Article(id=1319293237290975445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, issueId=1319293220169826420, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=1737907200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792473619053, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792473619053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792473619053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792473619053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319293220169826420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, year='2025', volume='53', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792473614971, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792473614971, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319293237496496342, articleId=1319293237290975445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=EN, title=Effects of composite bionic airfoil on aerodynamic performance and noise of axial fans for air conditioners, columnId=null, journalTitle=Fluid Machinery, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further enhance aerodynamic efficiency and effectively reduce noise of air‑conditioning axial fans,a cross‑species multi‑element bionic design was applied to fan blades by combining the superior flight characteristics of seagull airfoils with the noise‑reducing non‑smooth functional structures of butterfly wing surfaces.First,CFD simulated internal flow characteristics and aerodynamic performance,with numerical model validity confirmed through experimental comparisons.Subsequently,large eddy simulation (LES) and FW-H acoustic analogy methods predicted noise levels of fans with composite bionic blades.Results demonstrate that cross‑species composite blades effectively reduce flow separation losses at blade tip clearances and decrease surface pressure fluctuations.Compared to the prototype fan at identical conditions (rotational speed 730 r/min),the composite blade fan shows:9.07% higher aerodynamic efficiency,126.4 m3/h increased airflow,70.2 W reduced power consumption,and 2.6 dB noise reduction.This study provides solution references for axial fan blade design and performance optimization.

, authors=Shuailing LI1, Shuihua CHAI2, Chenye TIAN1, Yixin JIANG1, Qi LU2, Yuefei LI3, Yandong WU3, Xiaomin LIU1, authorsList=Shuailing LI, Shuihua CHAI, Chenye TIAN, Yixin JIANG, Qi LU, Yuefei LI, Yandong WU, Xiaomin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaomin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319293247042732278, articleId=1319293237290975445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, language=CN, title=复合仿生翼型对空调器用轴流风机气动性能和噪声的影响, columnId=1317484287230853622, journalTitle=流体机械, columnName=设计计算, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步提升空调器用轴流风机气动效率并有效降低其噪声,结合具有优异飞行特性的海鸥翼型和具有静音飞行特性的蝴蝶翅膀表面非光滑功能结构,对轴流风机叶片进行跨物种多元复合仿生设计。首先采用CFD方法对轴流风机内流特性及其气动性能进行数值仿真,通过与试验测量结果进行比较,验证了数值模型有效性;随后采用大涡模拟(LES)和FW-H声类比方法对带有复合仿生叶片的轴流风机的噪声进行预测。结果表明,跨物种复合仿生叶片有效减小了风机叶顶间隙的流动分离损失,并降低了叶片表面的压力脉动;与原型风机相比,在相同工况(转速为730 r/min)条件下,带有跨物种复合仿生叶片的轴流风机的气动效率提升了9.07%,风机风量提升了126.4 m3/h,功率下降了70.2 W,噪声降低了2.6 dB。研究可为轴流风机叶片设计及性能优化提供方案参考。

, authors=李帅领1, 柴水华2, 田晨晔1, 姜怡欣1, 陆琪2, 李跃飞3, 吴彦东3, 刘小民1, authorsList=李帅领, 柴水华, 田晨晔, 姜怡欣, 陆琪, 李跃飞, 吴彦东, 刘小民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘小民, authorNote=

李帅领(1985),男,博士研究生,主要从事流体机械降噪设计研究,E-mail:。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘小民(1971),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事流体机械优化设计及流动和噪声控制研究,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=作者向本刊所投稿件一经本刊录用,则该论文的复制权、发行权、信息网络传播权、翻译权、汇编权等权利视为自动转让给本刊。本刊为国内各主要数据库收录期刊,本刊所发表的稿件将同时通过互联网进行网络出版或提供信息服务。, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pqEcoeTpWsL4vfb1AH0AzQ==, magXml=UZdZMKvEPzxt2PVmDkWgAA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2Qk+YiyPxR78wiVXNF4EmA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2lNe95T81FDkQzR5FAhEKQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1319293247491522817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lishuailingqiao@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1319293247596380419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, authorId=1319293247491522817, language=EN, stringName=Shuailing LI, firstName=Shuailing, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Energy and Power Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1319293247676072196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, authorId=1319293247491522817, language=CN, stringName=李帅领, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049, bio={"content":"

