋等[28]对相变系数的取值合理性做了研究,推荐在常见工况下相变系数应在104以上。在本文中设置r=104 s-1。
(1)入口边界条件。
制冷剂及空气入口采用速度入口条件。
(2)出口边界条件。
制冷剂及空气出口均采用压力出口条件,设定为一个大气压的表压力。
(3)壁面边界条件。
外壁面:无滑移速度边界条件u=0,温度服从绝热边界条件。
内壁面:无滑移速度边界条件u=0,温度为耦合边界条件。
Fluent求解时采用离散的隐式方法,压力离散格式选择PISO,压力-速度耦合选择SIMPLE格式。根据蒸发器换热通道的模型尺寸,选取网格尺寸范围为0.2~1.6 mm,每0.2 mm为一个间隔,取不同的网格尺寸进行数值模拟。
模拟工况统一设定:空气入口温度6 ℃,相对湿度80%,流速3 m/s。露点温度由Magnus公式推导得出:
td=235×7.45lgRH⋅107.45t/(235+t)-1-1
式中,td为露点温度,℃;t为空气干球温度,℃;RH为相对湿度。
设定制冷剂R22入口干度为0.27,温度为-5 ℃,压力为该温度下的饱和压力0.421 8 MPa,质量流量为0.017 kg/s。
图3示出了不同网格尺寸下的制冷量变化,网格尺寸减小到0.2~0.6 mm时,制冷量保持稳定,综合考虑求解精度以及所需的计算资源,本文采用的网格尺寸为0.6 mm。
R22在椭圆管内吸热蒸发,椭圆通道中R22干度沿相对管长(制冷剂在通道内的行进距离/管道总长)的变化如图4所示。
制冷剂R22进入椭圆通道,吸收空气热量蒸发相变,干度先快速增加,在达到约0.8后增幅减缓,直至完全蒸发。干度较低时,在通道内壁处吸热蒸发产生的制冷剂气泡开始进入制冷剂主流区,使制冷剂扰动增强。随着干度的升高,通道内壁液膜厚度减小,对流换热增强[29]。
在相对管长0~0.6范围内,R22的蒸发速度随干度的增大而增加。随着干度的进一步提高,壁面处的液膜出现蒸干现象,壁面与制冷剂蒸汽直接接触,传热恶化,蒸发速度减缓[30],在通道相对管长0.97时,R22完全蒸发,出口处为过热蒸汽。
设计工况下,空气出口温度为0.8 ℃,相对湿度为92%,蒸发器表面换热系数为89 W/(m2⋅℃),制冷量为2.86 kW,制冷剂侧压降为1 150 Pa,空气侧压降为412 Pa。
保持2.1节中空气入口参数、制冷剂R22入口温度及压力不变,计算R22入口质量流量在0.008 5~0.025 4 kg/s工况下制冷量及R22侧压降,如图5所示。可以看出,制冷量随制冷剂质量流量的增加而增大。制冷剂质量流量由0.008 5 kg/s增加到0.017 kg/s,制冷量由1.56 kW增大至2.86 kW,升高了83.3%,但制冷剂质量流量继续由0.017 kg/s升高到0.025 4 kg/s,制冷量由2.86 kW升高至3.20 kW,仅升高了11.9%。
这是因为在质量流量较小时,制冷剂R22吸收空气侧热量,在通道内完全汽化,继续吸热成为过热气体。随着质量流量的增加,制冷剂两相区变长而过热区变短。由于单位质量制冷剂的气化潜热远大于在过热区的显热换热,换热量快速增加。当制冷剂的质量流量增加到某一定值时,空气侧的热量被充分利用,制冷剂恰好完全汽化。继续增大制冷剂质量流量,通道内制冷剂湍流增强,换热量继续增大,但增幅降低,制冷剂吸收的热量不能使其完全汽化。
制冷剂侧压降随制冷剂质量流量的增加而增大,这是因为制冷剂质量流量增加,流体湍动增强,流动阻力增大。因此,制冷剂质量流量的选取,应与及空气入口条件相匹配。在本节设计工况下制冷剂质量流量最佳取值为0.017 kg/s。
保持2.1中制冷剂入口参数、空气入口温度及湿度不变,空气入口速度1~5 m/s工况下,板式蒸发器的制冷量及空气侧压降如图6所示。
由图6可知,蒸发器制冷量随迎面风速的增加而增大。迎面风速从1 m/s增大到3 m/s,制冷量从1.09 kW增加到2.86 kW,增长1.62倍;迎面风速从3 m/s继续增大到5 m/s,制冷量从2.86 kW增加到3.21 kW,仅增长12.2%。
这是因为入口速度较低时,空气侧热量不足,制冷剂不能完全蒸发。随着入口速度的增加,空气侧可利用热量增加,通道内制冷剂蒸发速度加快,换热量快速增加。当通道内制冷剂能完全蒸发,相变潜热不再增加。随着入口速度继续增大,空气侧扰动增大,换热增强,通道内制冷剂两相区变短,过热区变长。但过热区的显热换热远小于相变潜热,换热量增幅减小。
空气侧压降随空气入口速度的增加而增大。这是因为入口速度增加,流体湍流效应增大,扰动更加剧烈,故压降增大。因此,最佳入口速度的选取,也应与制冷剂质量流量条件相匹配。在本节设计工况下空气入口速度最佳取值为3 m/s。
为验证数值模拟结果的准确性,进行了板式蒸发器制冷试验。试验系统如图7所示,包括制冷系统、电加热系统、蒸发器空气侧测量系统、数据采集系统。