李帅领(1985),男,博士研究生,主要从事流体机械降噪设计研究,E-mail:。

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李帅领(1985),男,博士研究生,主要从事流体机械降噪设计研究,E-mail:。

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(a)整体网格 (b)局部网格

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(a)蝴蝶Ⅰ型  (b)蝴蝶Ⅱ型  (c)蝴蝶Ⅲ型

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(a)蝴蝶Ⅰ型 (b)蝴蝶Ⅱ型 (c)蝴蝶Ⅲ型

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(a)A0方案 (b)A1方案 (c)A4方案

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(a)A0方案 (b)A1方案 (c)A4方案

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Basic structural parameters of prototype axial flow fan

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参数数值
叶轮直径D1/mm600
轮毂直径D/mm170
导风圈直径D2/mm620
叶顶间隙δ/mm10
轴向宽度B/mm225
叶片数N/片3
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原型轴流风机基本结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
叶轮直径D1/mm600
轮毂直径D/mm170
导风圈直径D2/mm620
叶顶间隙δ/mm10
轴向宽度B/mm225
叶片数N/片3
), ArticleFig(id=1319293256672854360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Performance numerical results of axial flow fan with bionic serrated trailing edge airfoil blade

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案转速/(r⋅min-1)风量/(m3⋅h-1)噪声/dB功率/W静压
效率/%
A07305 378.457.4203.9432.97
A17305 403.356.9176.5438.79
A27305 350.155.3178.6438.31
A37305 462.156.1177.9738.32
A47305 433.755.4179.4238.07
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带有仿生锯齿尾缘翼型叶片的轴流风机性能数值计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案转速/(r⋅min-1)风量/(m3⋅h-1)噪声/dB功率/W静压
效率/%
A07305 378.457.4203.9432.97
A17305 403.356.9176.5438.79
A27305 350.155.3178.6438.31
A37305 462.156.1177.9738.32
A47305 433.755.4179.4238.07
), ArticleFig(id=1319293256819655002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Performance test results of axial flow fan with bionic serrated trailing edge airfoil blade

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案转速/(r⋅min-1)风量/(m3⋅h-1)噪声/dB功率/W静压效率/%
A07305 017.358.2268.523.35
A17305 018.457.0217.828.79
A47305 143.755.6198.332.42
), ArticleFig(id=1319293256890958171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781260334530699, articleId=1319293237290975445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

带有仿生锯齿尾缘翼型叶片的轴流风机性能试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案转速/(r⋅min-1)风量/(m3⋅h-1)噪声/dB功率/W静压效率/%
A07305 017.358.2268.523.35
A17305 018.457.0217.828.79
A47305 143.755.6198.332.42
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复合仿生翼型对空调器用轴流风机气动性能和噪声的影响
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李帅领 1 , 柴水华 2 , 田晨晔 1 , 姜怡欣 1 , 陆琪 2 , 李跃飞 3 , 吴彦东 3 , 刘小民 1
流体机械 | 设计计算 2025,53(6): 21-30
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流体机械 |设计计算 2025 , 53 (6) : 21 -30
复合仿生翼型对空调器用轴流风机气动性能和噪声的影响
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李帅领1 , 柴水华2, 田晨晔1, 姜怡欣1, 陆琪2, 李跃飞3, 吴彦东3, 刘小民1
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049
  • 2宁波朗迪叶轮机械有限公司,浙江 宁波 315480
  • 3广东美的暖通设备有限公司,广东顺德 528311
通讯作者:
刘小民(1971),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事流体机械优化设计及流动和噪声控制研究,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李帅领(1985),男,博士研究生,主要从事流体机械降噪设计研究,E-mail:。