制冷系统主要部件为压缩机、冷凝器、储液罐、膨胀阀、板式蒸发器。板式蒸发器尺寸参数和换热面积与数值模拟物理模型一致。电加热系统存在于预热段和过热段。在预热段中,控制低温制冷剂液体被加热至试验设定的干度工况,之后进入板式蒸发器。从蒸发器流出的制冷剂与旁通支路流出的制冷剂混合,进入过热管段,加热至过热状态后进入压缩机。蒸发器空气侧测量系统主要由恒温恒湿环境间、空气处理机和风量测试装置组成。板式蒸发器置于焓差室内侧。
空气侧制冷量:
Qa=ρV(ha2-ha1)
式中,Qa为空气侧制冷量,kW;V为空气侧体积流量,m3/s;ha2为蒸发器入口空气比焓,kJ/kg;ha1为蒸发器出口空气比焓,kJ/kg。
数据采集系统包括:质量流量计—用于测量板式蒸发器工质流量;涡街流量计—用于测量板式蒸发器空气流量;温度传感器—用于测量板式蒸发器入/出口的工质和空气温度;压力传感器—用于测量板式蒸发器入/出口的工质侧和空气侧压差。试验系统所用测量仪表如表1所示。
试验中设定蒸发温度为-5 ℃,压力为该温度下的饱和压力0.421 8 MPa,冷凝温度为45 ℃,压力为该温度下的饱和压力1.729 2 MPa。冷凝器出口过冷度为4 ℃。按2.2节中参数设置制冷剂及空气入口条件。采用控制变量法,测试工质流量及空气流速变化时,板式蒸发器制冷量、R22侧和空气侧的压降,制冷量和压降的试验值与模拟值对比如图8,9所示。可以看出,试验值与模拟值变化趋势相同。数值模拟计算得到制冷量较试验值高6.7%~9.6%。这可能是由两方面原因造成:一是在试验中板片表面湿空气凝结存在液态水滴或水膜等传热阻力,减少了湿空气的热对流,而在数值计算模型中忽略了该部分传热阻力,导致数值模拟的制冷量大于试验值;二是在板式蒸发器板束内出现制冷剂分液不均匀,从而影响换热过程,导致试验值低于模拟值。制冷剂侧和空气侧压降误差均在5.8%以内。由此可见,上述建立的模型是正确可靠的。
在板式蒸发器板束原结构基础上改进焊接工艺,采用激光虚线焊接后,通入高压气体在制冷剂通道中形成连通结构。连通结构一方面通过改变制冷剂通道的截面当量直径,破坏层流边界层,提升制冷剂侧传热性能。另一方面改变空气流道截面,使局部流速增加,强化空气侧换热。连通结构宽30 mm,间距50 mm,带连通结构的板束如图10所示。
按第2.2.1节中的设计参数,计算R22入口质量流量变化工况下,带中间连通结构的板式蒸发器的制冷量及R22侧压降,并与原结构进行对比,如图11所示。在R22质量流量为0.008 5~0.017 kg/s时,带连通结构的板式蒸发器相比于原结构,制冷量提升约9.4%;在R22质量流量为0.021~0.025 4 kg/s时,制冷量相比于原结构提升约12.8%。这由于连通结构能够削弱原结构中的换热死区,破坏层流边界层,提升传热性能。同时,连通结构增强了制冷剂流动湍流程度,压降增加约18.3%。
按上文2.2.2节中的设计参数,计算对比了2种板式蒸发器在空气入口速度变化时的空气侧压降,如图12所示。由于空气流动过程中流道截面局部变小,局部流速增大,空气侧扰动增加,空气侧压降增加约20.2%。
(1)在制冷剂R22入口干度0.27,温度-5 ℃,压力0.421 8 MPa,质量流量0.017 kg/s,空气入口温度6 ℃,相对湿度80%,流速3 m/s的工况下,新型板式蒸发器制冷量为2.86 kW,制冷剂侧压降为1 150 Pa,空气侧压降为412 Pa。
(2)增加制冷剂质量流量可提升板式蒸发器的制冷量,但当制冷剂质量流量增大到0.017 kg/s时,增速明显减缓。制冷剂侧压降随制冷剂质量流量的增大而增大,且增幅逐渐增大。
(3)增加空气入口速度可提升板式蒸发器的制冷量,但空气入口速度增大到3 m/s时,增速明显减缓。空气侧压降随空气进口流速的增加而增大。
(4)带中间连通结构的板式蒸发器能够提升蒸发器的传热性能,与原结构相比,制冷量提升9.4%以上,制冷剂侧压降增加约18.3%,空气侧压降增加约20.2%。

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2025年第53卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
  • 修回日期:2025-03-16
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    1南通大学 杏林学院,江苏 南通 226001
    2上海南华换热器制造有限公司,上海 201400
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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