Effects of composite bionic airfoil on aerodynamic performance and noise of axial fans for air conditioners
Shuailing LI1 , Shuihua CHAI2, Chenye TIAN1, Yixin JIANG1, Qi LU2, Yuefei LI3, Yandong WU3, Xiaomin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Power Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
  • 2Ningbo Langdi Impeller Machinery Co.,Ltd.,Ningbo 315480,China
  • 3Guangdong Midea Heating & Ventilating Equipment Co.,Ltd.,Shunde 528311,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004
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为进一步提升空调器用轴流风机气动效率并有效降低其噪声,结合具有优异飞行特性的海鸥翼型和具有静音飞行特性的蝴蝶翅膀表面非光滑功能结构,对轴流风机叶片进行跨物种多元复合仿生设计。首先采用CFD方法对轴流风机内流特性及其气动性能进行数值仿真,通过与试验测量结果进行比较,验证了数值模型有效性;随后采用大涡模拟(LES)和FW-H声类比方法对带有复合仿生叶片的轴流风机的噪声进行预测。结果表明,跨物种复合仿生叶片有效减小了风机叶顶间隙的流动分离损失,并降低了叶片表面的压力脉动;与原型风机相比,在相同工况(转速为730 r/min)条件下,带有跨物种复合仿生叶片的轴流风机的气动效率提升了9.07%,风机风量提升了126.4 m3/h,功率下降了70.2 W,噪声降低了2.6 dB。研究可为轴流风机叶片设计及性能优化提供方案参考。

轴流风机  /  海鸥翅膀翼型  /  蝴蝶翅膀尾缘  /  流动控制  /  仿生设计  /  气动性能  /  噪声

To further enhance aerodynamic efficiency and effectively reduce noise of air‑conditioning axial fans,a cross‑species multi‑element bionic design was applied to fan blades by combining the superior flight characteristics of seagull airfoils with the noise‑reducing non‑smooth functional structures of butterfly wing surfaces.First,CFD simulated internal flow characteristics and aerodynamic performance,with numerical model validity confirmed through experimental comparisons.Subsequently,large eddy simulation (LES) and FW-H acoustic analogy methods predicted noise levels of fans with composite bionic blades.Results demonstrate that cross‑species composite blades effectively reduce flow separation losses at blade tip clearances and decrease surface pressure fluctuations.Compared to the prototype fan at identical conditions (rotational speed 730 r/min),the composite blade fan shows:9.07% higher aerodynamic efficiency,126.4 m3/h increased airflow,70.2 W reduced power consumption,and 2.6 dB noise reduction.This study provides solution references for axial fan blade design and performance optimization.

axial fan  /  seagull wing airfoil  /  butterfly wing trailing edge  /  flow control  /  bionic design  /  aerodynamic performance  /  noise
李帅领, 柴水华, 田晨晔, 姜怡欣, 陆琪, 李跃飞, 吴彦东, 刘小民. 复合仿生翼型对空调器用轴流风机气动性能和噪声的影响. 流体机械, 2025 , 53 (6) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004
Shuailing LI, Shuihua CHAI, Chenye TIAN, Yixin JIANG, Qi LU, Yuefei LI, Yandong WU, Xiaomin LIU. Effects of composite bionic airfoil on aerodynamic performance and noise of axial fans for air conditioners[J]. Fluid Machinery, 2025 , 53 (6) : 21 -30 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004
空调运行过程中产生的噪声严重影响了使用者的舒适性体验[1-5]。轴流风机作为空调能耗和噪声的重要来源,其结构优化对提升空调性能具有重要意义。近年来,由于仿生翼型及仿生结构的设计及应用已被证明对轴流风机具有良好的增效和降噪的效果[6-7],越来越多的研究者开始对风机叶片翼型、叶片厚度及叶片局部结构等进行精细化设计[8]。MADADI等[9-10]采用创新的BS算法(ball spine,BS),将锐形前缘翼型的设计理念融合到轴流风机叶片钝形前缘的构型设计中,有效提升了轴流风机的气动性能。考虑到轴流风机变工况运行条件的要求,在风机设计过程中,也需要相应地调整叶片厚度分布[11]。SARRAF等[12]通过试验测量方法,比较了2种不同叶片厚度分布对轴流风机性能的影响。结果表明,薄叶片能够有效提高风机气动性能,而厚叶片能够有效拓宽风机运行工况范围。王菲等[13]研究发现,对于相同中弧线弯度的NACA系列翼型,适当增大翼型厚度能有效增加翼型的升阻比,拓宽翼型升阻比范围。李俊等[14]对比了4种不同叶片厚度的轴流风机,发现采用厚叶片的风机运行工况范围更宽,运行稳定性更强。
叶片尾缘结构设计也是降低轴流风机气动噪声的有效途径之一。吴柯等[15]通过调整叶片尾缘锯齿的齿高、齿角和齿间距,使轴流风机的噪声相比于原型降低了3.8 dB(A)。代元军等[16]基于波束形成技术探讨了带有不同尾缘结构的风叶在不同转速下的声源分布特点。结果表明,尾缘凹陷、尾缘微孔及尾缘锯齿设计均能有效降低轴流风机的气动噪声,其中,尾缘凹陷设计的降噪效果可达1.93~2.78 dB。
随着新材料、新工艺和新技术的发展,仿生技术和加工制造技术也取得了显著进步,在很大程度上推动了仿生技术在风机领域的应用[17-22]。CHEN等[23]将鸮翼翼型引入轴流风机叶片设计,有效提升了风机效率,并降低了气动噪声。胡盈彬等[24]为轴流风机叶片设计了仿生尾缘襟翼,有效提升了风机的做功能力,拓宽了风机高效运行区域。印玮等[25]通过在叶片尾缘增加仿生锯齿形尾缘结构,降低了风机气动噪声,但全工况范围内风机的出口压力有所下降。如何在提升风机气动性能结构的同时,又能有效控制风机噪声,已成为轴流风机结构仿生设计和性能优化中一个值得关注的重要问题。
李跃飞等[26]将海鸥翼型应用于轴流风机叶片仿生设计,在相同设计转速下使风机的气动效率提高了3.1%;在相同风量条件下使风机噪声降低1.0 dB(A)。然而,在设计过程中,其采用的仿生元素较为单一,并未考虑对叶片的前缘、尾缘及叶片表面进行仿生设计,导致方案实现的降噪效果相对有限。在此基础上,本文结合团队前期研究[20,26-28],以具有较高升阻比特性的海鸥翼型为仿生叶片主体,耦合具有低音飞行的蝴蝶翅膀表面结构[29],对直径为600 mm的空调用轴流风机进行仿生优化设计,分析跨物种复合仿生叶片对轴流风机气动性能和噪声的影响,为进一步提升轴流风机效率和噪声控制提供理论依据和技术支持。
研究对象为文献[26]设计的空调器室外机用轴流风机。空调器外机用轴流风机主要由叶轮和导风圈组成,叶轮通过端部电机驱动,电机固定在支架上,导风圈和箱体出风侧相连接。空调室外机风道部分整体结构如图1所示。计算中,对模型进行合理简化,去掉空调器室外机箱体,保留叶轮和导风圈,即仅针对轴流风机进行数值建模和分析。原型风机主要结构参数见表1。
采用的数值方法及试验测试方法与文献[21]保持一致。空调用轴流风机计算域如图2所示,主要包括叶轮、导风圈、进口延伸段和出口延伸段。为了消除进、出口气流的影响,从叶轮进、出口位置处分别向上游和下游延伸5倍的叶轮直径。
为了提高数值计算精度和收敛性,采用非结构化网格进行划分,并在近壁面和叶轮表面进行网格加密处理。叶片近壁面y+值保持在1左右,网格布置如图3所示。
采用CFD商用计算软件ANSYS Fluent对轴流风机内部流场进行数值模拟。流动控制方程为非定常黏性不可压缩雷诺时均Navier‑Stokes方程,湍流模型采用Realizable k‑ε模型,近壁面处理采用标准壁面函数,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,控制方程中对流项采用二阶迎风格式,扩散项采用二阶中心差分格式。进口给定总压边界条件,出口给定静压边界条件。叶轮区采用多参考系MRF模型,收敛残差设置为10-4。
为保证数值计算结果的有效性,首先基于原型风机模型开展网格无关性验证,结果如图4所示。可以看出,当网格数达到850万左右时,风机风量基本不再随网格数变化。因此,数值计算中采用的网格数控制在850万左右。
在定常计算的基础上,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法[30]进行非定常计算。通过求解FW-H声类比方程将获得的非定常流场信息转化为声场信息[31]。
在非定常计算中,时间步长由下式计算获得:
Δt=1/(2f)
式中,Δt为时间步长;f为傅里叶变换捕获的最高频率。
由于10 kHz后的频段对轴流风机整体声压级的影响较小,为了节省计算资源,将研究频段设置为0~10 kHz,时间步长设置为5×10-5 s。
气动性能测试按照GB/T 1236—2017《工业通风机用标准化风道性能试验》进行测试,测试系统主要由试验风机、主风室、副风室、辅助风机及数据采集系统组成。试验测量时根据喷嘴的流速选定喷嘴直径,由数据采集系统得到风机风量。图5所示为原型轴流风机在670 r/min转速下的性能曲线,可以看出,数值模拟结果与试验测量结果吻合较好。在0 Pa静压(试验测试时出口静压为1.2 Pa)工况下,风机最大风量模拟值和实测值分别为7 051,6 805 m3/h,相对误差为3.6%,在工程允许的10%范围以内,这也表明文中采用的数值计算模型和方法是有效的。
受海鸥高效滑翔飞行的启发,吴立明等[32]重构了仿海鸥翼型,并验证其具有良好的稳定性和高升阻比特性。基于此研究结果,将海鸥40%截面处翼型的中弧线和翼型厚度应用于轴流风机叶片设计。海鸥翼型的轮廓线方程如下:
Zu=Z(c)+Z(t)
Zl=Z(c)-Z(t)
式中,Zu,Zl分别为翼型型线上、下表面的型线分布坐标;Z(c)为翼型的中弧线分布坐标;Z(t)为翼型的厚度分布坐标。
Z(c),Z(t)的计算公式如下:
Z(c)c=Z(c)maxcη(1-η)∑n=03Sn2η-1n-1
Z(t)c=Z(t)maxc∑n=14Anηn+1-η
式中,η=x/c为无量纲弦长坐标比;Z(c)max为翼型的最大弧度坐标;Z(t)max为翼型的最大厚度坐标;Sn和An分别为描述翼型中弧线和厚度分布的多项式系数。
Z(c)max与Z(t)max的关系式如下:
Z(c)maxc=0.14/(1+1.33ξ1.4)
Z(t)maxc=0.1/(1+3.546ξ1.4)
式中,ξ为翼型的展向比。
通过最小二乘法得到上述各多项式的系数:S1=3.8735,S2=-0.807,S3=0.771,A1=-0.807,A2=26.482,A3=-18.975,A4=4.6232。通过求解式(4)~(7),得到海鸥翅膀40%截面处的翼型上下表面的相对坐标y/c,根据坐标绘制出仿海鸥翼型。
如图6所示,海鸥翼型在90%弦长位置之后的翼型厚度较薄[26]。考虑到风机叶轮强度要求,在应用海鸥翼型叶片设计时进行改型设计,然后应用于翼型回转面的投影面上,或者直接选取翼型前90%弦长的翼型型线进行仿生翼型叶片设计。
蝴蝶翅膀表面的类正弦齿状特殊结构具有流动控制的能力并能有效降低翅膀扑动时产生的气动噪声,如图7所示[29]。基于这一特点,对叶片尾缘附加仿蝶翼设计,如图8所示。根据不同的锯齿形状,将其依次命名为蝴蝶Ⅰ型、蝴蝶Ⅱ型和蝴蝶Ⅲ型。
将使用原型叶片、仿海鸥翼型叶片的轴流风机分别定义为A0和A1。在A1的基础上分别应用蝴蝶Ⅰ型、蝴蝶Ⅱ型和蝴蝶Ⅲ型尾缘设计,依次定义为A2,A3,A4。对于所研究的空调器室外机,当风机出口背压(静压值)为0 Pa时,风机转速为670 r/min;当风机出口背压为45 Pa时,风机转速为730 r/min。由于冷凝器、支架、箱体等零部件的影响,空调器在实际工作状态下都会对风机出口产生阻力,即室外风机是在一定的背压条件下工作的。因此,为了比较不同设计方案在实际工作状态下的性能,针对风机气动性能、流场和声场在45 Pa出口背压和730 r/min转速条件下进行分析和讨论。
表2列出4种仿生设计方案的轴流风机气动性能的数值计算结果。
从表2可以看出,仿生设计方案A1,A2,A3相较于原型设计方案A0,风机风量变化都不明显,但风机的功率均有较大程度的降低。其中,方案A2的风量比方案A0略有降低,而方案A3相比于原型方案A0的风量提升了1.46%。根据式(8),在转速一定的情况下,轴流风机的静压效率主要受到出口静压、风量和扭矩3个因素影响。因此,当给定的风机出口静压保持不变及风机风量基本不变时,扭矩降低表示风机的效率提升。从表中可以看出,在相同转速下,4种仿生结构叶轮的风机噪声均得到了有效的控制,其中,带有蝴蝶Ⅰ型叶片的轴流风机设计方案A2的降噪效果最好,其次是带有蝴蝶Ⅲ型叶片的设计方案A4,最后是带有蝴蝶Ⅱ型叶片的设计方案A3。值得关注的是,设计方案A2在降低风机噪声的同时也损失了风机风量。
表中,轴流风机静压效率η的计算公式如下:
η=30PQ/(πnM)
式中,P为出口静压;Q为质量流量;n为转速;M为扭矩。
由于仿生设计方案A3的降噪效果低于仿生设计方案A4,且方案A4的风量也满足设计要求,因此,对设计方案A0,A1,A4进行手版制作和性能比较,试验测试结果见表3。
从表3和表2中的数据对比可以看出,试验测量风量均小于数值计算风量,可能是由于在进行数值计算建模时未带有网罩、电机、支架等部件,仅是以给定静压值(背压)来考虑这些部件的流动损失。根据A0,A1,A4这3种不同设计方案实测结果,发现A1和A4方案在效率和噪声方面相较于原型A0方案(原型机)均有较好的表现。当采用A4设计方案时,相比于原型风机A0,在同转速条件下,风机风量提升了126.4 m3/h,功率下降了70.2 W,噪声降低了2.6 dB。
为了揭示采用仿生设计叶轮的空调器用轴流风机内运动部件与静止部件间的协同性及风机内流场分布特性,通过数值模拟计算,分别对A0,A1,A4这3种设计方案的轴流风机内部流场进行分析。图9和图10分别示出3种风机Z-X截面上的压力场及速度场分布,轴流风机的Z-X截面位置见图1中的风机模型坐标系。从图9中可以看出,无论是采用仿生海鸥翅膀翼型的叶轮叶片设计,还是采用跨物种的叶轮叶片复合仿生设计(海鸥翅膀翼型+蝴蝶翅膀尾缘非光滑结构),相较于原型风机,采用仿生设计的叶轮的做功能力增强,叶片表面压力分布趋于均匀。特别地,当采用复合仿生设计叶轮时,叶顶压力面的最高压力降低,同时吸力面上的压力分布变得较为平缓。
从图10所示的速度分布也可以看出,与原型风机相比,复合仿生设计的叶轮内速度变化更为顺畅,这与图9中压力场分布的变化趋势吻合。值得注意的是,由于叶片尾缘锯齿构型的影响,原型风机的叶顶区域内的高速流动得到控制,这不仅减少了叶顶泄漏,还有效抑制该区域内的流动分离。采用仿生海鸥翼型设计进一步优化了叶片的进出口角度,减小了气流对叶片前缘及表面的冲击。
图11示出A0,A1,A4这3种设计方案下轴流风机叶轮在50%叶高截面处的压力云图。
从图中可以看出,相较于原型风机叶轮,采用A1方案的风机叶轮在叶顶部分的最高压力区域有所缩小,而负压区域则有较为明显的扩大。从实际效果来看,这种变化保持了压力面与吸力面之间压力差,并未降低叶轮的做功能力。A4方案是在A1方案基础上在叶片尾缘引入了仿蝴蝶翅膀表面齿型结构,因此,这种复合仿生设计的风机叶轮的压力分布与A1相比并未发生大的变化,但叶片尾缘的仿生齿型结构设计进一步改善了叶顶区的压力分布。
Q准则是一种涡识别准则,是基于速度梯度张量的特性来判断流场中是否存在涡结构。Q准则的定义式如下:
Q=0.5 (BF2-AF2)
A=0.5 (∆V+∆VT)
B=0.5 (∆V-∆VT)
式中,AF2和BF2分别表示矩阵A和B范数的平方,等同于矩阵B所有元素的平方和;矩阵A,B分别为速度梯度的对称张量和反对称张量;ΔV表示速度张量。
可以看出,Q准则是与涡量张量紧密相关的量。通过计算和分析Q准则,能够有效地辨析风机内涡旋区域、涡旋结构及涡旋强度。当Q值大于某一特定阈值时,可以认为该区域存在显著的涡旋结构。
图12和图13分别示出A0,A1,A4三种设计方案的轴流风机叶轮沿径向方向50%截面上的湍动能分布和基于Q准则的涡量分布。通过比较采用仿生设计前后的轴流风机内湍动能和涡量分布,可以发现A1和A4风机径向50%截面上的湍动能强度和区域明显减少。在原型A0叶轮中,叶顶区域和导风圈进口处都存在着较大的湍动能和涡旋强度。采用仿生设计叶轮(A1方案),轴流风机内湍流强度下降,涡旋得到有效控制。当采用复合仿生设计方案(A4)时,流动控制效果进一步增强。
为分析空调器室外机用轴流风机在不同频率段的噪声分布特性,通过计算获得了包括风机的声压级频谱图(sound pressure level,SPL)、A计权1/3倍频图(A-weighted sound pressure level,ASPL)在内的风机气动噪声信息,如图14和图15所示。数值计算过程中,噪声测点位置与试验测试位置保持一致,设置在距离风机出口面中心,距离风机出口向外1 m处。由于所研究的空调器室外机是一款低压轴流风机,其噪声源主要集中在低频段,因此,研究聚焦于0~2 000 Hz的频率范围内。通过这一特定频段的噪声分析,量化轴流风机的噪声水平,进而为轴流风机的降噪设计提供参考。
从图14可以看出,A0,A1,A4这3种设计方案的轴流风机的SPL分布均具有离散性。随着频率的增加,风机的SPL均呈现下降趋势。整体来看,在2 000 Hz以内,原型风机的SPL曲线位于最上方,A1风机的SPL曲线居中,A4风机的SPL则处于较下方。这表明原型风机的噪声较大,A1风机的噪声次之,A4风机的噪声最小。进一步分析可知,原型风机在高转速时的声品质较差,这是由于在600~2 000 Hz范围内,原型风机的SPL的离散性表现更为明显,而A1和A4风机的SPL在相同频率范围内的离散性表现的较弱,这与实际噪声测量中A4风机的声品质更佳的结果相吻合。
从图15中可以看出,在600 Hz以内的低频区域,A4风机的A计权声压级(ASPL)最低。当频率超过600 Hz时,这3种设计方案的轴流风机的ASPL开始趋于一致,不过表现出来的噪声水平依然存在差异,ASPL从低至高排序为:A4风机,A1风机,A0风机。
(1)对不同仿生设计方案的轴流风机进行数值模拟和试验测量,采用复合仿生海鸥翅膀翼型和蝴蝶翅膀表面锯齿结构的轴流风机的气动效率提升9.07%,噪声降低了2.6 dB。
(2)复合仿生设计叶轮叶片尾缘独特的齿型结构有效改善了叶片尾缘和叶顶处的压力梯度分布,减少叶顶泄漏。随着压力梯度的优化,叶片压力面和吸力面之间在保持压差不变的同时,叶片表面压力脉动得到抑制。
(3)采用复合仿生设计叶片的轴流风机A4在低频段范围内(0~600 Hz)的气动噪声得到有效控制。这是由于叶片尾缘仿生齿型结构对叶片尾缘脱落涡具有切割离散和破碎作用,同时叶轮叶顶轴向间隙处的湍动能强度和涡流强度被减弱,有效降低了风机的气动噪声。

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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
  • 修回日期:2025-01-27
基金
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 能源与动力工程学院,西安 710049
    2宁波朗迪叶轮机械有限公司,浙江 宁波 315480
    3广东美的暖通设备有限公司,广东顺德 528311

通讯作者:

刘小民(1971),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事流体机械优化设计及流动和噪声控制研究,通信地址:710049陕西省西安市咸宁西路28号西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ltjx/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1005-0329.2025.06.004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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